Elements of

Shipping Seventh edition

Alan E. Branch FelT. FlEX

International Business Consultant

Senior Lecturer and Chief Examiner in ShippinglExpon PracticelInternational Marketing.

Basingstoke College of TechnologylReading University/ Central London College UK

and

Visiting Professor, Institute of Maritime Studies.

Gijon, Spain

p

Contents

Preface to the seventh edition xiii

Acknowledgements XVII

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of the book 1 1.2 Function of shipping 2 1.3 World fleet and world sea-borne trade 2 lA World trade fleet 4

2 The ship 7 2.1 Main features of hull and machinery 7 2.2 Types of propulsion 13 2.3 Types and methods of tonnage measurement 16 2.4 The Tonnage Convention 1994 18

3 Ship design and construction 21 3.1 General principles and factors influencing design,

type and size of ship 22 3.2 Safety and other regulations 24 3.3 Statutory regulations 25 3.4 Survey methods 31 3.5 Recent trends in ship design 33 3.6 General structure of cargo vessels 38 3.7 Economics of new and second-hand tonnage 42

4 Ships and their cargoes 47 4.1 Types of ships 47 4.2 Liners 48 4.3 Tramps 49

viii Contents

4.4 . Specialized vessels 52 4.5 Calibrated automatic piloting system 70

5 Manning of vessels 72 5.1 Intnmuction 72 5.2 Duties and responsibilities of the Master 75 5.3 Ship's officers and crew manning 77 5.4 IMO Convention on Standards of Training, 82

Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) adopted 1984

5.5 Engagement and discharge of the crew 85 5.6 The Chamber of Shipping 89 5.7 The International Shipping Federation (ISF) 89

6 Customs house and ships' papers 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Customs tariff - harmonized system (HS) 92 6.3 Intrastat 92 6.4 Export controls 93 6.5 Customs Handling of Import and Export Freight 94

(CHIEF) 6.6 Customs reliefs 95 6.7 ATA carnets 96 6.8 TIR carnets 96 6.9 Customs warehousing and free zones 97 6.10 Local export control 97 6.11 Importation and exportation of goods 98 6.12 Ship's papers 103 6.13 Ship's protest 104

7 Maritime canals and inland waterways 106 7.1 Introduction 106 7.2 European inland waterways 107 7.3 The Suez Canal Authority 109 7.4 The Panama Canal III 7.5 The economic effect of canals and the level 114

of dues charged - The St Lawrence Seaway 7.6 The influence of canals on ship design 116 7.7 Canal areas as points of economic growth 117 7.8 Inland waterways 117

-Contents IX

7.9 The Channel Tunnel (Eurotunnel) 118 7.10 The Scan link projects 118

8 Services performed by principal shipping organizations 119 8.1 International Association of Classification 119

Societies 8.2 International Association of Independent Tanker 122

Owners 8.3 International Cargo Handling Co-ordination 126

Association 8.4 International Chamber of Shipping 127 8.5 International Maritime Organization 127 8.6 Council of European and Japanese National 145

Shipowners' Associations 8.7 Lioyd's Register of Shipping 145 8.8 Bureau Veritas 149 8.9 Organization for Economic Co-operation and 154

Development 8.10 Baltic Exchange 156 8.11 Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange 160 8.12 Freight Transport Association incorporating the 165

British Shippers' Council 8.13 United Nations Conference on Trade and 166

Development 8.14 World Trade Organization and the General 170

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

9 Passenger fares and freight rates 181 9.1 Theory of passenger fares 181 9.2 Theory of freight rates and effect of air 181

competition on cargo traffic 9.3 Relation between liner and tramp rates 192 9.4 Relation between voyage and time charter rates 193 9.5 Types of freight 194

10 Liner conferences 196 10.1 Liner conference system 196 10.2 Advantages and disadvantages 198 10.3 Deferred rebate and contract systems 201 10.4 Harmonization conferences 203

q

x Contents

10.5 .Factors influencing the decline of the liner 203 conference system and likely future trends

11 Ship operation 210 11.1 Factors to consider in planning sailing schedules 210 11.2 Problems presented to shipowners by fluctuations 215

in trade and unequal balance of trade 11.3 The relative importance of speed , frequency , 219

reliability, cost and quality of sea transport 11.4 Indivisible loads 221

12 Bills of lading 223 12.1 Carriage of Goods by Sea Acts 1971 and 1992 223 12.2 Salient points of a bill of lading 229 12.3 Types of bills of lading 230 12.4 Function of the bill of lading 234 12.5 International Convention concerning the Carriage 237

of Goods by Rail 12.6 Convention on the Contract for the International 240

Carriage of Goods by Road 12.7 Combined transport 241 12.8 Common short form bill of lading and common 242

short form sea waybill 12.9 Standard shipping note 248 12.10 Export cargo shipping instruction 249

13 Cargoes 250 13.1 Cargo stowage/packing overview 250 13.2 Stowage of cargo 251 13.3 Types and characteristics of cargo 257 13.4 Cargo and container handling equipment 264 13.5 Types of packing 274 13.6 Dangerous cargo 280

14 The shipping company 296 14.1 Size and scope of the undertaking 296 14.2 Liner organization 298 14.3 Tramp organization 308 14.4 Holding companies and subsidiaries including 309

ancillary activities of shipping undertakings 14.5 Ship management companies 313

Contents xi

14.6 Ownership of vessels 315 14.7 Capitalization and finance of shipping 317

undertakings 14.8 Income and expenditure 320 14.9 Statistics 320 14.10 Freight forwarders 322 14.11 Chartered shipbrokers 327 14.12 Ship's agents 328 14.13 Management of quality: BS 5750 328

IS Charter parties 332 15.1 Demise and non-demise charter parties 332 15.2 Voyage and time charter parties 337 15.3 Approved forms of charter parties and related 347

bills of lading 15.4 Baltic and International Maritime Council 349 15.5 Voyage estimates 357 15.6 Sale and purchase of ships 362

16 Containerization 368 16.1 Container ships - terminals - trades 368 16.2 Container distribution 376 16.3 Container types 378 16.4 Non-containerizable cargo 393 16.5 Advantages/disadvantages of containerization 398 16.6 Container bases 402 16.7 International authorization 4U4

17 Seaports 407 17.1 The role of seaports 407 17.2 Factors influencing the shipowners' choice of 410

seaport 17.3 Relationship between ships and ports 413

18 Multi-modalism 417 18.1 Factors in favour of multi-modalism 417 18.2 Rationale for the development of multi- 420

modalism 18.3 Features of multi-modalism 422 18.4 M ulti-modalism strategy 426 18.5 Logistics 428

r xii Contents

19 The international consignment 432 19.1 Factors to consider in evaluating suitability of 432

transport mode(s) for an international consignment

19.2 Delivery trade terms of sale and the export 434 contract

19.3 Receipt of export order 438 19.4 Progress of export order and checklist 442

20 Information technology and electronic data interchange 448 20.1 Introduction 448 20.2 Simpler Trades Procedures Board 452 20.3 International Maritime Satellite Organization 454 20.4 Maritime communications 457 20.5 Computerized and EDI-resourced shipping 462

companies 20.6 Computerized and EDI-resourced seaports 464 20.7 Computerized export processing - Exportmaster 471

21 Ship management 480 21.1 Commercial aspects of ship management 480 21.2 Operating aspects of ship management 482 21.3 Technical aspects of ship management 483 21.4 Financial aspects of ship management 484 21.5 Investment aspects of ship management 487

22 Political aspects 491 22.1 Flag discrimination 491 n2A.~=~~ce m 22.3 Subsidies 497 22.4 Contribution of shipping to invisible exports 501 22.5 Conclusions 503

Appendix A Shipping terms and abbreviations srn

Index 514

Index

Accountant's department 301 Acas 471 Address commission 342 Administrative pressures 492 Ad valorem duty 185 Ad valorem freight 185, 195 Advance freight 194 Advantages of:

distriparks 407- 8 multi·modalism 417-20

Agriculture (GAIT) 175 Air Freight consolidator 415--6 American Bureau of Shipping 9,

175 Amwelsh 93, charter party 350 Analysis and reporting.

Exportmastcr Ltd 477 Analysis INCa terms 1990 432-8 Ancillary activities of shipping

undertakings 309-13 Annual general survey 31-3 Anti-dumping 176 APIS 371 Apples 257 Approved forms of Charter

Parties and related Bills of Lading used

347- 56 Arbitration 342 Arrival notification form (ANF)

447 Artificial 'tween decks containers

387 , 389-90 ASEAN 91 Assessment of freight 185- 7 ATA carnets 96, 446 Athens Convention relating to the

carriage of passengers and

their luggage by sea (PAL) 141

Australian Quarantine Certification (AOIS) 406

Austwheat 1990 Charter Party 351 Austwheatbill Bill of Lading 354 Automated guided vehicles 471 Automated ship navigation 10 Auto pilot 63

Back freight 195 Baeo liners 117, 118 Bags 275 Bahamian fleet 2--{i, 72, 493 Balance of trade, UK 501-2 Baling 275 B.hoon Charter Party 350 Baltic and International Maritime

Conference 90, 347, 349, 357 Baltic exchange 156-4J Bahime 1939 Charter Party 353 Bareboat Charter Party 332 Bareeon '89' Charter Parties 353 BEACON, see British and

European Shipping Lines Joint Container Service

Barrel handler fork lift truck 267, 269

Barrel hooks 266 Barrels 266, 276 Berth management 369-73,

407-10 Berth terms 334 BF! 1@-3 BIFA 325 BIFFEX 159-65 Bilateral trade treaties 492-3

d

Billing of customers 471-3

Index

Bulkhead 9

515

Bill of Lading Act (1855) 223-9 Bill of Sale 365 Bills of Lading 103, 223-49

function 234-7 negotiable and non-negotiable

232,245 salient points 229 types 230-4 see also individual Bills of

Lading Bimchemtime Charter Party 353 Bimcosale 356 Bin type container 381, 390 Biscoilvoybill Bill of Lading 355 Biscoilvoybill 86 Charter Party

352 BIS-Notation 31 Blackseawoodbill Bill of Lading

355 Blackseawood Charter Party 352 Board of directors 29&-308 Bolster flat containers 381, 390 Boom-fork lift truck 267, 269 Bottom survey 34 Bow thrusters 63 Boxes 276 BOXNET471 Boxtime-Charter Party 347-8, 353 BOS-L1oyds Register of Shipping

14&-9 Break bulk 48, 402- 3 Breaking bulk 324, 402-3 Bridge (navigating) 10 Bridge plates 270 British and European Shipping

Lines loint Container Service (BEACON) 373

British Shippers Council 165-6 Broken stowage 253-4 Brokerage 157-65 Brussels protocol 226 BS 5750 325,328,330-1 Bucket clevators 264-74 Budgetary control 305 Building subsidies 498 Bulk carrier 53, 54 Bulk container 386

Bulk liquid container 275 Bunkering 187 Bunkering adjustment factor

187-9 Bunkering surcharge J 87 Bureau Veritas, 9, 149, 152-4 Butter 257

CAD 471 Calcutta conference 203 Calibrated automatic piloting

system 70, 71 Canadian regulations for the

transportation of dangerous commodities by rail 405

Canal areas as points of economic growth 117

Canal dues 114-16 Canal influence on routeing

109-14 Cancclling date 338 Can hooks 266 Canvas sling 264-7 CAP 98 Capitalization and finance of

shipping undertakings 317-20 Carboys 276 Car carrier 66 Cargo 25(}-95

characteristics 257--64 dangerous 280-95 declaration 101 description 92, 337-8 exports 9&-103 handling equipment 264-74 imports 9&-103 liners 48, 49 manifest ]03 marking 278 marking symbols 279 packing 255-6, 274-9 platforms 270 stowage 250-7 stowage factors 257-64 tonnage 16, 17 tray 266

516 Index

vessels, structure 38-41 Cargo ship safety construction

certificate 25, 102 Cargo ship safety equipment 26,

103 Cargo ship safety radio certificate

26 CARICOM 449 Carriage by Air and Road Act

(1979) 241 Carriage of Goods by Road Act

(1965) 241 Carriage of Goods by Sea Acts

(1924, 1971 and 1992) 223--9, 242

Carrier's liability 223--9 Cartons 266, 276 Case

clamps 268 hooks 266

Cases 276 Case studies

Bureau Veritas 153 container distribution 376-7 crew costs 73 currency surcharge 187-9 districentre 274--5 distriparks 407- 9 Exportmaster Ltd 472-9 fixtures 336-7 freighl rate 185-7 Hanjin Group 306-7, 463--4 Macrsk Line 462-3 Panama Canal 113 P&O Group 308-9 Port of Dubai 415-16 Port of Singapore 416 Port of Southampton 464-7 sea/air 403-4 ship sale 366-7 St Lawrence Seaway 115- 16 Suez Canal 110 voyage estimate 358-9

Catering department 79 Cellular container ship 393 Cement 258 Cementvoy Bill 354 Cementvoy Charter Party 350

CENSA 145, 200 Certificate of competency (Deck

Officer) 79, 81 Certificate of competency (Ship's

Master) 79 Certificatc of Conformity - IACS

121-2 Certificate of origin 177 , 445 Certificate of registry 103 Certificate of shipment 446-7 Cess~r clause - Charter Party 341 CFR 435-6 CFS 409-10, 414 Chain sling 266 Chairman 301 Chamber of Shipping 89 Characteristics of cargo 257--64 Chartered shipbroker 327~ Chartering 50 Chartering department 300, 327 Chartcr Parties 103, 332-67, 446

demise and non-demise 332- 7 see also individual Charter

Parties Check list - export order 442-7 Chemtankvoy Charter Party 352 CHIEF 94, 95, 98-100 Chief engineer 78 Chief mate or officer 77 Chief petty officer (deck) 82 Chief petty officer (motorman) 82 Chief steward 79 CIF 435 CIHOS 471 CIM 237, 240, 441 CIMOS 469 CIP 435-6, 442-4 CITOS 371 Claims dcpartment 299, 304-5 CLASS DATA - Lloyds Register

147 Classification certificate 25-7 Classification of dangerous cargo,

282- 5 Classification societies 9. 32,

145-54 Classification Society selection

criteria 495-7

d

r

Index 517

Claused Bill of Lading 232, 235 Clean Bill of Lading 232 Clearance outwards 102-3 Closing date 442 CMR 237, 24(}-1, 441 CNRS371 Coal 258 Coal carrier 258 Coamings 9 Coasters 54 Coasting broker 327 COBRA 373 Code of conduct on ships 88 Coffee 258, 388 Colliers 258 Combi carrier 10, 35, 54-7 Combiconbill Bill of Lading 354 Combined transport 24 Combined transport document

233, 238, 239 Combined Transport BiIJ of

Lading 233, 238, 239 Commercial aspects of ship

management 315, 48(}-2 Commercial invoice 445 Common Short Form Bills of

Lading 242-8 Common Short Form Sea Waybill

242--8 Community network services

(CNS) 464-7 Company secretary 305, 306 Comparison crew cost 72-5 Computer integrated conventional

operations system 464-71 Computer integrated hydrographic

operations system (CTHOS) 471

Computer integrated marine operations system (CTMOS) 469

Computerization 300, 306-7 Computerization of berth

operation 369-73 Computerized and ED I [esourced

seaports 464-71 Computerized and EDl resourced

shipping companies 462-4

Computerized export processing -Exportmaster Lld 471-9

Computer Officer 300, 306-7 Computers 300, 306-7 Con bill Bill of Lading 354 Confectionery 258 Congenbill Bill of Lading 354 Conlinebill Bill of Lading 354 Coniine booking form 356 Consignment costing -

Exportmaster Ltd 476-7 Consignment note 240 Consolidation 323 Consortia 312, 313 Consular invoice 445 Container bases 402--4 Container berth management

36'f-73,407-1O Container Bills of Lading 232-3 Containerlbulk carrier 51 Container data transmission

control by satellite 428-31 Container dimensions 382--4 Container distribution 376--8 Container fleet 57 Container freight station 409-10,

414 Container handling equipment

types 264-74 Containerization 11, 368-406 Container management 368-93 Container quality assured scheme

404-6 Container routes 373-4 Containers

dangerous cargo-storage and acceptance 291-3

types of 378-93 Container Safety Convention

404-6 Container ships 39, 41, 51, 57, 58,

368-76 Container spreader 272 Container storage 254-6 Container terminals 368-76 Continuous Acquisition and Life

Cycle Support 45(}-1 Continuous survey 31

518 Index

Contract of affreightment 445 Contribution of Shipping to

invisible exports 501- 3 Conventions 129-44, 228 Convention, Tonnage 1994 1&--20 Conversion of ships 46 Conveyor belts 264 Copra 258 Costing dept. 442 Cost of Sea Transport 219-21 Cotton 25&--9 Counterfeiting 173 Countcrvailing measures GATT

177-8 Cov pak 277 Covered dry container 37&-9 CPT 436 442-4 Crane jib fork lift truck 267, 269 Cranes 264 Crates 266 Credit control 301-2 Credit controller 301 - 2 , 442 Crew accommodation 53 Crew declaration 101 Crew diversification 75 Crew engagement 85-8 Crew list 104 Crew manning 77- R2 Crew subsidization 49fr9 Crow bar 266 Crude oil 52

washing 66 Cruise liner 35-8, 181 Currency adjustment factor 187-9 Currency surcharge 187- 9 Customs and Excise organization

99 clearance 323, 324 duties 92 entry 91, 98, 99 function 91 handling of import and export

freight 94, 95, 9&--100 procedure 9&--103 prohibitions and restrictions 94 revenue 93 tariff 92 trade statistics 94

valuation GATT 176 warehousing 97

Cypriot fleet 2-j) , 72 , 493

DAF 436, 442-4, Dangerous cargo 26, 280--95 Dangerous goods acceptance

290--1 Dangerous goods labels 286-9 Danube Container Service (DCS)

108 DDP 325, 436--7 DDU 437 Dead freight 194--5 Dcadweight tonnage (dwt) H>-20 Deals, ballens and boards 262-3 Debt finance 319 Deck department 77-8 Deck log book 104 Deck officers 77- 8 Declaration of cargo 101 Deep sea broker 327--8 Deep tank 9 Deferred rebates 201-3 Delivery trade terms of sale 434-8 Demise and non-demise Charter

Parties 332-7 Demurrage 340--1 Denholm Ship Management Lld

314 Department of Transport 77, 222 Depreciation, annual 484--9 De-ratting certificate 104 Derricks 10, 265 Design of ships 33-8 Despatch 340--1 Deviation 341 Diesel electric engine 15 Diesel engine 14--16 Direct investment grants 500 Direct legislative control 492 Directors 300, 301 Direct trader input 101, 466 Discharging port - Charter Party

339 Discipline (on ships) 88 Discrepancies in Bills of Lading

236--7

d

Index 519

Discriminatory customs and other dues 491-2

Displacement tonnage 16-18 Distribution hubs 415- 16 Districentre 268, 274 Distriparks 406 Dock ducs 16-18 Dock leveller 270 Dock receipt 446 Documentary lettcr of credit

441-2 Documentation 434-47 Dog hooks 266 Double bottom 64 Double hull 63 Double stack container trains 375 Drawback 93 Drum handler-fork lift truck 267,

269 Drums 266, 276 Dry cargo fteet 4-Q Dual purpose tonnage 58--60 Dual rate system 201-3 Dubai Port 409, 416 Dunnage 253--4 Dutiable cargo 103 Dutiable cargo list 90, 103 Dutiable stores 103

Eastern Bloc fteet 216 Echo sounder 63 Economic effect of canals 114-17 Economics

of freight rates 181-93 of new and second-hand

tonnage 42--<i of propulsion 13-16 of size, design, and types of

ships 21-46 of speed 15 of various specialized vessels

52-70 ECOWAS 449 Eggs 259 Electronic Data Interchange

(EOI) 300, 306-7, 417-18, 448-479

resourced seaports 464-71

resourced shipping companies 462-4

Elevators 264 Engagement of crew 85-8 Engineer (chiei) 78, 79 Engine department 78, 79 Engine room department 78, 79 Engine transplant 16 English long ton 16 Entering in 100-3 Entry outwards 102, 103 Equity finance 319 Ergonomics 36 Esparto grass 259 Estonia 33, 84 European inland waterways 107-9 European Shippers Council 145,

200 European Single Market 377- 8 European standard EN 29000 331 European Union (EU) 91-103,

208,408 Europe East Africa Conference

196 Eurotunnel 118 E vergrccn fleet 369 Evergreen Line 205--<i Exchange control 492 Expenditure 320 Exportation of goods 9&-103 Export cargo shipping instruction

249, 443--4 Export contract 442-3 Export controls 93--4 Export documentation procedures

438-47,471-9 Export entry procedures 100 Export invoice 445 Export licence 435 Export order check lists 442-7 Exportmaster Ltd

analysi~ and reporting 477 communications and EDI 477-8 computerized export processing

471-9 consignment costing 476-7 multi-national 478-9 order capture and editing 473

•

520 Index

processing, progress chasing and status control 473

transaction flow chart 474-6 Export quotation 439-41 Extension forks - fork lift truck

267,269 Ex works (EXW) 435--{j

Factors in favour of multi­modalism 417-20

Factors influencing design type and size of ship 22--4

Factors influencing the shipowner's choice of seaport 410-13

Factors to consider in evaluating suitability of transport modes for an international consignment 432--4

Factors to consider in planning sailing schedules 210-14

Fantainer container 385 Far Eastern Freight Conference

374-5 Fares, passenger, 38, 181 FAS 435 FCA 436-7 FCL 403,418 Features of hull and machinery

7-13 Features of multimodalism 422--6 Features of subsidies 499-500 Feeder services 376-8 Felixstowe Port 463 Fcrticon Charter Party 350 Fertilizers 259 Fertisovbill - Bill of Lading 354 Fertivoy 88 Charter Party 350 PIA TA Bill of Lading 233-4 Filipino ratings 75 Financial aspects of ship

management 484-6 Finance director 301, 302 Finance of shipping undertakings,

484--{} FIO charter 333-4 Fixture rate evaluation 183-4 Flag discrimination 491

Flagging out 4--{}, 75, 496, 502-3 Flags of convenience 493-7 Flatrack containers 376, 3Rl,

386-7,393 FLEC 324-5 Fleet manager 482-3 FleetNET 460-1 Fleet, UK-owned and registered 5 Fleet-world analysis 2--6 FUC 324-5 Flour 259 Flowmaster - Nedlloyd 428-31 Fluctuations in trade 215-19 Fly cruise 36 Foam rubber 253 FOB 436-7, 439 FOBAS - Lloyds Register of

Shipping 148 FONASBA Standard Liner

Agency Agreement 328-9 Fore peak tank 9 Fork-lift trucks 267-71 Form C 13 101, 102 Form C 142 101 Form SUR 238, 101, 102 Forwarding agents 189, 322-7 Foul Bill of Lading 232 Freeboard 13, 63 Freedom ships 50 Free port 447 Free Trade Zone (FTZ) 409 Free zones 100 Freight Auto Service Terminal

(FAST) 468-9 Freight forwarder 322-7 Freight manager 304 Freight payment 194 Freight rates 181-95 Freight Transport Association

165-6 Frequency of sea transport

(sailings) 219-21 Fruit carriers 87 Fruit container 385 Fuel surcharge 187 Full container load (FeL) 403,

418 Function of Bill of Lading 234-7

a

I j

• Index 521

Function of shipping 2 Future of liner conferences 203--9 Future of shipping 503, 506

Gastankwaybill 355 Gastime Charter Party 353 Gas tanker 58, 59 Gas turbine 16 Gasvoy Charter Party 351 GAIT 47, 17<hSO, 450, 493 Gencon Charter Party 342-6, 351 General average 341 General cargo 189 General Council of British

Shipping 89 General manager 298 General purpose container 378-9,

381 General Register and Record

Office of Shipping and Seamen, 317

General service contract 86-8 General structure cargo vessels

38--41 Geneva Conference on UN Liner

Conference Code 198--200 Genwaybill 355 Germaneon-North Bill of Lading,

355 Germancon-North Charter Party,

350 German International Shipping

Register (ISR) 497 Germaniseher Lloyd 122 Glass containers 276 GMDSS 78, 462 Grabs 61 Grain 259 Grain capacity 259-60 Grain fixtures 336 Grainvoybill Bill of Lading 355 Grainvoy Charter Party 351 Granaries 264-5 Gross form of charter party 333 Gross registered tonnage 16-20 Group '77' 201 Groupage advantages 231 Groupage Bill of Lading 231

Haggling of the market 182 Hague Rules 225 Hague-Visby rules 225-6 Half height containers 380, 389 Hamburg rules 226-7 HANCOS 463-4 Hand barrows 266 Handling equipment -

containerized 271-4 Hand pallet transporter - fork lift

truck 269 Hanger containers 390 Harbour dues 17 Harmonization conferences 203 Harmonization of surveys 32-3 Harmonized commodity

description and coding system system 92

Hatchway 9 Heavycon receipt 355 Heavyeonbill Bill of Lading 355 Heavy lifting beam 266 Hedging 160-4 Herald of Free Enterprise 33 High cube reefer container 376,

285-6 HM Customs 91-4 Hogging 253 Hogshead 276 Holding companies 309, 312-13 House Bill of Lading 231 Hovercraft 69 Hub and spoke system 411 Hull and machinery 7-11 Human computer interface (HCI)

95 Hydraulic hatch covers 66 Hydro-charter party 350 Hydrofoil 69, 70

ICC publication No UCP 500 234 IMDG Code 280, 295 , 464 Importance of speed, frequency,

reliability , cost and quality of sea transport 219-21

Importation of goods 98--103 Import entry procedure 98-100

...... _------- - _ .

522 Index

Import licences 491 Import licensing procedures 177 Income and expenditure -

shipping company 320 Incorporation clause, Bill of

Lading 242 INCa Terms 1990 434-42

terms/criteria 434-5 Indivisible loads 221 - 2 Inflatable bags 253 Influence of canals in ship design,

1lf>-17 Information Technology dept 300,

30f>-7 Information Technology Director

300, 3Of>-7 Inland clearance depot 424 Inland waterways 106-18, 4n-14 INMARSAT 21 , 25, 136, 452,

454--62 Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers

327 Institute warranty limits 347 Insulated container 376-86 insurance department 300, 302 Intankbill 78 Bill of Lading 355 Intellectual property 173, 179 IntcTcon 80 Charter Party 352 Interconsec 76 Charter Party 352 International Association of

Classification Societies (lA CS) 119-22, 494

International authorization 404-6 International Cargo Handling Co­

ordination Association 126-7 International Chamber of

Shipping 127 lntemational Conference on

Training and Certification -and Watch keeping for Seafarers (STCW) 137

International consignment -factors to evaluate regarding suitability of transport mode 432-47

International conventions 134-44 carriage of goods by rail 237,

240

civil liability for oil pollution damage 140

establishment of an international fund for compensation for oil pollution damage 141

facilitation of international maritime traffic 142

limitation of liability for maritime claims (LLMC) 141

load lines 135 maritimc research and rescue

(SAR) I37 oil pollution casualties on high

seas 137 oil pollution preparedness,

response and cooperation 139 prcvention of marine pollution

by dumping of wat;tes and other matter 137

prevention of pollution from ships 138-9

tonnage measurement for ships 1994 18-20

International Labour Organization 90

International load line 11-13, 25 International load line certificate

102 International maritime dangerous

goods code (IMDG) 28()...95, 464

International Marine Forum 120 International Maritime

Organization (IMO) 19, 123, 127-44, 280-295

International regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREG) 136

International safety management code (ISM) 27-30, 84-5, 123, 148

International Shipping Federation (JSF) 89, 90

International trade I-{; Interpretation of a bulk carrier

and a containership (or sale 36f>-7

a

lnterpretation of fixtures 358-62 rNTERTANKO 122-6 Intcrtanktime Charter Party SO,

353 lNTRASTAT 92,93 Inward clearance 100-3 Inward processing relief 95 lnvestment criteria 487-90 Invisible exports

contribution from shipping 501- 3

Invoice 445 lSO Container dimensions 382-4 ISO 9000 331 ISO 9001 121

Iapan Line 375 Ietfoil craft 70 Jiffy bag 277--'J Jumbo angled stern ramp 398 Jumbo derricks 10 Junior motormen 82 Junior seamen 82 Just in time 2, 221 Jute 260

Land earth stations 457 Lashing of cargo 254 LASH ships 117, 118 Lay days 340-1

reversible 341 running 340-1

Lay time 340, 360-1 LDC 173 Leasing of ships 319 Legislative control , direct 492 Less than container load (LCL)

190, 403,418 Letter of credit 441-7 Letter of hypothecation 446 Liability of the carrier 223-9 Liberian fleet 4-6, 72, 493 Licensing of exports and imports

94 Lien 341 Life saving apparatus 11 Lift onnift off vessels 66

Index 523

Lift truck satellite - fork lift truck 268

Lights certificate 103 Liner company

organizational structure 298-308 Liner conference code (UN)

199-201,20&--9,216,310,311 Liner conference system 196-209

advantages and disadvantages 19&--201

factors influencing decline 203-9 future of 205-9

Liners 48, 49 Liner tariffs, 181, 182, 185-7 Liner terms 334 Linertime charter party 353 Liner waybill 242-7 Liquefied natural gas carriers

(LNG) 68 List of dutiable stores 103 LLMC 228 Lloyd's List 149, 184 Lloyd's Register of Shipping 9,

145-51 BQS 14&--9 CLASSDATA 147, 150-1 Extract 150-1 FOBAS 148 MARSPEC 147 SERS 148

Load factor 321 Loading date - Charter Party 338 Loading port - Charter Party

33&--9 Loadline 10-13

certificate 103 zones 11-13

Loans, low interest 318-19 Local export control (LEe) 91,

97 , 427 Local import control (Ue) 91 ,

99,427 Locking of cargo 255 LOCO 438 Log, official 104 Logistics 2, 376--'J, 417-20, 42&--31 Lo/Lo 66 London Clearing House 162

524 Index

Longitudinal framing 61 Long form bills 242 Long ton (English) 16 LRQA 331 Lump sum

charter 333 freight 194

Maersk Company Ltd 62~3 , 462~3, 489~90

MAFI Trailers 222, 393, 395-8 M.gellan Liner Conference 489 MAGIC 462~3 Magnetic loaders 61 Malta Maritime University 497 Maltese fleet 496-7 Management information 306-7 Management of quality BS 5750

328, 330-1 Management services department

303 Managing director 300--1 Manifest 103 Manning scales 79, 80 Manning of vessels 72-90 Marine department 300, 303, 304 Marine insurance policy certificate

445 Marine engineer 300, 303, 304 Marine superintendent 300, 303,

304 Maritime canals 106-18 Maritime communications 457--62 Maritime satellite navigatorl 0 Marketing and sales department

304-5 Marketing and sales manager 304 Marketing director 300, 304 Market research 414, 424 Marking of cargo 278

symbols 279 MARPOL 21 , 90, 123, 138,139,

284 MARSPEC - Lloyds Regisler of

Shipping 147 Master, duties and responsibilities

28,75- 7 Master's certificate 77, 78

Master declaration 101 Matc's receipt 446 Mats 253 Measurement ton 185-7 Meat 260 Mechanization of cargo handling

264-70 Merchant Navy Training Board 89 Merchant Shipping Act (1894) 81 Merchant Shipping Act (1970) 79,

87 Merchant Shipping Act (1979) 88,

227 Merchant Shipping Act (1988) 88,

315, 317, 491 Merchant Shipping (Certification

of Deck and Marine Engineer Officers) Regulations (1977) 79,80

Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods and Marine Pollutants) Regulations (1990) 291, 295

Mcrchanl Shipping (Radio Installations) Regulations (1992) 78

Merchant Shipping (Registration etc.) Act (1993) 87

Metal envelope 278 Metal lined cases 276 Methods of packing 274-9 Methods of tonnage measurement

16-18 Metric tonne 16 Mezzanine finance 319 Mobile gantries 271, 273 Mobile ramp 270 Mobile terminals and services

455-6 Motor vehides 66, 260 Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA)

17>-4 Multi-modalism 410, 417- 31

rationale of development 420-2 strategy 426-7

Multi-national Export Master Ltd 478-9

Multi-purpose vessels 58

;

Index 525

Murmapatitbill Bill of Lading 355 Murmap.tit Charter Party 351

NAFfA 91, 421 , 449 Nanyozai Charter Party 352 Naval architects department 303 Navigation equipment 21 Ned Lloyd 423

flowmaster 428--31 Negotiable Bill of Lading 232-4 Neo bulk cargo 394--8 Net form Charter Party 333 Net registered tonnage 16-18 New Jason clause 342 New tonnage 42-{) Nipponcoal Charter Party 350 Nipponore Charter Party 351 NIS 497 Non-containerized cargo 265 ,

393- 8 Non-harmonized ship survey

programme 33--5 Non-tariff barriers 173 Norgrain Charter Party 351 Norske Veritas 33, 34 North Korean ratings 75 Norwegian International Ship

Register (NIS) 497 Notice of arrival 323 NSSN 248--9 Nubaltwood Bill of Lading 355 Nubaltwood Charter Party 352 Nuclear power 16 Nuvoybill 84 Bill of Lading 354 Nuvoy Charter Party (1984) 351 NVOC 204, 324, 418 NVOCC 204, 250, 324, 41 8--19 Nype '93' Charter Party 353

Oats 259 OBO tonnage (orelbulkloil) 23 ,

59 , 61,212 Official log 104 Offshore registries 73 Offshore vessels management

services 315 Oil

cakes 260

and petroleum 261 record book 104

Omni carrier 77 Onions 388 On line classification

methodology-Bureau Veritas 153

Open registries 4-{), 493 Open sided containers 380, 388,

389 Open top containers 380, 38&--9 Operating aspects of ship

management 315, 482-8 Operating department 300, 302,

303 Operations director 300, 302, 303 Operations officer 300, 302, 303 Operating subsidies 498 Oranges 261 Ores 261 - 2 Orcsund fixed link 118 Ore carriers 58 , 60 Organization and workings of

Customs and Excise 91 Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD) 123, 124, 154-{)

Orevoybill Bill of lading 355 o revoy Charter Party 351 Oriano 35-4l, 62, 76 Outward clearance 102, 103 Outwards freight department 303 Outward processing relie! (OPR)

95 Overhauls 31-3 Owner's broker 327 Ownership of vessels 316, 317

Packing certificate 446 Packing types 255-6, 274--9 PAL 141 PAL Box 277 Palletization 271. 277 Pallets 255-7 Pallet truck 268--70 Palletwide intermodal containers

39<>-1

526 Index

Panama canal 17,23, 111- 14 Panamarian fleet 2-6, 72, 493 Panamax 113, 372 P&O Container Fleet 369 Panstonc Charter Party 351 Paramount clause 342 Parcel tankers 61 PAS 15 arrival 101 Passenger accommodation 11 Passenger and safety equipment

certificate 26 Passenger

certificate 26, 103 fares 38, 181 return 101, lU2

Passenger liners 3S-8 , 62 Passenger ship safety certificate

26,103 Payment of freight - Charter

Party 339-40 pcrc 66 People's Republic of China 216 Performance

bond 439 certificate 447

Period entry (exports) 100 Period entry (imports) 99 Personnel department 300 , 303 Personnel director 300, 303 Petroleum 61 Petty officers (deck) 78 Petty officer (motorman) 79 Placards - dangerous cargo 294 Planned maintenance 31, 32 Planning department 300, 301 Planning manager 306-8 Planning sailing schedules 210-14 Plate clamps 266 Platform flat containers 380, 387 Platform supply vessels 62, 63 Pneumatic suction elevators 264 Poleoalbill Bill of Lading 354 Polcoalvoy Charter Party 350 Political factors 491-506 Polski Rejestr 122 Pooling agreements 197 Poop 38 Port

infrastructure 377,407-16 management 410-16

Portable hydraulic roller - fork lift truck 268

Portable pneumatic rollers 273 Portainer crane 37G--1 PORTNET 46~70 Port of

Dubai 409, 413, 416 KJang 413 Rotterdam 407,411 Singapore 371-4, 407, 411, 416 Southampton 413

Postal consignments (Customs) 99 Power jacks 271, 273 Powered conveyors 273 Preamble - Charter Party 337 Preshipment inspection certificate

177, 446 Pre-slung cargo 263 Preventative duties 91 Problems presented to shipowners

by fluctuations in trade and unequal trade 215- 19

Pro forma invoice 440 Project forwarding 326 Propulsion 13-16 Pro-rata freight 195 Processing export order 438-47 Product/chemical carrier 63 , 66 Products carrier 39, 40 Profit centre 305 Protection and indemnity

associations 17, 224 Public relations department 300,

3U5 Purchase and sales of ships 362- 7 Purpose-built tonnage 52-70, 362 Purser 79 Push pull attachment-fork lift

truck 268

Qafcobill Bill of Lading 354 Qafcocharter Charter Party 350 Quality of sea transport (sailings)

21~21 Quay portainer cranes 370--1

;

J

• Index 527

Quotation - export 439-41

Radar 63 Radio

data transfer 466 department 78 log-book 104 officer 78

Rates relationship between liner and

tramp rates 192-3 relationship between voyage

and time charter rates 193 Receipt of export order 438--42 Received Bill of Lading 230 Received for carriage 244 Received for Shipment Bill of

Lading 230, 24~7 Refrigerated container 380, 385 ,

393 Refrigerated vessels 66 Registered manager 304 Registry of Shipping and Seamen

87 Relationship between ship and

seaports 413-16 Relationship between voyage and

time charter rates 193 Reliability of sea transport

(sailings) 219-21 Report (or entering in) and

inward clearance 100-2 Returned goods relief 95 , 96 Rhine-Main-Danube (RMD)

Canal J08-9 Rice 262 Role of seaports 40~ 10 Rollable cargo 393, 395-8 Roll on/roU off ships 66, 67, 189 RafRa container ship 44-5 Rotterdam - port 407, 411-13 Round-the·world container service

205--{), 37~8 Route manager 305 Rubber 262

SAD 94 SAECS 373

Safety construction certificate 103 Safety equipment certificate 103 Safety Net 461 Safety radio certificate 78 Safety regulations 24, 25 Sagging 253 Sailing schedules 210--14 Saint Lawrence Seaway 23,

114-16 Sale and purchase of ships 327,

362- 7 Sale form (1983) 356 Sale form (1987) 356 Sale form (1993) 364-5 Sales scrap (1987) 356 Salient points of Bills of Lading

229 Salt 262 Sanitary and phytosanitary GATT

175 Satellites 45~7 Scanconbill Bill of Lading 354 Seancon Charter Party 351 Scanlink projects 118 Scantlings 9 Schedules 210-14 Scrap and build policy 498 SDI4 ships 49, 50 Sea/air routes 218, 219, 403-4,

415-8,425 Seabee vessels 117, 118 Seacat 70 Sea Containers 374-5 Sea deck containers 381, 387 Seamen, grade I and II 82 Seaports 407-16 Sea vent container 387-8 Sea Waybill 242--1l Second-hand tonnage 42-{j Second officer 80 Segregation of cargo 253-4 Selection criteria - freight

forwarder 326 Self-trimming vessels 61 , 67, 260 SERS Lloyds Register of Shipping

148 Service manager 305 Services

528 Index

performed by principal shipping organizations 119-180

types of 211 SGS - preshipmcnt inspection 443 Shackle 265 Sharing of cargo 254 Shifting board, 259--{j() Shipbroker 157-66, 362, 363

remit 334-5 Ship

classification societies 145-54 design 21-46 entertainment 36-8 feasibility study 23 finance 318-9 main features 7-13 management 480-90

technical aspects 483-4 management companies 313-15

master 75-7 officers 77~2

operating aspects 482-3 operation 210-222 plan 152 prices 181-195 profile 7-10 propulsion 13-16 structure 38-41 survey 31- 3 tankers 4-6, 52, 53, 61, 67, 69 technical aspects 483-4 turnround time 368-76 types of 46, 71

Shipman 356 SHIPNET 462-3 Shipowner choice of seaport

factors 410-13 Shipowners

problems with trade fluctuations 215-19

Shipped Bill of Lading 230 Shippers' councils 165-6, 305 Shipping company

size and scope 2%-8 Shipping company consortia

diversification of business activities 307

Shipping

and forwarding agents 322-7 function of 2 future of 503, 506 mergers 309 organizations 119-80 Shipping instructions 443 portfolio analysis 315 terms and abbreviations 507-13

Ship's agent 328 articles 86 officers 77~2 papers 103, 104 protest 103, 104 register 103

Ships and Ports relationship 413-16

Shipyard subsidies 498 Short Form Bill of Lading 242-R Shrink wrapping 27&-7 Side mechanism fork lift truck

267, 269 Sighting survey 34 Simplified clearance procedure 94 Singapore - Port 371-4, 407, 416,

462-3, 467-71 Single-deck vessels 38 Single European market 91-103 SITPRO 450

master 244-5, 248 Skeleton cases 276 Slattings 263 Sling 266 Slot hire 356 Snotter 266 Soft loans 500 SOLAS 24-33, 84, 85, 131-4, 144,

259,281 Southampton , see Port of Sovcoalbill Bill of Lading 354 Sovcoal Charter Party 350 Sovconroundbill Bill of Lading

355 Sovconround Charter Party 352 Sovietwood Charter Party 352 Sovoreeonbill Bill of Lading 355 Sovorecon Charter Party 351 Special project cargo 394-1l

G

Index 529 Special survey 32, 154 Special Trade Passenger Ships

Agreement 135 Specialized vessels 52-70 Speed 15,219-21 Squeeze clamps - fork lift truck

267-9 Stabilizers 8 Stackable box swapbody 391 - 2 Staff captain 78 Staff manager 300, 303 Stale Bill of Lading 231 Standard exchange relief (SER)

95 Standard shipping note 248-9 Standard statement of facts (short

form) 361 Standard time sheet 360 STAR Bureau Veritas 153 Statistic, 32<1-2 Statutory manning requirements

72-5 Statutory regulations 25- 30 Steam reciprocating engines 13-16 Steam turbine 14-16 Stern ramp 56, 66 Stern thruster 63 STeW 74, 82- 5, 213 Stowage

of cargo 25<1-7 of containers 254--6 factors 257--M plan 25<1-7

Straddle carriers 266 Straight Bill of Lading 233 Strop 266 Structure of cargo vessels 38-41 Stuffing of cargo 254-{; , 403 Subsidiary campanie< 309, 312-13 Subsidies 177, 497-501 Subvention 499 Suez Canal 109-11

dues tabulation 17, 23, 110, 111 Sugar 262

carriers 67 Super ferry 212 Superintendent of marine

engineers 304

Supply time 89 Charter party 353 Surcharges 187-9 Surf days 341 Surveys 31-3 Suspension of duty and reliefs 99 Swap bodies 2, 391, 427 Synacomex 90 Charter Party 351

Tacit acceptance 82, 132 Tailshaft survey 34 Tank containers 381, 389 Tanker 4-{j, 52, 67, 69, 265

broker 327 department 312 fleet 4-{j

Tankervoy 87 Charter Party 352 Tankwaybill 355 Tariff barriers 173 Tax incentives 500-1 T.C.M. convention 241 Tea 262 Technical barriers to trade GA 1T

176 Technical director 300, 303, 304 Technical services department

300, 303, 304 Tender bond 439 Ten largest fleets 4-6 Terminals, container 368-76 Terms of (export) sale 434--8 TEUs 22, 39, 205, 368-77 Textiles and clothing GATT

175--{j Third flag carriers 199 Third generation container ship

372-3 Third officer 80-1 Through Bill of Lading 23<1-1 Through transport system,

concept 417-31 Timber 262

boards 253 carriers 67

Time charter fixtures 336-7 Time Charter Parties 337-47 TlR carnets 96, 97 Tobacco 263

530

Tonnage convention (1994) 18-20 dues 16-18 economics of new and second­

hand tonnage 42-6 measurement 16-2U

Top loader container 388--9 TOWCON 356 Tow hire 356 Trade

barriers 1 U --84 container 368--404 international 1-4 protectionism 215- 17,491-3

Trade cars 66 Trade in services 178--9 TRADENET 462- 3, 469, 471 Trade related investment

measures 173, 176 Trading centres 415-16 Traffic analysis 221 Train ferries 67 Tramp companies 308, 309, 312 Tramp line charter index 184 Tramps 10,49,50,218 Transfer of class from one

classification society to another 122

Trans-shipment Bill of Lading 231-2 goods 93 ports 231

TREM Card 292--4 Trimming 251-2 TRIO Group 374 Trucks, fork-lift 267-71 Tug master 274 Turnkey 438 Turnkey ship operation 315 Types of

Bills of Lading 230--4 cargo 257-64 freight 181- 95 packing 255-6, 274--9 propulsion 1>--16 ships 47- 71 tonnage measurement 16-20

Tween deck containers 389-90

Index

Tween-deck ships 38, 39, 48, 254

UK Fleet 4-6, 501-5 Ultimate container carrier (UCC)

372-3 UN

ECI Layout key 453 identification number 284 liner conference code t 98-201

UNCITRAL 126 Unclean Bill of Lading 232, 235 UNCTAD 166-70, 198, 199,453

V Conference Manila 199,498 VII Conference Colombia

167-70 MMO convention 241

Unequal balancc of trade 215-19 Uniform Customs and Practice for

Documentary Credits (1994) 234,246-7

United Economic Commission for Europe Trade Facilitation Committee 454

Unstuffing cargo 403 Uruguay trade round 172--80 USA

ea~t coast ports 377 west coast ports 377

US Carriage of Goods by Se. Act 1936229

Value added bcnefit 48()"'90 Value added tax (VAT) 91, 93,

96, 97, 100, 444 VAN 448, 463 Vehicle

lifting gear 266 sling 266 ferries 35-6

Ventilated containers 3Rl, 386 VERIDATAS - Bureau Veritas

152 Very large crude carriers 15, 67-9 Vessels , ownership of 315,317 Victualling department 321 Visconbooking 356 Visby rules 226--7

Visconbill Bill of Lading 354 VLCC 67-9 VOLCOA Contract Form 356 Voyage

estimates 357--62 survey 31

Voyage Charter Party 337- 57 Voylayrules 93 document 356

Warehousing 91 Wallenius Lines 66 Watch-keeping 82-5 Waybill 242-8 Weather working days 341 Wedging of cargo 255 Wines 263--4 Wing holds 61 Wing tank 9

Index

Winter North Atlantic 12- 13 WIM ship 's option 16, 185- 7 Wooden pallet 269 Wool 264 World fleet 2-6, 493, 504-5

container 57 fruit carriers 57 LPG/C 58 OB061 seaborne trade 2-6 tanker 4, 52

Worldfood Charter Party 351 World food receipt 355 World food waybill 355 Worldscale association 124 Wreckhirc agreement 356 Wreck"on agreement 356 WTO 170--80

531

I