Elements of Space Systems

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Elements of Space Systems - I

Ved Prakash SandlasDirector General

Amity Institute of Space Science & Technology, Noida

Principal Adviser, Cogent EMR Solutions Ltd, New Delhi (2006-2008)

Distinguished Scientist and Chief Controller R & D, DRDO (1996-2005)

Director, Defence Electronics Applications Lab (DEAL), Dehradun (1986-1996)

Group Director, Electronics, VSSC, Thiruvanathapuram (1984-1986)Project/Mission Director, SLV-3, ISRO (1980-1984)

AISST, Noida, Aug 28 and Sep 4, 2009


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Amity Institute of Space

Science & Technology (AISST)

Dual Degree (AE & Av)

Aerospace Engineering(B Tech)

Avionics (M Tech)

Electronics & Instrumentation (B Tech)

AmitySatExclusive Mini-Satellite for Education,

Teaching, Training & Experimentation


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ELEMENTS OF SPACE SYSTEMSI

Course Code: UAASS/BEISS 10101 Credit Units: 1

Course Objective:

The knowledge of concepts of Space Systems is importantfor understanding the essentials of Aerospace discipline,

particularly subsystems such as Rockets and Missiles;

Satellite Launch Vehicles; Satellite Systems; Tracking,

Telemetry and Tele-command; Control, Guidance andNavigation; Flight and Orbital Mechanics.

Course Contents:Module I: Introduction to Space Systems:

Evolution of Rocketry, Planet/Solar Systems,Astronomy/Astrophysics, Space Exploration, Space

Applications, Future Trends.

Module II: Elements of Rockets and Satellites:

Satellite Launch Vehicles, Missiles, Communication

Satellites, Remote Sensing, GPS systems.


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ELEMENTS OF SPACE SYSTEMSII

Course Code: UAASS/BEISS 10201 Credit Units: 2

Course Objective:

The knowledge of concepts of Space Systems is important for understanding theessentials of Aerospace discipline, particularly subsystems such as Rockets and

Missiles; Satellite Launch Vehicles; Satellite Systems; Tracking, Telemetry and Tele-

command; Control, Guidance and Navigation; Flight and Orbital Mechanics.

Course Contents:Module I: Orbital Mechanics and Mission Design:

Motion in Gravitational Field. Orbits, Orbital Elements, Hohmann Transfer. Delta-V

Requirements. Orbit Perturbations.

Module II: Ground Systems:

Ground Stations, Telemetry, Tracking, Tele-command, Link Calculations, Station

Keeping, Deep Space Network (DSN). Space Laser Ranging (SLR). TDRSS.

VSATs,

Module III: Space Craft Systems:

Space Craft Types, Attitude Determination and Control, Power Systems, Thermal

Control, Space Craft Propulsion, Communication Satellites, Remote Sensing

Satellites, Space Stations

Module IV: Launch Vehicles and Missiles

PSLV, GSLV, Re-useable Vehicles, Propellant & Propulsion Systems, ThermalProtection, Control Systems, SAM, IRBM, ICBM, Seekers.


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Quarter Century Ago(1975-1980-1984)INDIAN SCENE

ISRO became Government Organisation (75)

ARYABHATA (75), SITE (75-76), STEP (77-79)

SLV-3 (79, 80, 81, 83), ROHINI (80, 81, 83)

BHASKARA (79, 81), APPLE (81), INSAT- I (82, 83)

Configurations of ASLV, PSLV & GSLV conceived

Dr APJ Abdul Kalam moves to DRDL (82)Rakesh Sharmafirst Indian in Space (84)

Earlier Events (Half Century Ago):1957Sputnik; 1958Explorer I

1962INCOSPAR formed under DAETERLS

1963, Nov 21First Rocket launch (Nike Apache)1965SSTC established

1967, Nov 21First Indian Rocket (RH-70) launched

1968, Feb 2TERLS dedicated to UN

1969, Aug 15ISRO constituted

Dr Vikram Sarabhai gave2nd to none goal

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AMITY
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/India%20Lanuch%20Vehicles.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/India%20Lanuch%20Vehicles.jpg


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Chandrayaan-1PSLV C 11Oct 22, 2008


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Chandrayaan-1Objectives:

1. To expand scientific knowledge about the moon

2. To upgrade India's technological capability

3. To provide challenging opportunities forplanetary

research to the younger generation of Indian

scientists

Mission:

To place an unmanned spacecraft in an orbit around

the moon

To conduct mineralogical and chemical mapping of

the lunar surface

Chandrayaan-1 aims to achieve these well definedobjectives through high resolution remote sensing of the

moon in the visible, near infrared, microwave and X-ray

regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. With this,

preparation of a 3-dimensional atlas of the lunar surface

and chemical mapping of entire lunar surface isenvisaged


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11 Payloads5 IndianTerrain Mappin g Camera (TMC) topography of the moon.Hyperspectral Imager (HySI)mineralogical composition ofMoons surface & interior.

Lun ar Laser Ranging

Ins trument (LLRI) height of

lunar surface features.

High Energy X-ray

Spectrometer (HEX) PolarRegions water-ice deposits and

regions of high Uranium and

Thorium concentrations.

Moon Imp act Probe (MIP)technologies related to future soft

landing missions.

Chand rayaan-1 Imaging X ray Spectrometer (C1XS), Smart Near Infr ared

Spect rom eter (SIR-2) & Sub ki loelect ronvo l t Atom Reflect ing A nalyser (SAR) of ESA.

Radiat ion Dos e Monitor (RADOM) of Bulgaria.

Mini Syn thet ic Aperture Radar (MiniSAR) & Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) of USA

1380 kg1.5 m cuboid700 W
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MOON MISSIONSSep 1959: First successful hard landing on themoon by Luna 2 of the USSRDec 1968:Apollo 8 of the US becomes the first

spacecraft carrying humans to orbit the moonJul 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong, commander of theUS mission Apollo 11, becomes the first man to walk on moonNov 1970: The first robotic rover Lunokhod-1 part of the Luna 17

mission of the USSR makes a successful moon landingAug 1976: Luna 24 of the USSR returns to earth, making it thelast major lunar mission till 1990

Jan 1990: Japans Hiten orbits the moon, making it the thirdcountry after USSR and the US to do so.

Sep 2003: European Space Agency launches a small low-costlunar orbiter SMART-1

Sep 2007: Japan launches its lunar orbiter, Selene for mappingof lunar topography and to study the geological evolution

Oct 2007: First phase of Chinas Lunar Exploration Programmeinitiated with launch of its unmanned lunar mission, Change1


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PSLV-C9 Mission

690 kg 83 kg

Apr 28, 2008 09:24823 kg

637 km Polar Sun Synchronous

Canadian Advanced

Nanospace eXperiment

HAM Satellite

HAM Transponder

HAM downlink

HAM downlink

HAM downlink

Nanosatellite LaunchSystemCAN-X4 & 5.Formation flights

Relay navigational datafrom ORBCOM fleet.Se aration?

Indian Mini Satellite.

Mini & MEMS Sensors.

Multispectral &

Hyperspectral Cameras.

50 kg


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SLV-3 D2 with Rohini Satellite D2 and Smart Sensor Apr

17, 1983

41.5 kg

HAMSAT VU S t


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HAMSATVU Sat

OSCAR 52VO-52

PSLV-C6 May 05, 2005


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Miniature Satellites

International Space Station (ISS)245, 735 kg

Space Shuttle Payload Capacity24, 400 kg

Ariane 5 Payload capacity16, 000 kg

PSLV1200 kg in PSS, GSLV2000 kg in GEO

Large Satellite < 1000 kg

Small Satellite 500-1000 kg

Mini-Satellite 100-500 kg

Micro-Satellite 10-100 kg

Nano-Satellite 1-10 kg

Pico-Satellite < 1 kg


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AmitySat

Education, experimentation, teaching & training

Free access to students and learners - Universities,

Schools & Volunteers

Amateur Radio Operations & Networking

Global and 24 hr Tracking

Ground Control Station at AmityNew Technology Options


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History of Communications

Not very oldWell preserved

18371stTelegraph1.5 kmLondon

1844Samuel MorseCode

18511stsubmarine cableEngland to France

1876Alexander Graham BellTelephone10th

MarchTURN OF THE CENTURYAMATEUR RADIO

1901JC BoseMarconiUK/Canada1stTransatlantic message

1906First voice over radio broadcast (May 18)

1925Transatlantic Radio telephone

19361stTV in UK/Germany

Revolution every Quarter CenturyWW II


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History of Communications

1945Arthur C ClarkeWireless WorldOct, 1945

1957Sputnik Launch 1958Explorer I

1960Echo SatelliteOSCAR I

1962TELSTARTransatlantic TV

1965INTELSAT (Early Bird)OSCAR 3

APPLE & SITE1975SATCOM AGE

SLV-31980 INSAT I1983

1st Privatethen Post Office (Govt.)Public CompaniesMid 60s sceneSatcom age1st Publicthen Private

OPTICAL FIBRECELL PHONEINTERNET

GLOBAL VILLAGEUNIVERSAL DESKTOP


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Rear (L-R): David Brown, Laurel Clark, Michael Anderson, Ilan Ramon

Front (L-R): Rick Husband, Kalpana Chawla, William McCool

STS-107 Columbia Jan 16Feb 1, 2003


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Back (LR): Curbeam, Patrick, Sunita Williams, Fuglesang

Front (LR): Oefelein, Higginbotham, Polansky

STS-116 Discovery Dec 9-22, 2006


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Rakesh Sharma(born Jan 13, 1949 in Patiala, Punjab)The first Indian and 138th person to travel in space (as Squadron

Leader in the Indian Air Force and a Test Pilot at HAL)

Retired from the Air force as Wing Commander

Soyuz T-11 Apr 3Oct 2, 1984 195224 km orbit

Mission Insignia


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Liquid Propulsion in Twin Engine Configuration

Strapped Down Inertial Guidance System

Maneuvering Trajectory

PRITHVI

ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE

40-150 km 250 km 250 km1000 kg 500 kg 500 kg


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Apr 12, 2007


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European (French) Launch VehicleAriane


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NASA ISS


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NASA ISS

As seen by STS-123 (Space Shuttle Endeavour)Mar 25, 2008

K h l S t llit


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10 cm Resolution

Night Time Imaging, Camouflage DetectionDetection of Buried Objects

Keyhole Satellite

KH 12

ORION


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ORION

5th gen.2700 kg255 ft dish

Interception of Missile Telemetry, Data Links

Microwave and Radio Links, Wrist Watch RadiosAntijam Downlink, Spot Beams, Scud Launch Detection

2000


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DELHI AIRPORT5.8 M RESOLUTION


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DELHI AIRPORT2 M RESOLUTION


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KH image-Afghanistan

10 cm Resolution KH Image


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TERRAIN MODELLING & VISUALISATION

Virtual Reality Based System

Walkthrough, Drivethrough & Flythrough

Detailed Going Maps

Inputs : Maps, Geology & Satellite Imagery


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Secure

Communications

Tracking &

Data-relaySurveillance &

Reconnaissance

BattlefieldDamage

Assessment

Guidance &

Navigation

Defence

MeteorologicalSupport

Defence GIS& Geodesy

Support

Space Based

Military Operations

Designation &

Targeting


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Photo Reconnaissance Early Warning Ocean Surveillance

Signal Intelligence

(SIGINT)

ELINT COMINT

Imagery Intelligence

(IMINT)

RADAR SAR

Measurement and

Signature Intelligence

(MASINT)

SPACE BASED SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE


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Space Weapons of the Future

Brilliant Pebbles

Network of 4,000 miniature satellites in low-earth orbit that wouldfire high-velocity, watermelon-sized projectiles at incoming

warheads, destroying them through the energy of impactprovide

Anti-Satellite Capability

MHV (Miniature Homing Vehicle)

Could be launched from F-15not enter orbit but go up to 500 km

to be able to reach and hit low earth orbit satellite.

Rods from God

Tungsten rods (20 long and 1 dia), stocked in orbiting platform,

could be satellite guided to any place (no explosives)similar

principle used recently in Iraq near mosques, schools, hospitals.

CYBER-SPACE


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CYBER-SPACE

SPACEWas a New Battle Field after Land, Sea &

AirFINAL FRONTIER!

What about Cyber-Space?

What is Cyber-Space?

SPACE SupremacyMissiles and Satellite Launch

Vehicles and Star War Technology as indicators

Dr Vikram Sarabhai gave 2ndto none goal

Information SuperiorityKnowledge Worker,

Knowledge Industry and Knowledge PowerInformation Technology and Software Coolies

Cyber-Space Leadership, Ownership,

Sovereignty or MonarchyIndian Position?

Cyber Space


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Cyber-Space

It is now clear that Cyber-Space will add a

fifth dimension to Land, Sea, Air and Spaceas a theatre for war and conflict

Rat race is ONonly fastest may survive

no place for 2ndbestsurvival of the fittest!

No concepts of winner or loser!

karo ya maro

What is Cyber Space?


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What is Cyber-Space?Cyberspace is the nervous system of Nations Critical

Infrastructures and is composed of hundreds of thousands

of interconnected computers, servers, routers, switches,and fiber optic cables

Nations critical infrastructures are composed of public

and private institutions in the sectors of agriculture, food,water, public health, emergency services, government,

defense industrial base, energy, information and

telecommunications, transportation, banking and finance,

chemicals and hazardous materials, postal and shipping(Strategic, Space, Defence, Nuclear, Police, Security,

Paramilitary, etc. not emphasized!)

The National (US) Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, Feb 2003

CYBER RACE


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CYBER RACE

Digital Divide and Brain Drains are creations ofve minds

Our objective should be to build Digital Bridges or Digital High

Ways and create Brain Gains

ITUs Digital Access Index measuring the availability of advanced

telecom and computing technologiesplaces South Korea, Taiwan

and Hong Kong in the top tenahead of Canada, US and UK

Three of the top four broadband economies are in AsiaSouth

Korea 99.6% of households are connected, Hong Kong 99.4 %,

Singapore 96 % (India 0.6 %)

Internationalisation of ICTEnglish becoming less of an advantageunlike in the past

Software in local language/mother tongue may soon start giving

significant advantage and extra competencethis is a silver lining

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Elements of Space Systems