Elements of a Complete Sentence · Web viewDIRECTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences in active voice. 1. The movie will have been revised by the editors by that time. 2. A benefit

English 11

Elements of a Complete Sentence – Unit 1An independent clause is a clause containing a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE by itself: Steve excels in the classroom.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE as part of a sentence:

Because he studies regularly, Steve excels in the classroom.

TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES joined in a compound sentence:

Steve is not a great athlete, but he excels in the classroom.

A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE as part of a sentence:

Because he studies regularly, Steve excels in the classroom.

Steve excels in the classroom because he studies regularly.

AAAWWUBBIS is an acronym to help you remember the basic subordinating conjunctions. An AAAWWUBBIS turns a sentence/independent clause into a dependent clause.

After Although As When/Whenever While Until/Unless Because Before If Since

SENTENCE: I studied for the test.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE / FRAGMENT: Although I studied for the test.

CORRECT: Although I studied for the test, I still did poorly.

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain its own subject or verb. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. For the sake of brevity, we will focus on a few types of phrases that are generally set off by commas: participial phrases, absolute phrases, and appositive phrases.

Participial phrases consist of a verb form ending in -en, -ed, or -ing that functions as an adjective. Participial phrases should always be placed next to the word or words that they are modifying.

Ex. Shaken and disturbed, Aaron turned off the television.

Absolute phrases may contain a subject but contain no acting verb. These type of phrases modify the whole sentence, not just a noun. These two types of phrases are the most likely to be set off with commas.

Ex. Aaron stared down at the floor, his hands shaking and his heart racing.

Appositive phrases restate, redefine, or rename a noun. An appositive phrase should always be placed next to the word or words that it modifies.

Ex. Mr. Stevens, my psychology teacher, is an interesting man.

A sentence fragment is a group of words that is not a complete sentence. Sometimes, writers will intentionally use

MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 1

English 11fragments in a piece of literature. However, in most formal compositions, we want to avoid unintended sentence fragments.

COMMON CAUSES OF A SENTENCE FRAGMENT

1. Missing subject or verb

FRAGMENT: The guard near the entrance.

What is the guard doing? (no verb)

FRAGMENT: Changed into new clothes.

Who changed into new clothes? (no subject)

2. Dependent clause (AAAWWUBBIS) left alone

FRAGMENT: Because I really enjoy football. CORRECT: Because I really enjoy football, I’m going to purchase Lions’ season tickets.

3. PHRASE left alone

FRAGMENT: Stranded in the middle of a darkening forest. Laura desperately searched for civilization.CORRECT: Stranded in the middle of a darkening forest, Laura desperately searched for civilization.

FRAGMENT: Hoping that his mother would soon arrive. CORRECT: Hoping that his mother would soon arrive, Steve fiddled and paced impatiently.

FRAGMENT: Mark slipped away. Leaving his empty cereal bowl on the table. CORRECT: Mark slipped away, leaving his empty cereal bowl on the table.

4. Generally, try to avoid beginning a sentence with “And, Which, But, Or, Such as...” unless you're doing it KNOWINGLY and with a PURPOSE.

FRAGMENT: Steve graciously stopped and waited for Leeann. Which impressed her mother greatly. CORRECT: Steve graciously stopped and waited for Leeann, which impressed her mother greatly.

FRAGMENT: Many problems infest our cities. Such as crime, a crumbling infrastructure, home foreclosures, and poor public services. CORRECT: Many problems infest our cities, such as crime, a crumbling infrastructure, home foreclosures, and poor public services.

DIRECTIONS: Identify the boldfaced portion as either an independent clause (IC), a dependent clause (DC), or a phrase (P).

1. Until his mother arrived, Steve paced impatiently. ___2. Hoping that his mother would arrive soon, Steve paced impatiently. ____3. The students worked on their tests while the teacher graded papers. ____4. Steve, pacing impatiently, hoped that his mother would arrive soon. ____5. Until his mother arrived, Steve paced impatiently. ___6. His arms shaking nervously at his sides, Steve paced impatiently. ____7. The students worked on their tests while the teacher graded papers. ____8. Mr. Jones, a well-respected and experienced teacher, wished to become a school counselor. ____

DIRECTIONS: Identify each boldfaced word group as a sentence (S) or a fragment (F).

9. Joe dribbled up court. His sparkling new Nikes squeaking with each cut. ____10. Joe dribbled up court, his sparkling new Nikes squeaking with each cut. ____11. While I wiped the windows. Jackson vacuumed the interior. ____ 12. Lawrence looked my father in the eye and firmly grasped his hand. Which impressed my father greatly. _____13. Stared at the gun in the criminal’s hand. ____14. Anger erupted. ____

Elements of a Complete Sentence 1.1MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 2

Verb subject

English 11Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks.

An __________________clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence.

A _______________________ clause contains a subject and a verb, but it does not contain a complete thought.

A ____________________ is a word group that does not contain its own subject and verb. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.

The acronym AAAWWUBBIS helps you to remember the subordinating conjunctions. If you put an AAAWWUBBIS in front of a sentence, the sentence becomes a ______________________________ clause.

After Although As When / Whenever While Until Because Before If Since

If you leave a dependent clause or a phrase by itself, what sentence error do you create?


1. After you finish your schoolwork, you may go to the mall. ___2. Praying that the storm would hold off, Brian hurriedly packed his camping supplies. ____3. You may go to the mall after you finish your schoolwork. ____4. Brian, praying that the storm would hold off, hurriedly packed his camping supplies. ____5. Brian, praying that the storm would hold off, hurriedly packed his camping supplies.. ____

DIRECTIONS: Identify each word group as a sentence (S) or a fragment (F).

6. His eyes glistening with fresh tears. ____7. His eyes glistened with fresh tears. ____8 . Although I would never admit that my brother actually had a point. ____ 9. Which is the reason why my father no longer hunts. _____10. Rob slept. ____

SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS: Use the visual and written model(s) provided to help you construct your own sentence(s).

Model Sentence: Anger flared.

11. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________

Sometimes a subject may come after the verb.

+ . V S

Model Sentence: Hidden from view was my mother’s purse. V S Here is your fifth grade class photo.

12. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 1.2In any sentence, the subject and verb must agree. This simply means that the correct verb form must be used depending upon whether the subject is singular or plural.

Usually, native speakers don't even have to think about subject-verb agreement. If it's wrong, it sounds really wrong. For example, if someone says, "Joe and I is going to the store," that just doesn’t sound right.

A sentence doesn't have to be long. It just needs to have a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.

+ .

Subject verb


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However, there are some circumstances in which subject-verb agreement errors are trickier to notice.

A subject and a verb that are separated must agree.

S V

His social status, along with his income, is going to take a hit. S V

The audience of teenagers is about to explode.

Compound subjects (joined by and) take plural verbs. A present tense plural verb does NOT end in –s.

Gary and I take turns.

S S V

Joe’s lack of ambition and his poor energy level eventually cause his girlfriends to dump him.

S S V

The principal’s kindness and strength make him a good leader.

If the subject of the sentence is a singular indefinite pronoun, use a singular verb form.

SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:each oneno one anybodyevery everybodyeveryone nobodysomeone eitheranyone neither somebody

S V

Nobody here knows the answer. S V

Everyone is here.

S V

The men bring shovels. (men is plural)S V

Each of the men brings a shovel. (each is singular)

S V

The workers are attending the meeting. S V

One of the workers is attending the meeting.

DIRECTIONS: Correct the errors in subject-verb agreement in the following sentences. Fix any other word errors that you notice.

1. Each of the boys are going to be bringing a gift to you’re party.

2. Joe’s intelligence and curiosity makes him a good leader for there company.

3. One of the cars have lost it’s bumper.

4. Its a well-known fact that neither of the boys like football.

5. A carton of eggs are on the counter. Your going to need to put it in the refrigerator.

6. Their is the hammer and the drill that we need.


Sente n ec

English 11

Elements of a Complete Sentence 1.3

Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks.

An __________________clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence.

A _______________________ clause contains a subject and a verb, but it does not contain a complete thought. This is why a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.

A ____________________ is a word group that does not contain its own subject and verb. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.



If you leave a dependent clause or a phrase by itself, what sentence error do you create?


1. If you have the chance, talk to Mr. Stevens about your grade. ___2. His mind wandering from subject to subject, Antoine found it hard to complete his math homework. ____3. He quickly stood up and left the room, leaving his briefcase behind. ____4. It will be difficult to succeed unless you try. ____5. It will be difficult for Robert, a spoiled kid from a wealthy family, to make it through basic training.____


6. The storm brewing in the west. ____7. A small but determined man, Morgan refused to back down to anyone. ____8 . Such as the problems that you’ve had with your cousins. ____ 9. Because the storm is gathering in the west. _____10. The clouds parted. ____

SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS: Use the visual and written model(s) provided to help you construct your own sentence(s)

Use commas to set off items in a series.

, , and .

Model Sentence: John walked in the room, sat at his computer, and said nothing.

11. Your Sentence: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Model Sentence: Tired and listless, I sprawled out on the couch.

12. Your Sentence ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence. However, you can use a phrase as an opener.

, .Phrase

openerindependent clause


English 11

Elements of a Complete Sentence 1.4DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentence fragments so that they are all complete sentences. Fix any other agreement or word errors that you notice.

A. Unless you start the party at 7 PM. Neither of the boys are going to be

their.

B. One of the boys water the garden every day. Which is a major reason why

its so healthy this year.

C. Determination, strength, and intelligence is essential. If your going to

succeed in business.

Elements of a Complete Sentence 1.5Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks. The acronym AAAWWUBBIS helps you to remember the subordinating If you leave a dependent clause or a phrase by itself,


English 11conjunctions. If you put an AAAWWUBBIS in front of a sentence, the sentence becomes a ______________________________ clause. Use the acronym below to help you list some of the subordinating conjunctions.

AAAWW UBBIS

what sentence error do you create?


1. After I finish helping you, I will work with your sister. ____2. The singer began the anthem while the crowd stood at attention. ___ 3. As I slept, Marlena worked on her project. ___4. My brother, a quiet but kindhearted person, enjoys woodworking. ____


5. If I had a million dollars to spend on anything I wanted. ____6. His mouth watering at the thought of the feast that was on the way. ____7. Chaos reigned. ____8. Which helped my brother pay off his house early. ____

Model Sentence: Until the driveway is repaired, we will have to park in the street.

9. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Model Sentence: Bobby walked down the avenue in a state of ecstasy, his eyes rapidly surveying each of the skyscrapers towering above him.

10. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________Review 1.6

DIRECTIONS: One of these examples is correct. Each of the other examples contains one error. Identify which sentence is correct and explain why. Be prepared to explain why the other examples won’t work.

If a sentence starts with an AAAWWUBBIS, it will create a dependent clause or a phrase. A phrase or dependent clause cannot stand alone, but can be used as an "opener."

, .Dependent clause


A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence. However, you can use a phrase as a closer.

, .phrase

closerIndependent clause


English 11

A. Although your understandably frustrated with how long it’s taking to fix your truck, I want you to know that Joe and Anthony are doing their best under difficult circumstances.

B. Although you’re understandably frustrated with how long it’s taking to fix your truck. I want you to know that the mechanics are doing their best under difficult circumstances.

C. Although you’re understandably frustrated with how long its taking to fix your truck, I want you to know that the mechanics are doing their best under difficult circumstances.

D. Although you’re understandably frustrated with how long it’s taking to fix your truck, I want you to know that the mechanics are doing there best under difficult circumstances.

E. Although you’re understandably frustrated with how long it’s taking to fix your truck, I want you to know that Joe and Allen is doing their best under difficult circumstances.

F. I know you’re frustrated, but each of the mechanics is working diligently to fix your car on time.

G. Working diligently to finish your car on time. Both Joe and Allen have been staying late.

H. A team of mechanics are working to finish your car on time.

The best answer is _______ because ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Elements of a Complete Sentence 1.7

Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks. Define independent clause: Define dependent clause: Define phrase:


English 11



If you leave a dependent clause or phrase by itself, what sentence error do you create?


1. Her cellphone having sunk to the bottom of the lake, Jenna had no way to contact her parents. ____2. I will visit Uncle Earl as soon as I get off of work. ___ 3. The home, a cozy ranch-style dwelling built in the 1950’s, could no longer accommodate the growing family. ___4. I will visit Uncle Earl as soon as I get off of work. ___ 5. The home, a cozy ranch-style dwelling built in the 1950’s, could no longer accommodate the growing family. ___


6. When I arrive in Los Angeles. ____7. Their dreams vanishing before their eyes. ____8. The bill passed. ____9. Such as drug dependency, alcoholism, and obesity. ____10. The boy standing on the corner of the dead end street. ____

Model Sentence: My legs tired and my feet aching, I searched for somewhere to rest.

11. Your Sentence ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Model Sentence: Chaos reigned.

12. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 1.8

DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 The lives of Americans today revolve around technology. It’s a convenient way of 2garnering information. As well as a useful tool with various purposes. Naturally, the 3practicality and convenience of technology causes many politicians and school

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. Its C. It being D. They’re a

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. information. Along with being


, .Phrase


A sentence doesn't have to be long. It just needs to have a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.

+ .

Subject verb


English 11leaders to push for its expanded use in schools. Unfortunately, one of the problems 4with this approach are that districts spend money on computers and programming that 5may not provide any benefits to there students. Before making the choice to spend 6money on technological resources, each of our school districts needs to be aware of 7complications and problems that may arise for students. Such as a drop in academic

growth, a reduction in social skills, and a loss of the ability to retain information.

C. information as well as D. information but

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. causing C. caused D. cause

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. being C. is D. was

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. they’re C. its D. their

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. need C. needing D. needed

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. students, such as C. students. Like D. students. For example,

8. Which version is correct?

A. You’re creating fear when you constantly threaten you’re children with punishment.

B. Your creating fear when you constantly threaten your children with punishment.

C. You’re creating fear when you constantly threaten your children with punishment.


English 11

Avoiding Run-Ons – Unit 2A run-on occurs when two sentences are improperly connected together. A common misconception is that a run-on is a really long sentence. That's not necessarily true. A sentence can be really long as long as it is properly punctuated.

Most run-ons actually occur because writers either forget end punctuation or try to use a comma to join two complete sentences.

HOW YOU GET A RUN-ON

1. Lack of punctuation

RUN-ON: The contestant hesitated the buzzer sounded.

2. Comma splice (using a comma improperly to connect two sentences)

RUN-ON: The judge entered the courtroom, everyone rose.

HOW YOU FIX A RUN-ON

RUN-ON: The judge entered the courtroom, everyone rose.

1. Use a period.

The judge entered the courtroom. Everyone rose.

2. Comma + FANBOYS

The judge entered the courtroom, so everyone rose.

3. Semicolon

The judge entered the courtroom; everyone rose.

4. Semicolon + transition (conjunctive adverb)

The judge entered the courtroom; thus, everyone rose.

5. Use a subordinating conjunction (AAAWWUBBIS) to make one of the sentences into a dependent clause.

As the judge entered the courtroom, everyone rose.

DIRECTIONS: Identify whether each of these groups is a run-on (RO) or correct (C). Underline the point where the run-on occurs.

1. The CEO’s speech was enthralling, the audience seemed to be entranced. ___2. John is in charge of the creative side of the business Bill handles sales. ____3. John is extremely outgoing and can talk to anybody about anything. ___4. Although his first attempts at getting a job at the hardware store were rebuffed, Alex persisted, repeatedly asking when a position might come open; eventually, Mr. Jones, the store manager, gave in and offered Alex a job stocking shelves. _____5. Jon walked slowly, Lisa rode her bike. ___


English 11

Run-ons 2.1 Activating Background Knowledge:

Define run-on sentence:

What are the two common causes of a run-on?

1. 2.

DIRECTIONS: Identify each example as a run-on (RO) or correct (C).

1. ____ Some may argue that because new technology is fascinating to teenagers, they will be more apt to enjoy learning; however, while schools may be under the impression that electronics will get students engaged in learning, the reality is that students will only be more distracted from learning. 2. ____ Some may argue that because new technology is fascinating to teenagers, they will be more apt to enjoy learning, however, while schools may be under the impression that electronics will get students engaged in learning, the reality is that students will only be more distracted from learning.

3. ____ Schools may be under the impression that electronics will get students engaged in learning, the reality is that students will only be more distracted from learning.

4. ____ Schools may be under the impression that electronics will get students engaged in learning the reality is that students will only be more distracted from learning.

5. ____ While schools may be under the impression that electronics will get students engaged in learning, the reality is that students will only be more distracted from learning.

Comma + fanboys (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Model Sentence: Will students be able to adjust to these new expectations, or will they flounder and fail?6. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Use a semicolon to join two closely related independent clauses.

Model Sentence: Maybe it's the school's fault for not having stricter rules; maybe it's the student's fault for failing to abide by the rules that are in place. 7. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

You can create a compound sentence by joining two independent clauses using a comma and one of the fanboys.

, .

Independent clause independent clauseforandnorbutoryetso


; .Independent clause independent clause

English 11

Conventions Review 2.2Clarity is the most important component of good writing. In order to achieve clarity, writers need to

make sure that nothing they say is vague or unclear to the reader. Specifically, when it comes to the use of pronouns, writers must make sure that any pronoun that they use clearly refers to its antecedent (the word the pronoun is replacing). PN

VAGUE PRONOUN REFERENCE: Gary told Brian that he was tired.

To whom does “he” refer? Gary or Brian?

CLEAR PRONOUN REFERENCE: Gary was tired, a fact he revealed to Brian. Gary was tired, and he told Brian so.

PN

UNCLEAR PRONOUN REFERENCE: On television, it said to watch out for thunderstorms.

Who said to watch out for thunderstorms? The television didn’t say it. Somebody on the television did.

CLEAR PRONOUN REFERENCE: The meteorologist on television said to watch out for thunderstorms.

DIRECTIONS: Revise each sentence, correcting the vague pronoun references. Feel free to add words and new ideas.

1. Mr. London asked Mr. Cooper about the problems he was having with his new truck.

2. In the book, it compares Lennie to a bear.

3. Steve asked Dave about his paper.

leave = to depart, to “leave” something behind, or to “leave” alone

I am going to leave Chicago tomorrow.I will leave my keys with Alyssa.Make sure to leave Jared alone.

let = to allow or to rent out

My mom will not let me go to the party.The homeowner let his basement apartment.

raise (v.) = to lift up or to cause something to grow raise (n.) = an increase in pay

He raised the bail of hay above his head. Joe and Jamie raised good kids.Andrea finally received a raise from her boss.

rise (v.) = to get up, to go up A person or thing “rises” on its own. The past tense is

“rose.” The past participle is “risen.”

Bob rises at 5 AM every day to complete his chores.Cheryl rose up the corporate ladder. Cheryl has risen up the corporate ladder.

DIRECTIONS: Circle the correct word.

4. If you ( leave / let ) Holly alone, I will ( leave / let ) you play games on my Xbox.

5. Gary ( rises / raises ) at dawn and works all day. This is why he has ( raised / rose / risen ) to the position of bank vice-president. Gary is also trying his hardest to ( rise / rose / raise ) two good children.

Run-ons 2.3Activating Background Knowledge: As a whole class, define "run-on sentence."


English 11


1. 2.

DIRECTIONS: Fix the following run-ons using each of the methods specified. You do not need to rewrite the entire sentence (see example provided).

RUN-ON: The internet contains vast amounts of material that will entice students to explore handing students a computer with a wi-fi connection will only create distractions.

EX. (Use a period): explore. Handing

1. (comma + fanboys):

2. (semicolon):

3. (semicolon + transition):

4. (subordinating conjunction):

Use a semicolon and a transition to join two sentences.

Model Sentence: The business owner failed to report his income to the IRS; consequently, he was audited.

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Model Sentence: Since Gary enjoys both soccer and football, he will probably love playing rugby.

6. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Run-ons 2.4

DIRECTIONS: Correct the run-ons and fix any other errors that you notice.


, .Dependent clause



; , .Independent clause

Transitional Wordstherefore however nevertheless hencethus consequently accordingly unfortunately

independent clause

English 11

A. On the radio, it said that we would have to raise at 5:37 AM to watch the

sun raise we need to go to bed early tonight.

B. My mom won’t leave me go to the party, I guess I’m stuck at home.

C. Cliff called last night to speak to Doug he wanted to speak to him about

his tax returns.



1. 2.


English 11

DIRECTIONS: Fix the following run-ons using each of the methods specified. You do not need to rewrite the entire sentence (see example provided).

RUN-ON: In order to grow into functional adults, teens must learn to think and plan ahead, with their minds absorbed by technology, they are too focused on short-term stimulation.

Ex. USE A PERIOD: ahead. With

1. COMMA + FANBOYS:

2. SEMICOLON:

3. SEMICOLON + transition:

4. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:


Model Sentence: Brant worked at the hockey rink, yet he didn’t know how to skate.

5. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: Susanna wanted nothing more than to curl up and read a good book; Julianna preferred to spend her time hunting and fishing. 6. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________


DIRECTIONS: One of these examples is correct. Each of the other examples contains one error. Identify which sentence is correct and explain why. Be prepared to explain why the other examples won’t work.


, .




English 11

A. If parents want to raise children who can function in society, they must not leave their children spend countless hours staring at screens.

B. If parents want to raise children who can function in society. They must not let their children spend countless hours staring at screens.

C. If parents want to rise children who can function in society, they must not let their children spend countless hours staring at screens.

D. All parents want to raise children who can function in society, this means that they must not let their children spend countless hours staring at screens.

E. On the radio, it said that parents who want to raise children who can function in society must not let their children spend countless hours staring at screens.

F. All parents want their children to raise to new heights; this means they must limit the amount of time their children spend staring at screens.

G. All parents want their children to raise to new heights; this means they must limit the amount of time they spend staring at screens.

The best answer is _______ because ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.



1. 2.

DIRECTIONS: Identify whether each example is correct or incorrect. Then, briefly explain why. MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 17

English 11

1. A. Overall, technology can be a very dangerous “tool” to be giving children, the drawbacks simply outweigh any possible benefits it might provide.B. Overall, technology can be a very dangerous “tool” to be giving children the drawbacks simply outweigh any possible benefits it might provide.C. Overall, technology can be a very dangerous “tool” to be giving children because its drawbacks simply outweigh any possible benefits it might provide. D. Overall technology can be a very dangerous tool to be giving children. Because its drawbacks simply outweigh any possible benefits it might provide. E. Overall, technology can be a very dangerous “tool” to be giving children because it’s drawbacks simply outweigh any possible benefits it might provide.

Answer A is _____________ because _____________________________________________________. Answer B is _____________ because _____________________________________________________. Answer C is _____________ because _____________________________________________________. Answer D is _____________ because _____________________________________________________. Answer E is _____________ because _____________________________________________________.


Model Sentence: Technology can inspire the human mind, but technology also can destroy it.

2. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________Use a semicolon to join two closely related independent clauses.

Model Sentence: Joe’s future was in business; Cheryl’s was in social work.

3. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________


DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 On the television news last night, it said that parents should be cautious not to 2leave their children spend too much time online. Apparently, too much time spent 3 4online rises the probability of childhood obesity, it also may increase a child’s levels 5

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. a well-known psychologist said that C. a report said that D. the television said that

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. leave there


, .




English 11of anxiety. For these reasons, experts recommend that parents talk to them

about their internet usage and agree upon strict time limits.

C. let their D. leaving their

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. rose C. arises D. raises

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. obesity it also C. obesity and D. obesity, and it also

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. their children C. there children D. those

Commas - Unit 3

A comma indicates a pause. It can either separate something, or it can connect two sentences if used with one of the FANBOYS.

WHEN TO USE A COMMA Your practice exercises


English 111. Use a comma after an opener (introductory word, phrase, or clause). An opener is a single word or fragment that is located at the start of a sentence and is followed by a comma.

Furthermore, I find the wording of your proposal to be offensive.

Broken and bruised, Diaz was ready to call it a day. Because she had a sore throat, Janna was unable to sing her

solo.

INSERT COMMAS WHERE NEEDED.

1. If it rains tomorrow we will go bowling.

2. Anxious and desperate Allison looked for a

friendly face to help her.

2. Use a comma to set off an interrupter (a nonessential phrase or clause) - a word or phrase that interrupts the flow of a sentence. You can tell if something is an interrupter by checking to see whether or not it is essential to the sentence. If you can take it out, and the meaning of the sentence doesn't really change, the interrupter is nonessential, and should be set off with commas.

William, in fact, made the all-state hockey team. Timmy, the smallest of the boys, was teasing my sister.

1. My uncle who is a former police detective

works part time as a security consultant.

2. The facts however lead me to a different

conclusion.

3. Use a comma to set off a closer - a fragment that is added after an independent clause (could be a complete sentence) and is preceded by a comma.

Joe dribbled up court, his sparkling new Nikes squeaking with each move he made.

There sat Steve, blissfully unaware of the chaos he had created

1. Jonas searched for a restaurant his

stomach grumbling hungrily as he imagined a

hot meal. 4. Use commas to separate items in a series.

Getting to school on time, doing all my assignments, and behaving well are all things I can do to ensure my success in school.

1. John set down his toolbox grabbed his drill

and went to work.5. Use a comma + one of the FANBOYS to make a compound sentence.

I’d love to help you finish your project, but I have to be to work by nine.

Gary will turn in his final project, or he will flunk the class.

1. Lisa is working in the concession stand

and Pete is taking tickets.

6. Use a comma to introduce a quotation when used with explanatory words like he said or she exclaimed.

“Wait,” demanded Stevie, “you can’t leave yet.” Jerry said, "I want some swimming goggles."

1. “Of course” began Solomon “I would expect

something in return.”

7. Use a comma in dates and addresses.

On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked. I lived at 13768 Fruit Ridge Avenue, Kent City, Michigan,

for thirteen years.

1. We were married on June 20th 2003.

DON’T USE A COMMA….. Your practice exercises1. Don't use a comma if the dependent clause (AAAWWUBBIS) comes second.

INCORRECT: The boy knocked on the door, while I was eating.CORRECT: The boy knocked on the door while I was eating.

INSERT COMMAS WHERE NEEDED. CROSS OUT UNNEEDED COMMAS.

1. Mary will watch the kids, until Mrs.

Higgins returns.

2. Until Mrs. Higgins returns Mary will watch


English 11the kids.

2. Don't automatically use a comma just because you see one of the FANBOYS.

INCORRECT: We sat down at the table, and began to talk.CORRECT: We sat down at the table and began to talk. (In this case, and is connecting two verb phrases, not two complete sentences.)

1. I awoke from my dreams, and got out of

bed.

2. I awoke from my dreams and I got out of

bed. 3. Don't use a comma to set off an ESSENTIAL phrase or clause. Ask yourself this question: if you were to take the phrase or clause out of the sentence, would the basic meaning of the sentence change? If the answer is yes, then the phrase or clause is essential.

INCORRECT: I recognized many of the students, who stood with me, in front of the school.CORRECT: I recognized many of the students who stood with me in front of the school.

3. Many of the people, who attended the

meeting, were relatives of Autumn’s.

4. Autumn who works at the high school has

many relatives and friends in this town.

Commas 3.1FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE COMMA RULE.

Use a comma in these situations:

1. openers 2. interrupters 3. closers 4. compound sentence

5. 6. 7.

Don’t use a comma in these situations:


Sente n ec

English 111. Dependent clause comes second 2. FANBOYS = not connecting 3. Essential clauses two sentences

DIRECTIONS: Insert commas where needed. Cross out any unnecessary commas.

1. Because people are on their phones all of the time they are not living in the moment and as a result they do not interact with others as much as they should.

2. A person’s cellphone becomes a crutch a needed distraction that helps eliminate the need to think.

3. People, who rely too heavily on their cellphones, struggle to function in situations that require quiet concentration, and often grow frustrated easily.

4. On December 8th 1941 President Roosevelt said “We are now at war.”

5. Mr. Bartholomew will stop speaking stare at the entire class and maintain silence, until all students are paying attention.


, , and .

Model Sentence: Jimmy grabbed the ball, started shooting, and said nothing more.

6. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use commas to set off an interrupting word or phrase , . , , .Model Sentence: My position on this issue, however, has not changed.

7. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________


Sent enceinterrupter

English 11

Conventions Review 3.2A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number and gender. The antecedent is the word that the pronoun has replaced.

You have to figure out if the sentence is talking about each person individually or about more than one person.

Then, you have to use the appropriate pronoun.

Singular Personal Pronounshe, she, it, his, her, its

You have to use “he or she” or “his or her” if a singular noun is used and gender is unknown.

Plural Personal Pronounsthey, we, their, our

A student left his or her bag in Mr. Stark's classroom.

When students participate in community service, they learn to be more responsible.

An athlete must be in command of _________ body.

Athletes must be in command of _________ bodies.

WRITING TIP: Because his/her sounds awkward, it is recommended that you generally use the plural construction in your writing.

Singular indefinite pronouns can cause confusion. That's because all of these pronouns are singular, but we often mistakenly think of them as referring to multiple people.

SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:each oneno one anybodyevery everybodyeveryone nobodysomeone eitheranyone neither somebody

The team members have an obligation to give ____________ best.

Everybody has an obligation to give __________best effort.

Justin and Ben brought _______________ guitars.

Neither Justin nor Ben brought _____ guitar.

Joe left ___________ book in Mr. Stark's room.

Somebody left _________________ book in Mr. Stark's room.

Sometimes you may be referring to a group of people in the collective sense. If the group is working together as a unit, you will use the pronoun it or its.

EX. The team did not achieve all of its goals for the season.

If you are referring to each member of a team in an individual sense, use his or her.

EX. Each member of the committee expressed his or her opinion.

The committee gave _____________ opinion on the matter.

Each member of the committee gave ________ opinion on the matter.

The group said that ______ purpose was to protect the Great Lakes.

Every member of the group presented ______ thoughts during the meeting.

COMMON WORD ERRORSwho's = contraction of who iswhose = belonging to whom

( Who's / Whose ) waiting outside?

( Who’s / Whose ) signature is this?

effect = a result affect = to influence or change

The ( effect / affect ) of higher gas prices was felt by all.His teachings have ( effected / affected ) Joe's life.

accept = to receive or recognize as correctexcept = everything or everyone but

Everyone ( accept / except ) John was ready to ( accept / except ) Ralph’s apology.


English 11


Use a comma in these situations:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.


1. Dependent clause comes second 2. FANBOYS = not connecting 3. Essential clauses two sentences


1. On the other hand supporters of technology in the classroom claim that social media helps people make connections, that improve our overall well-being.

2. What they fail to recognize however is that this online sense of connection is largely phony a mirage that disappears upon closer inspection.

3. Smartphones may provide people with access to infinite amounts of information but they are also disconnecting us from friends family and the wider world.

4. My mother said “I will not let you borrow the car, unless you have completed all of your chores.”

5. On June 13th 1984 my family packed up its things, and moved to Los Angeles California.

Dependent clause opener

Model Sentence: Until you calm down, you may not join the rest of the family at the dinner table.

6. Your Sentence: ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Phrase opener

Model Sentence: Considering your years of service, I have recommended that you receive a raise.

7. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________Conventions Review 3.4


, .Dependent clause opener

independent clause


, .Phrase

Openerindependent clause


English 11

BEFORE MAKING REVISIONS: Explain why commas are used in the first sentence but not the second.

1. My brother, who works at Grandville High School, is an avid hunter and fisherman.

2. The customers who need your help are standing over there.

DIRECTIONS: Read each word group carefully. Correct any word errors or errors in pronoun-antecedent agreement.

3. One of the members left their bag behind.

4. Every one of the team members accept Lance expressed their thoughts during

the meeting.

5. Although they did not expect their recommendations to have much of an

affect on his opinion, the committee presented their recommendations to the city

manager.

6. Over time, more people have grown to except MMA fighting as a legitimate

sport.

7. Who’s toothbrush is this?

8. Watching the widow cry at the funeral effected me deeply.



English 11Use a comma in these situations:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.


1. 2. 3.


1. Statistics show that members of today’s society are losing their social skills and if no one decides to take a stand our world will spiral downward.

2. A quality conversation with a friend will last on average longer than six minutes which means that most people will check their phones at least once during that time period.

3. The use of cell phones makes people antisocial, because it takes people out of the moment it decreases social skills and it takes away from social time.

4. People, who do not have a smart phone, tend to be older, and have less discretionary income than smart phone owners.

5. On June 3rd 1997 my father said “It feels good to be fifty.”


Model Sentence: The speaker tried to answer the question, but he simply couldn’t.

6. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Model Sentence: Bobby walked down the avenue in a state of ecstasy, his eyes rapidly surveying each of the skyscrapers towering above him.7. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Commas 3.6


, .



, .phrase



English 11DIRECTIONS: One of the examples in each grouping is correct. Each of the other examples contains one error. Identify which sentence is correct and be prepared to explain why. Circle the errors that appear in the incorrect examples.

1. A. By the end of the week, one of the men will need to accept that their time with the company is over.

B. By the end of the week one of the men will need to accept that his time with the company is over.

C. By the end of the week, one of the men will need to accept that his time with the company is over.

D. By the end of the week, one of the men will need to except that his time with the company is over.

2. A. The committee of researchers, in fact, will have to release its report on the effect of the storm by Monday. B. The committee of researchers, in fact, will have to release its report on the affect of the storm by Monday. C. The committee of researchers in fact will have to release its report on the effect of the storm by Monday. D. The committee of researchers, in fact, will have to release their report on the effect of the storm by Monday.

3. A. Either Jim or Jason left their chainsaw in my garage. Do Brian or Tim know whose chainsaw this is? B. Either Jim or Jason left his chainsaw in my garage. Do Brian or Tim know who’s chainsaw this is? C. Either Jim or Jason left his chainsaw in my garage. Do Brian or Tim know whose chainsaw this is? D. Either Jim or Jason left his chainsaw in my garage. Do Brian, or Tim know whose chainsaw this is?


Use a comma in these situations:MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 27

English 11

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.


1. 2. 3.


1. When many citizens think of war they wonder how Americans or people of any other nationality can find the will to kill others.

2. Words help dehumanize the enemy, and make it easier for soldiers to pull the trigger especially if those words specifically characterize the other side as a threat to the soldier’s home and family.

3. Using words in war to make it easier for soldiers to kill the enemy works so it is perfectly accurate to claim that words are “tools of war.”

4. People, who don’t understand how soldiers can kill other people, don’t understand the power of words.

5. On September 14th 1864 General Andrew Sherman, in a letter to headquarters, said “War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it.”

6. Words can dehumanize people unify an army and produce powerful propaganda.

7. Unfortunately free societies will always have to use words to win wars, unless the human heart miraculously undergoes a transformation that eliminates its violent nature.

Use a comma to introduce a quote with explanatory words like he said or she exclaimed.

My

Model Sentence: Joe looked up from his book and said, “I think that’s my cue to leave.”

8. Your Sentence: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


, He / She said "Quotation."

English 11

Conventions Review 3.8DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 Virtually every person in this world retain an immense amount of pride in the 2country they call home. This nostalgic feeling of pride or love is referred to as 3patriotism. In some cases, patriotism can be a great thing, however, in extreme cases 4its horrendous and destructive. The latter is observable in our world when one looks

at the ignorance of individuals, the arrogance of government institutions, and the 5affect of historical events.

Many will argue that being supportive and devoted to one’s country is an 6achievement and that everyone should strive to show their patriotism. But, one may

ask, why is patriotism such a wonderful thing? Yes, loving one’s country is 7 8important but it’s also important to except and understand other cultures. Neither the 9citizen nor the foreigner has the right to say that his or her country is the best. In 10many cases, the answer depends on whose asking the question.

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. retaining C. retains D. would retain

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. he or she calls C. he or she call D. they called

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. thing however C. thing, however D. thing. However,

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. it’s C. they are D. it was

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. aspect C. affecting D. effect

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. a C. his or her D. there

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. important but, C. important, but D. important, and

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. expect C. evict D. accept

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. their C. they’re D. there

10. A. NO CHANGE. B. whom is C. who’s D. who been


English 11

Semicolons and Colons - Unit 4

Semicolons ;

A semicolon is stronger than a comma but weaker than a period. It is used to link two independent clauses with similar ideas, or it can be used to avoid confusion when the items in a list contain commas.

Colons :

A colon indicates a stop and then introduces something. In the words of Jeff Anderson, “The colon acts like a drum roll, announcing what will follow.”

WHEN TO USE A SEMICOLON1. Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses, creating a compound sentence.

Students with jobs lose focus on their school work; their grades begin to slip and their futures dim.

2. Use a semicolon and a transition (conjunctive adverb) to join two independent clauses, creating a compound sentence.

Students with jobs lose focus on their school work; hence, their grades begin to slip and their futures dim.

3. Use a semicolon to separate items in a series that contain commas.

My cousin has lived in Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; and Las Vegas, Nevada.

Bobby hired Joe, the carpenter; Larry, the mason; and Steve, the electrician.

On this plan, I can eat whole-grain breads, pastas, and tortilla chips; citrus fruits, green vegetables, and some ruffage; and lean meats, such as turkey or fish.

WHEN TO USE A COLON1. Use a colon after a stop to introduce a list.

Our guide told us to bring the following items: a lantern, a sleeping bag, and a tent.

2. Use a colon after a stop to introduce a quotation.

The President's attitude was cold and detached: "We must not let emotion interfere with our mission."

3. Use a colon after a stop to introduce another sentence or a summary.

It's obvious why you're tired: you're staying up too late.

DIRECTIONS: Insert semicolons or colons where needed in the following sentences. 1. Patriotism in moderation is helpful however, when overdone it creates a false sense of superiority.

2. Coach Vermine made the following announcement “Practice will be postponed until next week.”


English 113. My brother has worked in Helena, Montana Portland, Oregon and Boise, Idaho.

4. I grabbed everything I would need a canteen, a Bowie knife, and a box of matches.

5. The quarterback leads the offense the middle linebacker leads the defense.

6. I gave you a D for one reason you earned it.


English 11

Semicolons and Colons 4.1 A semicolon stops and connects.

A colon stops and introduces.

In what situations do we use a semicolon?

1.

2.

3.

In what situations do we use a colon?

1.

2.

3.

DIRECTIONS: Insert commas, semicolons, or colons in the following sentences. Cross out unnecessary punctuation.

1. After the scandal hit the news the campaign spokesman released this brief statement “Senator Smith will not be

available for comment, until he has had time to speak with his family.”

2. Everyone including Tracy and Brian wanted to go on a sailboat ride unfortunately the wind wouldn’t cooperate.

3. My father-in-law has lived in the following places San Antonio Texas Columbus Ohio and Nashville Tennessee.

4. I know why the motor won’t work you’re out of gas.


Model Sentence: Julianna was a successful attorney; Roger worked at a homeless shelter.

5. Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a word, phrase, or clause that explains or summarizes the first clause.

Model Sentence: There is a reason why you failed the test: you did not study.

6. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


; .

Independent clause independent clause

: .Independent clause(Drum roll and stop!)

summary/ explanation

English 11


DIRECTIONS: Read both of these sentences. Then, explain why a comma is needed in the first sentence and a semicolon in the second.

1. The work done by the plumber, however, is unacceptable.

2. The electrician did a fine job; however, the plumber’s work is unacceptable.

Brief explanation: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Correct any errors you find in the following sentences.

3. When Ronald sees the affect of his actions. He will quickly change his behavior.

4. One of the women bring a copy of their contract to every meeting, having a copy available is essential

for effective bargaining.

Common Word Errorsafflict: to cause sadness or suffering – Something afflicts you.

inflict: to directly create pain or suffering through force

- You inflict something on someone else.

The criminal inflicted several serious injuries on Jennifer.

The injuries from the attack afflicted Jennifer.

Angela claimed that her ex-husband had ( inflicted / afflicted ) mental distress on her through his insults.

allusion: a passing reference to something, usually from history, mythology, religion, or literature

illusion: a deceptive appearance or trick

Shakespeare peppers his work with allusions to Greek and Roman mythology.

Sheila wanted to know if their love was merely an illusion.

When talking about his ( allusions / illusions ), the magician will often make ( allusions / illusions ) to things done by Harry Houdini.

lay: to put something downlie: to rest or recline

Joe lay his book on the table.

Joe lies on the couch. The book lies on the table.

The past tense is the confusing part.

Present Past Participlelay laid laid

lie lay lain

While Joe lay on the couch, I laid the remote on the end table.

Today I plan to ( lay / lie ) on the couch all day.

Yesterday, I ( lay / lie ) on the couch all day.

You have ( laid / lain ) on the sofa all day. Get up!


English 11

Semicolons and Colons 4.3A semicolon stops and connects.



1.

2.

3.


1.

2.

3.


1. In order to maximize contact time with athletes the coaches ran efficient practices no time or energy

was wasted.

2. My father a long-time football coach noted three observations the coaches don’t yell the players seem

fully engaged and the drills run smoothly.

3. I spoke to the following people Joe the plumber Eric the mason and Lisa the designer.

4. I wanted to speak to Lisa however when I asked her assistant where she was, she told me that Lisa had

just walked out leaving her bag sitting on her desk.

Use a colon after a stop to introduce a quotation that is a complete sentence or longer.

Model Sentence: The famous quarterback shocked the world when he made the following announcement: “I have decided to give up the game of football.”

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Use a semicolon and a transition to join two independent clauses..

Model Sentence: Her grades and test scores were excellent; nevertheless, she was not accepted by Harvard.

6. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


: Independent clause(Drum roll and stop!) “Quotation.”

”



Transitional Wordstherefore however nevertheless hencethus consequently accordingly unfortunatelyotherwise similarly

independent clause

English 11

DIRECTIONS: Read both of these sentences. Then, explain why a colon is needed in the first sentence but not the second.

1. Bring the following items with you to camp: a swimsuit, a change of clothes, and a toothbrush.

2. Bring a swimsuit, a change of clothes, and a toothbrush with you to camp.


DIRECTIONS: Correct any errors you find in the following sentences.

3. Asthma inflicts many people in my family, and in my community.

4. Audience members, who don’t understand the illusion, actually don’t want the magician to tell them how

its done because knowing that would spoil the fun.

5. I never know my dad is home, until I hear him lie his keys on the table.

6. When my dad arrived home last night, he lie his keys on the table

Semicolons and Colons 4.5A semicolon stops and connects. A colon stops and introduces.


English 11 In what situations do we use a semicolon?

1.

2.

3.


1.

2.

3.


1. Cliff loves Shakespeare therefore he travels to Stratford Ontario every year to watch professional actors perform one of his plays.

2. After the police chief had finished his statement he turned over the microphone to the mayor who made the following announcement “At this time, we will take no questions from the media.”

3. You don’t have to explain to me why you didn’t come to my party I know you don’t like me.

4. It isn’t as hot as it was yesterday it’s just as humid though.

Use a semicolon to separate items that contain internal punctuation.

, ; , ; and , . Model Sentence: John spoke with Mr. Glazer, the athletic director; Mrs. Anspach, the principal; and Mr. Seward, the superintendent.

5. Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use a colon after a stop to introduce a series.

Model Sentence: We were expected to bring these items to class: a pencil, a binder, and a notebook.

6. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

: , , .Independent clause(Drum roll and stop!)

li s t


Se n t e n c e

English 11


DIRECTIONS: One of the examples in each grouping is correct. Each of the other examples contains one error. Identify which sentence is correct and be prepared to explain why. Circle the errors that appear in the incorrect examples.

1. A. Because Jake was a sensitive boy, the seemingly harmless taunts of his classmates afflicted great harm on him.

B. Because Jake was a sensitive boy, the seemingly harmless taunts of his classmates inflicted great harm on him.

C. Because Jake was a sensitive boy. The seemingly harmless taunts of his classmates inflicted great harm on him.

D. The seemingly harmless taunts of his classmates inflicted great harm on Jake, because he was a sensitive boy.

2. A. Whenever our class read aloud, Mr. Jones enjoyed discussing every illusion, and he seemed to savor every simile or metaphor. B. Whenever our class read aloud, Mr. Jones enjoyed discussing every allusion, he seemed to savor every simile or metaphor. C. Whenever our class read aloud, Mr. Jones enjoyed discussing every allusion and seemed to savor every simile or metaphor. D. Whenever our class read aloud, Mr. Jones enjoyed discussing every allusion, and seemed to savor every simile or metaphor.

3. A. People, who love to lie on the couch all day, should not complain when life doesn’t go their way. B. People who love to lay on the couch all day should not complain when life doesn’t go their way. C. People who love to lie on the couch all day should not complain when life doesn’t go there way. D. People who love to lie on the couch all day should not complain when life doesn’t go their way.

Semicolons and Colons 4.7MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 37

English 11

A semicolon stops and connects.



1.

2.

3.


1.

2.

3.


1. The playwright’s attempts at humor in my opinion continue to fall flat moreover the plot is a jumbled mess.

2. The men and women, who were silly enough to invest in this play, must be mortified they’re about to lose a large sum of money.

3. Three words describe this play insipid, silly, and humorless.

4. These critics all hated the play Jim Warren a reviewer for The Albany News Wanda Long a long-time director and theatre buff and Wilson Meredith the lead critic for Broadway magazine.


Model Sentence: His mind was a jumbled mess; he couldn’t sleep.

5. Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: I stood there, alone and frustrated: nothing could be done.

6. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 4.8DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer.


; .




English 11 1 Today high schools and colleges have amped up expectations for students,

making school an intense experience for many young people. As a result, 2many educators are asking themselves “Is this healthy?” Some have come to the

conclusion that the demands of the twenty-first century workplace require a more 3 4challenging school experience, however, I disagree. Schools are afflicting too much

stress on students. Our schools’ efforts to increase expectations have negative 5 6 7consequences for students, and do nothing but maintains the allusion that every child

must be highly educated in order to be happy and successful.

While certain people are under the impression that feeling stressed or unnerved in 8school is a good thing which teaches responsibility. Many students would disagree.

Spending several hours at school only to be sent home with several more hours of 9homework stifles the mind and creates stress. Young people, who struggle with

anxiety, can develop serious health problems if they are overloaded with work. I

know that many adults think that teenagers simply lay on the couch all day, wasting

away their time, but that is not the case. Schools need to consider that teenagers are 10dealing with real health issues, before they decide to load them up with two to three

hours of homework each night.

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. students; making C. students. Making D. students, having made

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. themselves; “Is C. themselves. “Is D. themselves, “Is

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. experience however, C. experience; however, D. experience: however,

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. inflicting C. affecting D. accepting

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. students; and C. students and D. students so

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. maintaining C. making D. maintain

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. intrusion C. illusion D. truth

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. responsibility; many C. responsibility many D. responsibility, many

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. people who struggle with anxiety C. people, who struggle with anxiety D. people, who are anxious,

10. A. NO CHANGE. B. issues; before C. issues before D. issues until

Dashes - Unit 5Dashes may be used to set off a major interruption within a sentence. Dashes can replace commas, but only in cases in which the writer wishes to indicate a stronger break than a comma would provide.


English 11

A writer may also use a dash to set off a summary or explanation that follows a list. In this case, the dash acts almost like a colon in reverse.

Use dashes sparingly. If overused, they can create a choppy rhythm and damage the coherence of a composition.

Dashes may be used to set off a major interruption within a sentence.

My father – and it is hard to blame him given the poverty in which he grew up – grows very angry if he feels that someone is denigrating the poor.

My uncle – I strongly suspected – knew nothing about remodeling houses.

Things I used to be good at – crossword puzzles, trivia games, and chess – became exercises in frustration after my head injury.

A writer may also use a dash to set off a summary or explanation that follows a list.

Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes – these are all German auto companies.

Joe, Jason, and Cliff – they all objected to Marc’s engagement to Clarissa.

DIRECTIONS: Insert dashes where necessary in the following sentences.

1. One of the leaders of the village he was called El Capitan was responsible for running the marina.

2. Willie Mays, Mickey Mantle, and Duke Snider these men all played centerfield in New York during the

1950’s.

3. None of the members not Dan, not Susan, not Aaron would volunteer to help.


English 11

Dashes 5.1Activating Background Knowledge: In what two situations should you use dashes?

*

*

DIRECTIONS: Insert dashes where needed.

1. Ford, GM, and Chrysler these are the three dominant American carmakers.

2. Joe was getting frustrated he hadn’t spoken to his boss in six hours and began to wonder if he should just head home.

Use dashes to set off a MAJOR interruption which may represent a shift from the main idea. Don’t overuse dashes.

- - .Model Sentence: Things I used to be good at – crossword puzzles, trivia games, and chess – became exercises in frustration after my head injury.

3. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use a dash to set off a summary or explanation that follows a list.

, , , and - .Model Sentence: Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes – these are all German auto companies.

4. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Sent encemajor interrupter

Li summary or explanation

ts

English 11


DIRECTIONS: Read both of these sentences. Then, explain why commas are needed in the first sentence and dashes in the second.

1. My brother, an avid hunter and fisherman, teaches biology at Grandville High School.

2. My brother – he loves to hunt and fish throughout the Great Lakes Region – teaches biology at

Grandville High School.


set: lay something in a specific place; to put in placesit: to sit down, to put your body in a place of rest upon your buttocks

Before you sit down, make sure to set your keys on an end table.

We need to ( sit / set ) our lineup before we can relax and ( sit / set ) down in our recliners.

between = refers to two people or thingsamong = three or more people or things

There was an agreement between Joe and me.

There was an agreement among all of us not to tell.

We need to make a promise ( among / between ) all ten of us that we will never speak of this again.

Avoid Double Negatives.

A double negative occurs when you use two negative words in the same sentence.

NEGATIVE WORDS

not nor neithernever nobody nothingnowhere wouldn't didn'tcan't won't

INCORRECT: The Michigan defense couldn't do nothing to stop the Michigan State offense.

CORRECT: The Michigan defense did nothing to stop the Michigan offense.

CORRECT: The Michigan defense couldn't do anything to stop the Michigan State offense.

DIRECTIONS: Correct any errors that you notice.

3. You need to set down before I tell you this: your father won’t do nothing to stop the deal that was

agreed to between the six of us.


English 11


*

*


1. His grandmother she was the one who raised Troy and taught him to be a man was the first person that

Troy hugged after he learned that he had been drafted.

2. Monarchs, Skippers, and Vanessas these are all types of butterflies.

3. He looked at his friends Troy, Kevin, and Jim and thought of everything they had done for him.


, , , and - .Model Sentence: The Lions, the Tigers, and the Red Wings – these are my brother’s favorite teams.

4. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


- - .Model Sentence: Joe was anxious – his mother was still nowhere to be found – so he began searching for the nearest security guard.

5. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



ts


English 11


DIRECTIONS: Read each word group carefully. Correct any punctuation, capitalization, word, or usage errors that you notice.

1. People, who set in the front row, at sporting events are often corporate sponsors not real fans.

2. We had signatures from Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordan, and Michael Phelps among my brother and I we collected over three hundred autographs.

3. I never knew nobody stupid enough to park illegally at a police station, until I met your uncle.


English 11


*

*


1. Lip balm, sun screen, and bottled water these items are essential for a trip to the beach.

2. When I first moved to Michigan this was back in the early 1970’s I couldn’t believe how many

people worked in the auto industry.

3. Gary’s entire family his mother, his father, and his brothers objected to our business partnership.


- - .Model Sentence: My uncle – I strongly suspected – knew nothing about remodeling houses.

4. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


, , , and - .Model Sentence: Joe, Jason, and Cliff – they all objected to Marc’s engagement to Clarissa.

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 5.6MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 45



ts

English 11


1. A. In my opinion, people who have never had to work to earn a living never want to do nothing to help their less fortunate countrymen.

B. In my opinion, people, who have never had to work to earn a living, rarely want to do anything to help their less fortunate countrymen.

C. In my opinion, people who have never had to work to earn a living rarely want to do anything to help their less fortunate countrymen. D. In my opinion, people who have never had to work to earn a living rarely want to do anything to help there less fortunate countrymen.

2. A. I will not help forge an agreement between Aaron and his brother, unless Aaron agrees to be quiet and respectful. B. I will not help forge an agreement between Aaron and his brother unless Aaron agrees to be quiet and respectful. C. I will not help forge an agreement among Aaron and his brother unless Aaron agrees to be quiet and respectful. D. I will not help forge an agreement between Aaron and his brother unless Aaron agrees too be quiet and respectful.

3. A. Joe and Aaron need to sit down and work out their problems before they ruin their friendship. B. Joe and Aaron need to set down and work out their problems before they ruin their friendship. C. Joe and Aaron need to sit down, and work out their problems before they ruin their friendship. D. Joe and Aaron need to sit down and work out their problems, before they ruin their friendship.



English 11

*

*


1. Before I buy new clubs, I will talk to Dan he is a golf pro and get his recommendations.

2. I watched as Alex his feet stumbling as he swayed from side to side competed in the “dizzy bat spin” race.

3. Jonathan, Robert, and Parker they are the new captains of the football team.


, , , and - .Model Sentence: Banana cream pie, peach cobbler, and apple crumble – I love all of these desserts.

4. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


- - .Model Sentence: Take a right on Williams – that’s the street next to the Presbyterian church – and look for a green house on the left hand side of the road.

5. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 5.8DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 1. A. NO CHANGE.



ts


English 11 Generations upon generations of parents have raised their children to be polite, and 2courteous to others. As children, we are told that we shouldn’t say nothing, unless we 3have something nice to say. Still, the following question arises: what value does polite speech actually have? It’s true that to many people polite speech is 4 5meaningless, even worse, in some cases, a con artist or some other manipulator might

use polite speech as a weapon to disarm their victims. However, this does not mean

that polite speech holds no value in today’s world. Communicating politeness allows 6a person to make and maintain friendships leads to positive reciprocation, and creates 7unity between diverse community members. 8 When we are introduced to someone new for the first time. We tend to

automatically treat that new person with kindness. This friendly behavior is 9common because we want to make a good first impression and set ourselves up for 10the possibility of a new friendship. Naturally, people, who see polite speech as being

meaningless and phony, might argue that this type of behavior is self-serving. And,

yes, they might just be right. However, that’s not the point. Of course, polite speech 11serves the speaker’s self-interest but it also serves society as a whole by helping 12assure that each of its members feel valued and respected.

B. polite; and C. polite and D. polite,

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. nothing unless C. anything unless D. anything, unless

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. arises, what C. arises; what D. arises what

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. meaningless; even C. meaningless – even D. meaningless: even

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. a con artist or another manipulator C. con artists or other manipulators D. con artists or another manipulator

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. friendships; leads to C. friendships and leads to D. friendships, leads to

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. among C. around D. amidst

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. time; we C. time: we D. time, we

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. sit C. setting D. sets

10. A. NO CHANGE. B. people who believe polite speech is phony C. people, who see polite speech as phony, D. people seeing polite speech as phony

11. A. NO CHANGE. B. self-interest and C. self-interest, and D. self-interest, but

12. A. NO CHANGE. B. feeling C. feels D. felt

Apostrophes - Unit 6 An apostrophe shows possession or contraction. Make sure you understand how to use apostrophes properly in your writing.


English 11

WHEN TO USE AN APOSTROPHE1. To show possession, use an 's after any singular noun or any word that does not end in s. Jimmy's car the school's furnace the children’s toys the clock's hands Arianna's bike Ross’s house2. To show possession, use an s’ if a plural word ends in s.

All of the teachers' desks were moved out into the hall. (teachers is plural) Some of the drivers' cars were damaged. (drivers is plural)

3. Use an apostrophe in contractions.

she's = she is hasn't = has not they're = they are won't = will not it's = it is

We'll succeed. They're going to be late.

4. Avoid using an apostrophe when using a possessive pronoun.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (don't need apostrophes)Singular Pluralmy our your yourhis her its their

The car had lost its wheel. Jenna left her book in her locker.

The team members left their equipment behind. Whose file is this?

5. If two or more people share possession of something, you only need to use an apostrophe with name of the last owner mentioned. Steve and Lisa’s apartment was destroyed.

If each person individually possesses something, you need to use an apostrophe with each name. Gary’s and Arthur’s clothes were destroyed in the fire.

DIRECTIONS: Edit and correct any errors in apostrophe usage.

1. “Its almost time to go,” said Janets father.

2. The team has lost it’s way.

3. Its employees night at the golf course, so Joe and Alyssas Uncle Dan, the assistant groundskeeper, will get a chance to play for free.

4. If you were absent, copy either Jacob or Ross notes.


English 11

Apostrophes 6.1Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks.

1. To show possession, use an _______ after any singular noun or any word that does not end in s.

Ross’s home the children’s booksthe dog’s bone the bus’s wheel

2. To show possession, use an ______ if a plural word ends in s.

parents’ night the students’ lockersthe teachers’ parking spaces

3. Use an apostrophe in _____________________. won’t can’t shouldn’t it’s = it is

4. Avoid using an apostrophe when using a possessive _______________________.

his car her wallet our friendsThe team regained its spirit.

5. If two or more people ____________ possession of something, you only need to use an apostrophe with the name of the last owner mentioned.

Steve and Lisa’s house Bob and Aaron’s project

6. If each person_____________________ possesses something, you need to use an apostrophe with each name.

Aaron’s and Chris’s albumsJason’s and Aubreanna’s books

DIRECTIONS: Correct any errors in apostrophe usage.

1. Before we head to Gus house, we need to make sure we know where its located.

2. The visitors parked in the employees parking spaces, angering many of the workers who lost they’re spots.

3. All of Jason and Melissa clothes’ were destroyed in the fire.


Model Sentence: Before I return Tom’s chainsaw, I need to finish trimming the hedges. * Include an example of singular possession in your sentence.


Model Sentence: Having soaped all of the teachers’ windows, the students celebrated a successful senior prank. * Include an example of plural possession in your sentence.

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________



independent clause


, .Phrase



English 11________________________________________________________________________

Apostrophes 6.2DIRECTIONS: Read both of these sentences. Then, explain why an ‘s is used in the first sentence and a s’ is used in the second.

1. The bus’s back bumper was falling off.

2. Some scumbag broke into the bus garage and slashed all of the busses’ tires.


Shifts in Verb TenseSIMPLE TENSE CONSISTENCY

When writing about two events which occur at the same time, use the same tense.

PRESENT TENSE EXAMPLE: While Edward struggles with his family, Eleanor fights an internal battle to maintain her composure.

PAST TENSE EXAMPLE: Doug worked as a teacher while his future wife finished up her degree.

AVOIDING UNNECESSARY SHIFTS Avoid unnecessary shifts in tenses at either the

sentence or paragraph level. Stay consistent unless you have a good reason for shifting tenses.

INCORRECT / INCONSISTENT: Maryanne fails to suppress her feelings, but Eleanor always maintained her composure.

CORRECT / CONSISTENT: Maryanne fails to suppress her feelings, but Eleanor always maintains her composure.

“If” + PRESENT TENSE , then FUTURE TENSE Sometimes you are writing about a conditional

event. In other words, IF such and such happens, THEN this will happen. When a conditional event occurs in the present, then the result will occur in the future.

present future If I win the lottery, I will retire. present futureIf Sheila doesn’t hurry, she will be late. present futureIf I have offended you, I will apologize.

“If” + PAST TENSE, then “would…” Sometimes you are writing about a hypothetical

event. In other words, IF such and such had happened, THEN this would have occurred. When discussing a hypothetical event that might have occurred in the past, you must use “would” to describe the possible result.

past conditionalIf I had won the lottery, I would have retired by now.

past conditional If Sheila had hurried, she wouldn’t have been late. past conditional

If I had offended you, I would have apologized.

In the sentences below the improper shifts in tense are in bold. Correct those errors.

3. Glen loves his career as a teacher. He liked the chance to work with young people.

4. If Mr. Norkus retires, we would have a hard time replacing him.

5. Mackenzie will be rich today if she had invested in real estate years ago.


English 11

Apostrophes 6.3














1. If your mothers car wont start, we will have to ask your uncle if we can borrow his truck.

2. Its a shame that all of the students lockers were damaged by the vandals.

3. The flood seemed to devour it’s prey, swallowing up John and Lindas home in a matter of minutes.

Use a semicolon and a transition to join two independent clauses..

Model Sentence: The players’ minds were elsewhere; therefore, they couldn’t focus on the game. * Include an apostrophe (s’) to show plural possession somewhere in your sentence.

4. Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Model Sentence: The truck was low on fuel and its tires were underinflated, but the driver refused to stop at a service station. * Use the possessive pronoun “its” in your sentence.


, . .





independent clause

English 115. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Apostrophes 6.4DIRECTIONS: Rewrite each of the following phrases, using an apostrophe correctly to show possession.

Ex: the car of Ross = Ross’s car the time cards of the employees = employees’ time cards

1. the individually owned books of Brian and Tim =

2. the free time of my mother =

3. the computer belonging to Tim =

4. the parking spaces belonging to all of the teachers =

5. the desks of all of the students =

6. the car shared by Bob and Amanda =

7. the toy belonging to the cat =

Common Word Errors

amount: refers to uncountable nouns (love, kindness, fear ) number: refers to countable nouns (people, ants, years)

A number of people expressed their amazement at the amount of love they felt in your school building.

The ( amount / number ) of guests on the invitation list increased.

The ( amount / number ) of compassion shown by your organization is incredible.

fewer: used with things that can be counted individuallyless: used with concepts or things that can’t be counted

Fewer people are at the concert this year than last.Less intelligence is needed to perform this task.

We have had less rain this year than last. (Rain is a thing that you don’t count individually.)

Roger put ( fewer / less ) thought into this lesson than he usually does.

There are ( fewer / less ) animals in this zoo than I expected. ( Fewer / Less ) students signed up for football.

many: describes things that can be countedmuch: describes things that can’t be counted in any exact way

Many of the visitors spent much of their time at the lion exhibit.

He has too much power.

John has too much hair. He needs to cut it.

( Many / Much ) of the survey respondents said that the government has too ( many / much ) control over their lives.

I don’t have ( many / much ) patience for your nonsense.


English 11


Sente n ec

English 11Apostrophes 6.5














1. All of my childrens old books were donated to Mrs. Jones and Mr. Nephew classrooms.

2. None of the workers cars were damaged by the storm because it’s path changed suddenly.

3. Laura and Tinas project received an A from Mrs. Millar, who isnt known for giving out inflated grades.

Use a colon after a stop to introduce a list of items.

Model Sentence: All of the following items were on my parents’ list: hot dogs, hamburgers, ketchup, pickles, mustard, chips, carrots, and veggie dip. * Include an apostrophe after an s to show plural possession.

4. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


, , and .

Model Sentence: Her mother dropped off Lisa’s purse, cell phone, and keys at the front office. * Include an ‘s to show singular possession.

5. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


li s t


English 11

Conventions Review 6.6DIRECTIONS: One of the examples in each grouping is correct. Each of the other examples contains one error. Identify which sentence is correct and be prepared to explain why. Circle the errors that appear in the incorrect examples.

1. A. If I had the amount of leisure time that Janet has, I would have time to fix Jebs car. B. If I had the number of leisure time that Janet has, I would of had time to fix Jeb’s car. C. If I had the amount of leisure time that Janet has, I will have time to fix Jeb’s car. D. If I had the amount of leisure time that Janet has, I would have time to fix Jeb’s car.

2. A. If we have fewer people than normal attend this year’s annual members’ meeting, we will have to consider changing its date and time. B. If we have fewer people than normal attend this year’s annual members’ meeting, we would have to consider changing its date and time. C. If we have less people than normal attend this year’s annual members’ meeting, we will have to consider changing its date and time. D. If we have fewer people than normal attend this year’s annual member’s meeting, we will have to consider changing its date and time.

3. A. Because members of Ross’ family are usually quite stoic, I am amazed to see how much emotion they are showing at this year’s graduation ceremony. B. Because members of Ross’s family are usually quite stoic, I am amazed to see how much emotion they are showing at this year’s graduation ceremony. C. Because members of Ross’s family are usually quite stoic, I am amazed to see how many emotion they are showing at this year’s graduation ceremony. D. Because members of Ross’s family were usually quite stoic, I am amazed to see how much emotion they are showing at this year’s graduation ceremony.


English 11

Apostrophes 6.7Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks.













1. Its time for the mayors friend to leave the party; he’s loud and obnoxious.

2. After the discussion lost it’s momentum, it was hard to get the members minds back on task.

3. Andrea and Aaron’s old school photos were lost in the fire. (separate ownership)

Use commas to set off an interrupting word or phrase , . , , .Model Sentence: I’d like to believe that Jerry, my friendly and outgoing neighbor, didn’t steal my sister’s purse.

* Include an apostrophe (‘s) to show singular possession somewhere in your sentence.

4. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


- - .Model Sentence: Take a right on Williams – that’s the street next to the Presbyterian church – and look for a green house on the left hand side of the road. * Include a contraction in your sentence.

5. Your Sentence: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




English 11


Hunting is an activity engaged in by many for both survival and support. 1 2However, less hunters are engaging in this ancient practice as it became

less and less necessary. Although some critics are quick to label hunting as an excuse 3 4to “murder” wildlife they often forget much of the benefits it provides. Hunting is, in

fact, an ethical activity that connects the soul to nature and serves as a humane

method for gathering sustenance.

One must understand the ethical reasons behind hunting before arguing against it. 5Hunting is a necessity for a large amount of humans and animals. If hunting is 6 7outlawed, certain wildlife populations would sky rocket, causing the possible 8extinction of other species. Restricting hunting would also harm people, who don’t

live close to supermarkets, and use wild game as a food source. Hunters live largely 9in rural areas and tend to be much more in touch with nature than many of their 10critics. Unfortunately, that doesn’t stop critics, many of whom have no problem

buying and eating meat that has been farm-raised under deplorable conditions, from

criticizing the ethics of hunters.

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. However, fewer C. However fewer D. However less

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. they become C. it becoming D. it becomes

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. wildlife, and they C. wildlife, they D. wildlife; they

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. forgets many C. forget many D. forgets much

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. for large amounts C. for a large number D. for larger amounts

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. populations wouldn’t C. population would D. populations will

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. rocket. Causing C. rocket; causing D. rocket: causing

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. people who don’t live close to supermarkets C. people, who don’t live close to supermarkets D. people who live close to supermarkets

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. areas, and C. areas, but D. areas yet

10. A. NO CHANGE. B. critics many of whom C. critics, many of who D. critics; many of whom


English 11

Using Active Voice – Unit 7Generally, a writer should USE ACTIVE VOICE instead of passive voice. The writer should also avoid shifting from active to passive voice (or vice versa).

ACTIVE VOICE = the subject is doing somethingPASSIVE VOICE = something is being done to the subject

USING ACTIVE VOICE TO AVOID AN AWKWARD CONSTRUCTION

PASSIVE VOICE = awkward

The new hit was sung by Beyonce.

(In the above example, the “new hit” is the subject; unfortunately, the “new hit” isn’t doing anything.)

ACTIVE VOICE - Much more direct:

Beyonce sang the new hit.

(In the above example, Beyonce is the subject. She is doing something – singing.)

PASSIVE VOICE = awkward

Joseph’s diary is read by Annabeth.

ACTIVE VOICE = direct

Annabeth reads Joseph’s diary.

The best strategy to avoid unnecessary use of passive voice is for students to consciously use action verbs and not forms of the verb “to be” whenever possible.

INCORRECTLY SHIFTING VOICE

INCORRECT: Joe fractured his toe; therefore, the race was lost by him. (switches from active voice to passive voice)

CORRECT: Joe fractured his toe; therefore, he lost the race.

INCORRECT: Screams of joy could be heard (passive) as the rescue boat approached (active).

CORRECT: The survivors screamed joyfully (active) as the rescue boat approached (active).

Proper Use of the Passive Voice

Use the passive voice when you need to emphasize the action rather than the actor.

CORRECT: I was baptized in the Mississippi River. (The active voice – My minister baptized me in the Mississippi River – falsely emphasizes the minister.)

CORRECT: The boys were injured in an automobile accident. (The active voice – An automobile accident injured the boys – suggests that the accident was actively trying to injure the boys. )

DIRECTIONS: Rewrite each of the following sentences in the active voice.

1. I was driven to the game by my dad.

2. American flags were being waved by fans as the hockey players exited the plane.


English 11

Active Voice 7.1Activating Background Knowledge Generally, a writer should USE ACTIVE VOICE instead of passive voice. The writer should also avoid shifting from active to passive voice (or vice versa).


PASSIVE VOICE = Darcy's letter was read by Elizabeth.

ACTIVE VOICE = Elizabeth read Darcy's letter.

DIRECTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences in active voice.

1. The AP test was passed by 75% of the students.

2. Poached eggs were preferred by my grandfather to fried ones.

Phrase closer

Model Sentence: Aaron raced across the gym, waving his hands frantically to attract Jarrod’s attention.

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: His options were clear: stay and fight or runaway and hide.

4. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Active Voice 7.2


, .phrase





English 11

In the example below, passive voice actually works better than active voice. Explain why.

A. Two teenagers were injured in a biking accident. (PASSIVE VOICE)

B. A biking accident injured two teenagers. (ACTIVE VOICE)

1. Explain why A is better than B: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Edit and revise the following word groups. Correct any errors that you catch.

2. A new cell phone policy is something that there considering.

3. If one of the men do not bring their clubs. Your going to have to lend him yours.

4. People, who live in glass houses, should not throw stones, they probably shouldn’t live in glass houses, either.

5. We had to find out if the old Chevy still has any kick left in it’s engine.

Active Voice 7.3MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 61

English 11Activating Background Knowledge Generally, a writer should USE ACTIVE VOICE instead of passive voice. The writer should also avoid shifting from active to passive voice (or vice versa).


PASSIVE VOICE = Cleaning the bathroom was hated by Brian.

ACTIVE VOICE = Brian hated cleaning the bathroom.


1. The movie will have been revised by the editors by that time.

2. A benefit for the American Cancer Society was attended by most of the business leaders.


My Model Sentence: Researcher Michael Johnson said, “It is clear that too much screen time is associated with poor physical health.”

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: The principal took the microphone and made the following announcement: “I am sorry to inform you that we have had to cancel next week’s prom dance due to threats of violence.”

4. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Which example works best? Explain why.


”


,

He / She said "Quotation.”

English 11

A. Steve was thanked by the teacher for his cooperation. (PASSIVE VOICE)B. The teacher thanked Steve for his cooperation. (ACTIVE VOICE)

1. EXPLANATION: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Each of the examples below contains one error. Correct that error.

2. Having had the opportunity to speak with your father.

3. I already spoke with your father, now I’d like to speak with your mother.

4. Students, who need to get their pictures taken, should report to the choir room.

5. A carton of eggs are on the table.

6. One of the women left their purse on the table.

7. Lauren worked as a stocker while I sell shoes in the front.

8. The clock on the wall is missing one of it’s hands.

9. Your going to need more water.

10. There supposed to arrive at 2:30.

Active Voice 7.5Generally, a writer should USE ACTIVE VOICE instead of passive voice. The writer should also avoid shifting from active to passive voice (or vice versa).

Proper Use of the Passive VoiceUse the passive voice when you need to emphasize the action rather than the actor.


English 11


PASSIVE VOICE = America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.

ACTIVE VOICE = Christopher Columbus discovered America.

CORRECT: I was baptized in the Mississippi River.

(The active voice – My minister baptized me in the Mississippi River – falsely emphasizes the minister.)

CORRECT: The boys were injured in an automobile accident.

(The active voice – An automobile accident injured the boys – suggests that the accident was actively trying to injure the boys. )

DIRECTIONS: Rewrite the following sentence in active voice.

1. Six houses were damaged by the powerful storm.

DIRECTIONS: Rewrite the following sentence in passive voice in order to emphasize the action rather than the actor.

2. A Presbyterian minister married Joe and Jamie.


, , , and - .Model Sentence: Anger, frustration, impotence – these emotions pulsed throughout my body.

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Use a colon after a stop to introduce a list of items.

Model Sentence: Multiple emotions pulsed throughout my body: anger, frustration, impotence.

4. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


li s t



ts

English 11


1. A. Knowing that his actions might cause irreparable harm to others. Greg drove while intoxicated, and now he must learn that there are consequences for his actions. B. Knowing that his actions might cause irreparable harm to others, Greg drove while intoxicated, and now he must learn that their are consequences for his actions. C. Knowing that his actions might cause irreparable harm to others, Greg drove while intoxicated, now he must learn that there are consequences for his actions. D. Knowing that his actions might cause irreparable harm to others, Greg drove while Intoxicated; now he must learn that there are consequences for his actions.

2. A. It’s nice to actually see a man who abuses the public trust receive punishment, even if they are a member of my political party. B. It’s nice to actually see a man who abuses the public trust receive punishment, even if he is a member of my political party. C. It’s nice to actually see a man, who abuses the public trust, receive punishment, even if he is a member of my political party. D. Its nice to actually see a man who abuses the public trust receiving punishment, even if he is a member of my political party.

3. A. If one of you wants to help, bring your working boots and a positive attitude to my house at 10:00 AM on Saturday. B. If one of you want to help, bring your working boots and a positive attitude to my house at 10:00 AM on Saturday. C. If one of you wants to help, bring you’re working boots and a positive attitude to my house at 10:00 AM on Saturday. D. If one of you wanted to help, bring your working boots and a positive attitude to my house at 10:00 AM on Saturday.

Active Voice 7.7MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 65

English 11Activating Background Knowledge Generally, a writer should USE ACTIVE VOICE instead of passive voice. The writer should also avoid shifting from active to passive voice (or vice versa).


PASSIVE VOICE = Cleaning the bathroom was hated by Brian.

ACTIVE VOICE = Brian hated cleaning the bathroom.


1. Repetition is utilized by Jefferson to characterize King George as a tyrant.

2. Derogatory remarks were made to my sister by Jacob.


Model Sentence: The brackets were set, so it was time for the tournament to begin.

3. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: The brackets were set; it was time for the tournament to begin.

4. Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



, .



; .


English 11

DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer.

Well-intentioned critics argue that tracking down and killing an animal is 1inhumane. Admittedly, any type of killing is in certain ways inhumane, however,

when the process of game hunting is compared to the methods used by

slaughterhouses, it becomes clear that the latter is far worse. The pre-prepared flesh 2of the animals available at the grocery store come from farms that raise these animals 3for one purpose: to become processed food. The average animal at a corporate farm 4is treated with little dignity as they are often raised in a cramped, dirty environment. 5 6On the other hand, when hunters kill there prey, they do so in the wild. Allowing the

animals they kill to live in the dignity of their natural homes.

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. inhumane however, C. inhumane; however, D. inhumane, however;

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. coming C. came D. comes

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. purpose to C. purpose, to D. purpose; to

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. there C. it’s D. its

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. their C. they’re D. his or her

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. wild; allowing C. wild allowing D. wild, allowing

DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 7 8 If your going to argue that hunting is unethical, many Americans would

vehemently disagree.

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. you’re C. you was D. you

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. would not C. would never D. will

Avoiding Wordiness and Redundancy – Unit 8


English 11Avoid wordiness and redundancy by taking out unnecessary words or phrases or by taking out any words or phrases that repeat themselves. You can also avoid wordiness by eliminating unnecessary helping verbs (am, is, are, was, were) and using active rather than passive voice.

Eliminate unnecessary words.

WORDY: In spite of the fact that I like you, at this particular point in time I will not be investing.

REDUCED: Although I like you, I won’t be investing now.

You can trim “It is” or “There are” from virtually any sentence.

WORDY: There are three rivers that run through this county.

REDUCED: Three rivers run through this county.

WORDY: It is the satisfaction of completing a project that makes construction work rewarding.

REDUCED. The satisfaction of completing a project makes construction work rewarding.

Eliminate redundant expressions.

REDUNDANT: Joe is going to fix the broken heater, which is not working.

CORRECT: Joe is going to fix the broken heater.

REDUNDANT: The Lions lost six consecutive games in a row.

CORRECT: The Lions lost six consecutive games.

Avoid using helping forms of “to be” (am, is, are, was, were) whenever possible.

WORDY: Eurylochus is serving as a foil for Odysseus.

REDUCED: Eurylochus serves as a foil for Odysseus. Use active rather than passive voice.

WORDY / PASSIVE VOICE: America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.

BETTER / ACTIVE VOICE: Christopher Columbus discovered America.

WORDY / PASSIVE VOICE: Hester is forced to look inward and to question the central tenets of Puritanism by her isolation.

BETTER / ACTIVE VOICE: Hester’s isolation forces her to look inward and to question the central tenets of Puritanism.

DIRECTIONS: Make these wordy sentences more concise.

1. It is a great shame that there are so many people in our present day and age feel that it is needed and necessary to

take offense with every possible comment made by any public figure.

2. Gatsby is ultimately rejected by Daisy who makes the conscious decision to remain with Tom.

Avoiding Wordiness & Redundancy 8.1Activating Background Knowledge: Identify five ways to eliminate wordiness and redundancy.


English 111. 2. 3.

4. 5.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, eliminating wordiness or redundancy.

1. The committee, which is made up of of nine community members, is led by the school board president.

2. It is in situations such as these that are extremely monotonous and dull that we are learning and understanding to use the elements of our imaginations.


Model Sentence: Although I love Janet’s cooking, I find it to be a bit heavy. * Include an example of singular possession in your sentence.


Model Sentence: Freshly shampooed and primped, the contestants’ dogs were ready for the competition. * Include an example of plural possession in your sentence.

4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Wordiness & Redundancy 8.2

DIRECTIONS: Explain why version A is better than version B.

A. There are three members of the board who meet at my uncle’s restaurant. B. Three members of the board meet at my uncle’s restaurant.



independent clause


, .Phrase



English 11

EXPLAIN WHY A IS BETTER THAN B: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Correct any errors you find in the examples below.

1. Before you leave Gary go to the concert on his own. You better call his mother.

2. My boss a kind-hearted yet strict woman let me leave work an hour early to get ready for prom.

3. Glen raises from bed at 5:00 AM every day his wife doesn’t get up until 7:00 AM.

4. Each of the men need to leave the party now.

5. Jim spoke to Tom about the bike he was selling.

6. Six speakers’ were scheduled to headline the hospital’s fall conference.


1. 2. 3.

4. 5.


English 11

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, eliminating wordiness or redundancy. Remember to rewrite sentences in active, not passive, voice.

1. There are a great many issues that critics have with the portrayal of women in Steinbeck’s work.

2. John’s arrogance is caused by the fact that he was raised by two incredibly snobbish and snooty parents.


Model Sentence: All of my friends had left the party, but I continued to linger, hoping that I might speak with Andrea.

3. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________Use a semicolon and a transition to join two independent clauses..

Model Sentence: All of my friends had left the party; however, I lingered, hoping that I might speak with Andrea.

4. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Wordiness & Redundancy 8.4


A. Ronald and Dean are hoping to learn about carpentry from their uncle. B. Ronald and Dean hope to learn about carpentry from their uncle.

EXPLAIN WHY A IS BETTER THAN B: ____________________________________________


, .





independent clause

English 11__________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Each of the following sentences contains one error or problem. Fix the errors.

1. The letter was received by Joe.

2. The Lions lost six consecutive games in a row.

3. I would not leave Ryan drive your car.

4. If you want to rise good kids, be a good role model.

5. If you want to raise good kids. Be a good role model.

6. The pitching staff however has been outstanding.

7. Joe met Anita at the bus stop they departed and headed to Chicago.

8. Every women in the group have a strong will.

9. Aaron and Joe had a discussion, but I never heard the details from him.

10. All of the contestants’ wardrobes were destroyed when someone set fire to the dressing rooms’.


1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, eliminating wordiness or redundancy. MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 72

Sente n ec

English 11

1. There are many unique elements that play a role in helping with the success of a particular work of architecture.

2. It is Gatsby’s inability to understand the unique and singular bond that seems to exist between Tom and Daisy that makes his downfall so very inevitable.


, , and .

Model Sentence: The manager climbed the stairs of the dugout, sprinted to home plate, and screamed at the umpire.

3. YOUR SENTENCE: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: Donald was filled with so many conflicting emotions: anger at his brother, confusion about Sandra’s whereabouts, sadness over the loss of a best friend. 4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. A. When one of us have the chance, we will call Susan. Anastasia can speak to Breann. B. When one of us has the chance, we will call Susan, Anastasia can speak to Breann. C. When one of us has the chance, we will call Susan; Anastasia can speak to Breann. D. When one of us has the chance. We will call Susan. Anastasia can speak to Breann.


li s t


English 11

2. A. Before raising his rates, Doctor Allen needs to ask Doctor Cowen about his prices per procedure. B. Before raising his rates, Doctor Allen needs to ask Doctor Cowen how to price procedures appropriately. C. Before rising his rates, Doctor Allen needs to ask Doctor Cowen how to price procedures appropriately. D. Before raising his rates, Doctor Allen needs to ask Doctor Cowen how to price procedures’ appropriately.

3. A. Greg and Lisa, who have been married for sixteen years, don’t let other couples’ problems influence the way they interact with each other. B. Greg and Lisa who have been married for sixteen years don’t let other couples’ problems influence the way they interact with each other. C. Greg and Lisa, who have been married for sixteen years, don’t let other couple’s problems influence the way they interact with each other. D. Greg and Lisa, who have been married for sixteen years, don’t leave other couples’ problems influence the way they interact with each other.


1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, eliminating wordiness or redundancy.

1. There were team members who were gathering around the coach and were waiting for him to speak.


English 11

2. The teacher’s primary and most important belief is summed up by him as being that all kids can learn, just not at the same pace.


- - .Model Sentence: Jane and Mike – they have been married for eighteen years – have learned that being patient and respectful to one’s spouse is essential for a happy life.

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use commas to set off an interrupting word or phrase , . , , .Model Sentence: Jane and Mike, who have been married for eighteen years, have learned that being patient and respectful to one’s spouse is essential for a happy life.

4. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 8.8DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 Instead of rising their children to view hunting as morally wrong, parents should

take the time to become educated about its advantages. Many believe that hunting is 2immoral simply because it involves killing animals, however, if these people took the 3time to realize that murder is not the sole purpose, it wouldn’t be seen in such a 4 5negative light. Hunting leaves you to know exactly where your food is coming from, 6and builds close ties with nature. Our citizen’s view of hunting would improve dramatically if all Americans were open to examining its morality in a fair-

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. raising C. risen D. arising

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. animals however, C. animals; however, D. animals: however,

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. purpose, hunting wouldn’t be seen in such a negative light. C. purpose hunting wouldn’t be seen in such a negative light. D. purpose, they wouldn’t see hunting




English 11minded manner. 7 Hunting in fact is a more merciful way to gather meat, an ethical way to remain

connected to the natural world, and a valuable tool for managing animal populations. 8Before any government body considers banning hunting. Each of these benefits 9need to be considered.

in such a negative light.

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. allows you to know C. lets you know D. leaves you know

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. from, and built C. from and building D. from and builds

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. citizens’ C. citizens’s D. citizens

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. Hunting – in fact – is C. Hunting, in fact, is D. Hunting; in fact, is

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. hunting; each C. hunting each D. hunting, each

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. needs C. needing D. needed


English 11

Awkward Constructions and Unclear Sentences – Unit 9

Fix awkward constructions and unclear sentences by

1. simplifying the sentence using active voice,2. placing any descriptive words, phrases, or clauses next to the thing they are modifying, 3. and making sure descriptive words, phrases, or clauses have something to modify.

Simplify awkward or unclear sentences by using active voice.

CONFUSED: My brother has his cell phone, which he is totally absorbed in playing with, raising his head only when somebody specifically calls his name.

CLEAR: My brother loses himself in his cell phone, raising his head only when someone calls his name.

Make sure to place any descriptive words, phrases, or clauses NEXT to the word they are modifying. Otherwise, you get a misplaced modifier.

MISPLACED MODIFIER: Joe packed all of his unwanted clothes and house wares into his truck, which he was donating to Goodwill.

CLEAR: Joe packed all of his unwanted clothes and house wares, which he was donating to Goodwill, into his truck.

MISPLACED MODIFIER: Having run out of gas, John was late for dinner.

CLEAR: Because his car ran out of gas, John was late for dinner.

MISPLACED MODIFIER: Last week during the tornado, I nearly lost all of the shingles on my roof.

CLEAR: Last week during the storm, I lost nearly all of the shingles on my roof.

A dangling modifier occurs when the noun that a phrase or clause is supposed to describe is not stated directly. Thus, the phrase or clause “dangles” without anything to clearly modify.

DANGLING MODIFIER: Naïve and idealistic, teaching would be easy for me.

(“Naïve and idealistic” is a dangling modifier. The person who is “naïve and idealistic” is not clearly connected to the phrase.)

CLEAR: Naïve and idealistic, I thought teaching would be easy.

DANGLING MODIFIER: To increase strength, weights should be lifted.

(Who needs to lift weights?)

CLEAR: To increase their strength, athletes should lift weights.

Revise the following sentences, eliminating awkwardness or misplaced / dangling modifiers.

1. While speaking with the umpire, an argument about the size of the strike zone transpired with the manager.

2. Joanne poured lemonade for her friends in tall glasses.

3. By reading more challenging works, gains in comprehension are made by students.


English 11

Avoiding Awkward Sentences 9.1Activating Background Knowledge: In order to fix awkward or unclear constructions, a writer should

1.

2.

3.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, correcting any awkward or unclear constructions.

1. By emphasizing the injuries inflicted by the king’s actions, the colonists are presented as the patient and long-suffering victims of a tyrant by Jefferson.

2. The house was just sold three months ago.

Phrase closer

Model Sentence: Jim collapsed on the park bench, his heart still racing from the long climb up the dune.

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: Jim collapsed on the park bench, his heart racing: the long climb up the dune had been intense.

4. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Awkward Sentences 9.2


, .phrase





English 11

DIRECTIONS: Explain why A makes more sense than B.

A. Albert hopes that studying diligently every night will help him pass his exams. B. Hopefully, studying diligently every night will help Albert pass his exams. EXPLAIN WHY A IS BETTER THAN B: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. At her new school, Joan had many disciplinary issues. Such as tardiness, missing work, and improper language.

2. Andrew stood at the edge of the pool. His arms shaking nervously.

3. The boss will not except any sick day request, unless you present him with a signed excuse from a doctor.

4. Either Ronda or Ann will need to bring their textbook if the group wants to study the affect of light on matter.

5. If we want to find out who’s bag this is, we would have to open it up and look in the pocketbook for identification.

6. Pete wanted to talk to Cliff about his fantasy football team.


English 11


1.

2.

3.


1. Peaceful and quiet, Luisa thought the meadow offered the perfect place for a nap.

2. Before leaving the classroom, all books must be put away.


My Model Sentence: Libertarian writer Jon Jones claims, “Strict border controls only stifle the free flow of both capital and labor.”

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: According to Libertarian writer Jon Jones, the issue is one of economic freedom: “Strict border controls only stifle the free flow of capital and labor.”

4. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Awkward Sentences 9.4


”


,


English 11DIRECTIONS: Explain why version B is better than version A.

A. By using language meant to unite all working people, the audience for Chavez’s message is expanded. B. By using language meant to unite all working people, Chavez expands the audience for his message. EXPLAIN WHY B IS BETTER THAN A: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Each of the following sentences contains one error. Fix the errors.

1. For the first time ever, the Rotarians and the Jaycees worked together jointly.

2. Patrick refused to do any work for Mr. Brewster. Which led to Patrick’s ejection from class.

3. Jonas left the basketball court. His head hanging and his shoulders drooping.

4. Coach Shuneson will not play Marc, until Marc starts playing better defense.

5. Either Lisa or Andrea will need to bring their radio, or we won’t be able to listen to any music out on the boat.

6. Mr. Jones needs to speak to Mr. Smith about the location of his new shed.

7. If all of his students receive a 3 or better on the AP Exam, Mr. Stark would be happy.

8. Do you know whose calling?

9. When Ryan is in a bad mood, it effects the entire family.

10. Everyone accept Jackson wanted to explore the dunes.


English 11


1.

2.

3.


1. Feeling disoriented and alone, a wave of emptiness crashed in Joe’s stomach.

2. In creating the design for the new kitchen, a spot for a dishwasher was forgotten.


, , , and - .Model Sentence: A wolverine, a lion, and a tiger – these are the mascots of Ryan’s favorite teams.

3. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: These are the mascots of Ryan’s favorite teams: a wolverine, a lion, and a tiger.

4. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



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ts


1. A. Tracking the bomber will be difficult because the police haven’t identified the passenger whose bag contained the detonators. B. The police don’t know whose bag of detonators this is. Which will make tracking the bomber difficult. C. The police don’t know who’s bag of detonators this is, which will make tracking the bomber difficult. D. The police won’t be able to track the bomber, until they figure out whose bag this is.

2. A. If either John or Gary fails to bring their power drill, we will not complete this job on time, which our boss will consider unacceptable. B. If either John or Gary fails to bring his power drill, we will not complete our job on time, which our boss will consider unexceptable. C. If either John or Gary fails to bring a power drill, we will not complete this job on time, an outcome that would be unacceptable to our boss. D. If either John or Gary fails to bring a power drill we will not complete this job on time, an outcome that will be unacceptable to our boss.

3. A. Dr. Lewis spoke to Dr. Grant about the effects of his newly developed cancer treatment, a drug cocktail administered to the patient at different times during the day.

B. Dr. Lewis spoke to Dr. Grant about the effects of Grant’s newly developed cancer treatment a drug cocktail administered to the patient at different times during the day. C. Dr. Lewis spoke to Dr. Grant about the affects of Grant’s newly developed cancer treatment, a drug cocktail administered to the patient at different times during the

day. D. Dr. Lewis spoke to Dr. Grant about the effects of Grant’s newly developed treatment, a drug cocktail administered to the patient at different times during the day.


English 11


1.

2.

3.


1. A lazy and disinterested student, the speech was vague and contained no original thinking.

2. By alluding to the Bible on multiple occasions, a spirit of Christian brotherhood is evoked by King.


Model Sentence: The teams had been selected, and it was time to play.

3. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: The teams had been selected; it was time to play.

4. Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



, .



; .


English 11

DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer.

In today’s world, technology plays a role in everything we do. Americans spend 1hours upon hours transfixed by tablets and cell phones. Leading many people to the

assumption that bringing this technology into schools will engage students and inspire 2learning. While technology certainly has its benefits educators must first consider the

drawbacks of such a controversial choice. Teachers and administrators should not

incorporate computers and other learning technology without understanding its 3affects: it may present students with an overload of useless information, cause 4students to be less engaged, and decrease the students imaginative capabilities. 5 First of all, if either a middle school or high school student is given access to the 6internet throughout the school day, they would be learning in an environment that

gives them a huge amount of information without enough time to process it. This 7toxic blend will lead to information overload, which will be detrimental to each 8students educational experience. Of course, some people believe that teachers will 9 10easily answer questions from them as they work on computers, however, this 11view is naïve and unrealistic. It may be hard for some to except, but teachers are not 12superhuman. It is not possible for them to track whose on what site while trying to

respond to every raised hand. Schools should not move too quickly to implement 13technology-based learning experiences, unless they are prepared to deal with the

consequences of their choices.

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. phones leading C. phones, leading D. phones; leading

2. A. NO CHANGE.B. its benefits, educatorsC. it’s benefits, educatorsD. its benefits; educators

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. effects, it C. affects, it D. effects: it

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. student’s C. students’ D. students’s

5. A. NO CHANGE.B. middle or high school students areC. a middle or high school student isD. middle and high school students is

6. A. NO CHANGE.B. would learnC. will learningD. will be learning

7. A. NO CHANGE.B. overload whichC. overload. WhichD. overload; which

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. student’s C. students’ D. students’s

9. A. NO CHANGE.B. there studentsC. their studentsD. a student

10. A. NO CHANGE.B. computers howeverC. computers, howeverD. computers; however,

11. A. NO CHANGE. B. accept but C. except but D. accept, but

12. A. NO CHANGE.B. It is not possible for teachers to track who’sC. Teachers cannot track who’sD. It is not possible to track whose

13. A. NO CHANGE.B. experiences; unlessC. experiences unlessD. experiences, because


English 11

Parallelism – Unit 10

When we talk about items in a sentence being parallel, we mean that each of the items is presented in the same form as the others. It is important to maintain parallelism when listing or comparing things.

INCORRECT: Even before he arrived at school, Jonas was anxious, restless, and felt that everyone was staring at him. PARALLEL: Even before he arrived at school, Jonas was anxious, restless, and self-conscious.

INCORRECT: Most kids would rather eat a hamburger, chips, and cookies.

PARALLEL: Most kids would rather eat hamburgers, chips, and cookies.

INCORRECT: We saw her lack of interest and how negatively she acted around the counselors.

PARALLEL: We saw her lack of interest and her negative attitude toward the counselors.

INCORRECT: She likes taking hikes better than to play tennis.

PARALLEL: She likes taking hikes better than playing tennis.

EXAMPLE USING CLAUSES:

The main results of the “reforms” instituted by the new superintendent were that teachers grew frustrated

with the new curriculum, students resented the constant testing, and parents started a petition calling for

the superintendent to be fired.

* The results of the reforms listed are all in parallel form. Each follows a simple subject / verb construction.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences to correct lapses in parallelism.

1. That anecdote shows Roger’s ability to read people, his charisma and charm, and how he could understand

other people’s problems.

2. Piggy is the first one to notice Jack’s domineering nature and how he is capable of great violence.

3. Too much exposure to technology causes attention spans to shorten, students lose their imaginations, and they are

less engaged with others.


English 11

Parallelism 10.1Activating Background Knowledge: When we talk about items in a sentence being parallel, we mean that each of the items is...

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, correcting any errors in parallelism. Correct any other errors you find.

1. Several of the employees questioned the manager’s rules and how he related to customers.

2. Within her speech, Kelly employs a passionate tone, asking rhetorical questions, and disturbing imagery to urge mothers to fight for the rights of their children.


Model Sentence: Until you finish cleaning Mr. Jones’s car, you cannot punch out.* Include an example of singular possession in your sentence.


Model Sentence: Knowing that they had simply been beaten by a better team, the football players walked off the field with their heads held high.

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Parallelism 10.2



independent clause


, .Phrase



English 11


A. Through his use of logical reasoning, revealing diction, and relatable examples, Dixon shows his readers that they need only to look at themselves to discover just how similar humans and animals are. B. By using logical reasoning, revealing diction, and examples that the reader can relate to, Dixon shows his readers that they need only to look at themselves to discover just how similar humans and animals are.



1. Technology, if introduced into an educational system will afflict damage on the minds of students.

2. Seeing a student interacting with a computer gives the allusion that advanced learning is taking place however, studies have found that students taking internet-based classes learn far less than their peers in traditional classrooms.

3. Matching a child up with a computer has three major affects it isolates him from his peers, it distracts him from learning, and it shortens his attention span.

4. If true learning could be achieved by simply laying on one’s back and staring at a screen, to educate people would be easy.

5. Matching a child up with a computer isolates him from his peers, distracts him from learning, and shortens his attention span these are the effects that researchers have found.

6. Each of the children in the class has their own computer.


English 11



1. Jenna noticed Andrea’s athleticism and how loyal she is to her family.

2. At this point in the novel, George is upbeat, optimistic, and he dismisses the possible trouble that could be caused by Lennie.


Model Sentence: The participants in the tournament shouldn’t hang out at any locations outside of the golf course, nor should they expose themselves to the possibility of public ridicule.


Model Sentence: Tournament participants should avoid patronizing public establishments; furthermore, they must avoid exposing themselves to any situation that might bring about public ridicule.

4. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Parallelism 10.4


, .





independent clause

English 11


A. Eating home grown food improves the local economy, enhances the flavor and freshness of vegetable products, and unifies the local community.

B. Eating home grown food improves the local economy, the flavor and freshness of vegetable products is improved, and the local community is more connected.


DIRECTIONS: Each of the following sentences contains one or more errors. Fix the errors.

1. For years, bandits and thiefs inflicted the local community this all changed when Sheriff Earl came to town.

2. Steinbeck, Shakespeare, and Riordan these authors all made illusions to the Greek gods.

3. The following authors are known for making allusions to the Greek gods Shakespeare, Steinbeck, and Riordan.

4. If each of the men lies his money on the table, there will be no problem.

5. If each of the men lays their money on the table, there will be no problem.


Sente n ec

English 11



1. The old minister was kind-hearted, friendly, and dedicated much of his time to helping others.

2. I left the room, hoping that I would either catch a ride home or meeting up with my uncle.

3. Brian can choose to act logically or like a crazy man.


, , and .

Model Sentence: Joe walked to the beach, sat on his towel, and watched the sunset.

4. YOUR SENTENCE: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: Every night Joe followed the same pattern: he walked to the beach, sat on the towel, and watched the sunset. 5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



li s t


English 11


1. A. Shakespeare makes an allusion to the Roman goddess Diana Romeo complains that Rosaline “hath Dian’s wit.” B. Shakespeare makes an illusion to the Roman goddess Diana when Romeo complains that Rosaline “hath Dian’s wit.” C. Shakespeare makes an allusion to the Roman goddess Diana, when Romeo complains

that Rosaline “hath Dian’s wit.” D. When Romeo complains that Rosaline “hath Dian’s wit,” Shakespeare is making an allusion to the Roman goddess Diana.

2. A. Every one of the workers knows how much damage a strike might inflict workers might be laid off, factories might close, and the company’s stock prices might drop. B. Every one of the workers knows how much damage a strike might inflict: workers might be laid off, factories might close, and the company’s stock prices might drop. C. Every one of the workers knows how much damage a strike might afflict: workers might be laid off, factories might close, and the company’s stock prices might drop. D. Every one of the workers know how much damage a strike might inflict: workers might be laid off, factories might close, and the company’s stock prices might drop.

3. A. The breeze is gentle, the sun is warm, and the blanket is soft – I need to lay down and fall asleep. B. The breeze is gentle, the sun is warm, and the blanket is soft: I need to lie down and fall asleep. C. The breeze is gentle, the sun is warm, and the blanket is soft I need to lie down and fall asleep. D. The breeze is gentle, the sun is warm, and the blanket is soft – I need to lie down and fall asleep.

Parallelism 10.7Activating Background Knowledge: When we talk about items in a sentence being parallel, we mean that


English 11each of the items is...


1. The bikers were friendly, kind-hearted, and seemed to care deeply.

2. Between the time he hesitates to kill the piglet to when the island chief is his title, Jack changes.

3. Austin requested $100.00 and to help him find a companion for his trip.


- - .Model Sentence: All of my closest friends – Justin, Rob, and even Gary - recommended that I attend Central Michigan University.

4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use commas to set off an interrupting word or phrase , . , , .Model Sentence: Justin, Rob, and Gary, my three closest friends, recommended that I attend Central Michigan University.

5. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 10.8DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 1. A. NO CHANGE.

B. Life throws curveballs at people often.MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 93



English 11 Often times in live, curveballs are thrown from every which way. These

curveballs, or moments of hardship, put people under pressure. How they

handle this pressure is determined by a mix of who they are and their prior 2experience. For young people, much of this prior experience come from school. If, 3throughout this schooling, students feel a bit unnerved, they will then try harder to be

successful, be ready to face life, and become more efficient with everyday struggles.

Many students try to float their way through school, not even attempting to 4succeed. If one of these ambivalent students was to face a little stress, maybe they 5would put more effort and exertion into their work. In the work world, no employer 6would want his or her employees to feel no job-related stress every employee needs to feel some degree of pressure to do his job and do it well. The same principle applies to the classroom. When students are under no stress, they feel no need to push themselves harder in the classroom. If they don’t really push themselves, are they truly receiving an education? For students to truly become educated, they need to 7learn to take the next step - read the occasional Jane Austen novel instead of breezing through another offering from Nicholas Sparks, peruse a few articles from Scientific Weekly instead of scrolling through Twitter, take an AP History class rather than trying to coast through a more basic version. A reasonable amount of stress does not 8 9inflict pain on students; instead, stress teaches them not to lay around all day, living 10an allusion. Adding some stress to young people’s lives will teach them that there’s 11nothing wrong with being a little uncomfortable. Which will prepare them for the harshness of the “real world.”

C. From every which way, curveballs are often thrown at people. D. Every so often, life throws people curveballs.

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. came C. comes D. coming

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. they will learn how to work harder to become successful, to prepare themselves to face life, and to deal efficiently with everyday struggles. C. they will work harder, better prepare themselves to face life, and deal more efficiently with everyday struggles. D. they will be working harder, better prepare themselves to face life, and dealing more efficiently.

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. an ambivalent student was C. one of these ambivalent students were D. these ambivalent students were

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. exerting C. effort and persistence D. effort

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. stress, every C. stress, and every D. stress; every

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. step: read C. step read D. step; read

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. afflict pain on C. inflict pain to D. afflict them

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. be lying around C. to lie around D. to be laying around

10. A. NO CHANGE. B. intrusion C. mirage D. illusion

11. A. NO CHANGE. B. uncomfortable which C. uncomfortable, which D. uncomfortable; which

Avoiding Illogical Sentences – Unit 11When constructing sentences, it is extremely important to make sure that your sentences are logical. This means that you need to use transitions or conjunctions correctly. You also need to make sure to make logical comparisons and to logically link your subject and verb.


English 111. Use transitions and conjunctions logically.

Don't use a coordinating conjunction (one of the FANBOYS) to make an illogical connection.

Use a logical transitional word or subordinating conjunction (AAAWWUBBIS) when connecting clauses.

ILLOGICAL: The real power in the company lies with Mr. Costanza, and he currently owns 55 percent of the stock.

LOGICAL: The real power in the company lies with Mr. Costanza because he currently owns 55 percent of the stock.

ILLOGICAL: I was frustrated by my lack of playing time, and I was determined to get on the court.

LOGICAL: I was frustrated by my lack of playing time, _____ I was determined to get on the court.

INCORRECT: Because in order to fix the television, we need to hire a repairman.

CORRECT: In order to fix the television, we need to hire a repairman.

INCORRECT: Bobby’s Automotive Service was the only car repair place in town; however, he did great business.

CORRECT: Bobby’s Automotive Service was the only car repair place in town; therefore, he did great business.

INCORRECT: These new technologies provide a student with the chance to access a huge amount of information. For example, they also present a student with many distractions.

CORRECT: These new technologies provide a student with the chance to access a huge amount of information. ____________, they also present a student with many distractions.

INCORRECT: These types of reading experiences are helpful although they help students develop comprehension strategies.

CORRECT: These types of reading experiences are helpful _____________ they help students develop comprehension strategies.

2. Make logical comparisons.

When comparing two things, make sure that the two things are equal. Compare apples to apples.

INCORRECT: Her salary was lower than a teacher.

CORRECT: Her salary was lower than a teacher’s.

INCORRECT: The museums in New York are as impressive as any other large city.

CORRECT: The museums in New York are as impressive as __________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Logically link your subject and verb.

Make sure that your subject and verb fit together logically.

INCORRECT: According to researchers, the ages of twenty to thirty are subject to the most stress.

(The "ages" are not subject to the most peer pressure, the people of those ages are.)

CORRECT: According to one source, twenty to thirty year-olds are subject to the most peer pressure.

INCORRECT: The low cost of internet classes may soon replace teacher-led courses.

CORRECT: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


English 11

Avoiding Illogical Sentences 11.1Activating Background Knowledge: In order to write logical sentences, it is important to

1.

2.

3.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, correcting any errors in logic.

1. Jane’s IQ was higher than her male colleagues.

2. Annabelle wanted to go to the convention although her favorite writer was a keynote speaker.

3. The better handling of the Ford Escape may replace John’s old Toyota.

Phrase closer

Model Sentence: Johnson evokes feelings of motherly love, hoping to win over his largely female audience.

4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: His options were clear: stay and fight or runaway and hide.

5. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Illogical Sentences 11.2


, .phrase





English 11


A. Anthony is a smart young man, but he keeps getting in trouble. B. Anthony is a smart young man, and he keeps getting in trouble. EXPLAIN WHY A IS BETTER THAN B: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. John can choose to set at the circular table with the jocks, chilling at a picnic table with the skater kids,

or by himself on one of the benches.

2. Although no broader agreement had been reached among the entire group a side agreement

was reached among Joe and Lisa.

3. I never saw nobody open a car door, and jump out of a moving vehicle until today.

4. His honest nature and compassion for others makes Joe a good candidate for class president.

5. If Ross’ mother were here, he never will have used such language.


English 11

Avoiding Illogical Constructions 11.3Activating Background Knowledge: In order to write logical sentences, it is important to

1.

2.

3.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, correcting any errors in logic.

1. She studied diligently and refined her craft for decades, becoming a world-class heart surgeon.

2. Ages sixty-five and up receive 80% of the money spent by the government on health care.

3. In Finland, being a teacher earns just as much respect as a doctor or a lawyer.


My Model Sentence: Researcher Michael Johnson said, “It is clear that too much screen time is associated with poor physical health.”

4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: The principal took the microphone and made the following announcement: “I am sorry to inform you that we have had to cancel next week’s prom dance due to threats of violence.”

5. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Illogical Constructions 11.4


”


,


English 11


A. While too much stress can be physically harmful, too little can lead to apathy and a lack of purpose. B. Since too much stress can be physically harmful, too little can lead to apathy and a lack of purpose.



1. Tired and listless I collapsed on the couch.

2. I went to the Department of Motor Vehicles, and took the written portion of the driving test.

3. Andrea’s positive attitude and beautiful smile wins her friends everywhere she goes.

4. If I had won the lottery, I will have retired.

5. The superintendents speech was long and boring.

6. Among husband and wife there must be no secrets.

7. Make sure to sit a book on each desk.

8. Steve isn’t going to need nobody’s help with this project.

9. I like to hunt and fishing.

10. Having completed his test, a book was taken out of his bag by Joe.


English 11

Avoiding Illogical Constructions 11.5Activating Background Knowledge: In order to write logical sentences, it is important to

1.

2.

3.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, correcting any errors in logic. Correct any other errors you find.

1. The costs of playing travel hockey are more than other sports.

2. Bobby couldn’t stand the sight of blood, and when the news showed footage of a surgery, he had to leave the room.

3. The convenience of e-mail is replacing the written letter.


, , , and - .Model Sentence: Jane Austen, John Steinbeck, and Pat Conroy – these are my favorite authors.

4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Use a colon after a stop to introduce a list of items.

Model Sentence: The following authors are my favorites: Jane Austen, John Steinbeck, and Pat Conroy.

5. Your Sentence: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



li s t



ts


1. A. Before Andrew leaves work, he would need to clean the space between the oven and the cook’s station. B. Before Andrew leaves work he will need to clean the space between the oven and the cook’s station. C. Before Andrew leaves work, he needs to clean the space among the oven and the cook’s station. D. Before Andrew leaves work, he needs to clean the space between the oven and the cook’s station. E. Before Andrew leaves work, he will need to clean the space between the over and the cooks station.

2. A. The teacher will hand you a notebook and sit a three-ring binder on your desk. B. The teacher will hand you a notebook and set a three-ring binder on your desk. C. The teacher will hand you a notebook, and set a three-ring binder on your desk. D. The teacher will hand you a notebook and set a three-ring binder on you’re desk.

3. A. The team’s defense and offense don’t do nothing to help the team win. B. The teams defense and offense don’t do anything to help the team win. C. The team’s defense and offense do nothing to help the team win. D. The team’s defense and offense does nothing to help the team win.

Avoiding Illogical Constructions 11.7

Activating Background Knowledge: In order to write logical sentences, it is important to

1. MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 101

English 11

2.

3.

DIRECTIONS: Revise the following sentences, correcting any errors in logic. Correct any other errors you find.

1. Because I am a huge fan of the Detroit Lions, I cannot afford to attend a game at the stadium.

2. The efficiency of solar energy will eventually replace energy derived from fossil fuels.

3. The batting coach’s methods were as sound as any other hitting instructor.


Model Sentence: I looked to Andrea for compassion, and she looked to me for support.

4. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: I looked to Andrea for compassion; she looked to me for support.

5 . Your Sentence: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conventions Review 11.8DIRECTIONS: Examine the underlined portions. Plug in each possible answer. Choose the best answer. 1 Few things are more stressful than moving from school into the real world, and 2

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. world and C. world but


, .



; .


English 11becoming a self-sufficient adult. If a young person is never exposed to stress prior to 3facing real-world problems, then they would not know how to handle those problems. 4On the other hand those who are a bit uncomfortable during high school or college

will be much better prepared to handle the stress of life. Whether young people are 5finding a job, pay their taxes, or court a future spouse, they will experience stress.

Being able to cope with this feeling is key to fixing problems and advancing forward

in life. When teenagers deal with the pressures of schooling, they must learn how to 6handle it. The strategies they develop will come in handy when there isn’t nobody

around to deal with their problems for them.

Not only does stress teach young people how to handle problems, it shows them 7how to work quickly and efficiently. When completing the nights homework, 8teenagers have one thing in mind to get it done so they can relax. This isn’t always 9easy, especially if students must choose among finishing those Algebra problems or 10checking in with their friends on Facebook. On the other hand, students who know 11how to deal with stress understand that knocking out their homework prior to setting

down at the computer will allow them to relax because they won’t be preoccupied by

the work they didn’t finish. These young people, over time, train themselves to work 12with speed and efficiency. Speed and efficiency then acts as true stress relievers by

freeing up more time for young people to relax and enjoy life.

D. world, but

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. young people is C. a young adult is D. young people are

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. don’t know C. will not know D. could not know

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. hand; those C. hand: those D. hand, those

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. paying taxes, or courting C. pay taxes, or courting D. paying taxes, or date

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. there isn’t anybody C. there is nobody D. nobody is

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. the nights’ homework, C. the night’s homework, D. the night’s homework

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. mind: to C. mind; to D. mind, to

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. chose between finishing C. make a choice among finishing D. choose between finishing

10. A. NO CHANGE. B. Although, C. Fortunately, D. Unfortunately,

11. A. NO CHANGE. B. sit C. getting to set D. sitting

12. A. NO CHANGE. B. then act C. than act D. than acts

Avoiding Vague and Ambiguous References – Unit 12

1. AVOID VAGUE LANGUAGE.

Vague statements are not

VAGUE STATEMENT

I felt terrible.

SPECIFIC STATEMENT


English 11specific and tend to be very abstract. In other words, it is very hard to picture what the writer is describing.

Effective writers use clear, precise language. They always clarify general statements with specific details or images that illustrate their point.

Chills rattled my body all day, and my throat was tender and scratchy.

VAGUE STATEMENT

Television is bad for your mind.

SPECIFIC SHOWING STATEMENT

When a teenager watches hours of television, his mind is held hostage in a world of flashing images – images of shiny cars, beautiful women, magical shaving cream fairies, and, of course, the occasional ad for Pepto-Bismol or some other gastro-intestinal product. These images crowd out the young man’s imagination, leaving behind a cluttered mind, less capable of creating on its own.

GENERAL STATEMENT

Extra-curricular activities help students learn social skills.

YOUR SPECIFIC SHOWING STATEMENT: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. AVOID AMBIGUOUS STATEMENTS.

An ambiguous statement can be understood in more than one way. For clarity’s sake, make sure you’re not being ambiguous.

AMBIGUOUS STATEMENT: I have never watched a movie like that before.

CLARIFIED VERSION: I have never watched a film that explored America through the eyes of a foreigner.

AMBIGUOUS STATEMENT: Joanne saw a woman on a hill with binoculars.

CLARIFIED VERSION: ________________________________________________________________________________

3. AVOID UNCLEAR PRONOUN REFERENCES.

A vague or unclear pronoun reference occurs when the pronoun is not clearly linked to its antecedent. In other words, the reader can’t tell to whom or what the pronoun refers.

VAGUE PRONOUN REFERENCE: We saw the policeman and the suspect speaking by the corner, and then he took off. To whom or what does “he” refer? The policeman or the suspect?

CORRECT: We saw the policeman speaking to the suspect by the corner, and then the suspect took off.

VAGUE: Aaron looked for John as soon as he arrived in Phoenix. Who arrived in Phoenix: Aaron or John?CORRECT:

Avoiding Vague References 12.1Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks.

1. ________________________ statements are not specific and tend to be very abstract.

2. An __________________________ statement can be understood in more than one way.


English 113. An _______________ _________________ ________________ occurs when the pronoun is not clearly linked to its antecedent.

DIRECTIONS: Clarify any vague or ambiguous references.

1. Cliff searched for Justin as soon as he entered the mall.

2. I didn’t grab any of the stuff for our camping trip.

3. That meal was really something.


Model Sentence: While I enjoy Amber’s singing, I don’t care for her guitar playing. * Include an example of singular possession in your sentence.


Model Sentence: Having soaped all of the teachers’ windows, the students celebrated a successful senior prank. * Include an example of plural possession in your sentence.

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Vague References 12.2


A. A pile of papers were loosely scattered in one corner, a few pencils and pens were haphazardly placed at different points, and a mixture of paper clips and index cards were pooled up next to the computer monitor – this was the state of Mr. Simon’s desk. B. Mr. Simon’s desk was messy.



independent clause


, .Phrase



English 11 EXPLAIN WHY A IS BETTER THAN B: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. A large amount of gun crimes have occurred in cities such as Detroit, Michigan, Chicago, Illinois, and Memphis, Tennessee.

2. Less people visited Comerica Park last year for one simple reason the Tigers were out of the playoff race.

3. Several of the players lockers were damaged – four players had a major brawl and a few chairs were broken.

4. Much of our problems are due to poor communication.


English 11




3. An _______________ _________________ ________________ occurs when the pronoun is not clearly linked to its antecedent.


1. Allowing cell phones in the classroom is an interesting idea that will have many effects.

2. Children make nutritious snacks for seniors.

3. Dave wanted to speak to Doug about his book.


Model Sentence: Hugh was exhausted, yet he continued to battle the elements.


Model Sentence: Hugh was exhausted; nevertheless, he continued to battle the elements. 5. Your Sentence: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Avoiding Vague References 12.4


, .





independent clause

English 11


A. Through her telescope, Joanne was able to see Lisa standing on the Smith’s front porch. B. Joanne saw Lisa standing on the Smith’s front porch with her telescope.



1. I spoke with Bill, the math teacher, Ron, the principal; and Anne, the curriculum director.

2. I know why Joe didn’t come to the graduation party he knew Andrea would be there.

3. All twenty-four of the players equipment bags were left on the bus.

4. Every person to whom I spoke John, Aaron, Christine agreed that it was time to sell.

5. The amount of people on the bus exceeded the legal limit.

6. During this visit to the zoo, I noticed less animals sleeping.

7. Much of these issues were discussed at the last meeting.

8. I would rather go hiking than to swim.

9. The paper was given to Johnny by Mr. Stark.

10. The skaters circled around the rink.


Sente n ec

English 11






1. Patriotism affects people greatly.

2. My grandmother fed her dog food.

3. Aaron and Brad were talking, and then he left.


, , and .

Model Sentence: Andrea looked at me, grabbed my hand, and pulled me into line for the roller coaster.

4. YOUR SENTENCE: ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Model Sentence: Andrea coaxed me onto my first roller coaster: she looked at me, grabbed my hand, and pulled me next to her in line.

5. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



li s t


English 11

DIRECTIONS: One of the examples in each grouping is correct. Each of the other examples contains an error or two. Identify which sentence is correct and be prepared to explain why. Circle the errors that appear in the incorrect examples.

1. A. I spoke to several people with whom I’d be working: John, the lead architect; Gary, the head contractor; and Julianne, the project coordinator. B. I spoke to much people with whom I’d be working: John, the lead architect; Gary, the head contractor; and Julianne, the project coordinator. C. I spoke to several people with whom I’d be working; John, the lead architect; Gary, the head contractor; and Julianne, the project coordinator. D. I spoke to several people with whom I’d be working: John, the lead architect, Gary, the head contractor, and Julianne, the project coordinator.

2. A. There’s a reason why less people than normal attended the game: the Lions’ record was 2 -10. B. There’s a reason why fewer people than normal attended the game, the Lions’ record was 2 -10. C. There’s a reason why fewer people than normal attended the game: the Lions’ record was 2 -10. D. There’s a reason why fewer people than normal attended the game: the Lion’s record was 2 -10.

3. A. The number of people at our meetings varied by season: the spring sessions were always the most popular: but the group continued to grow steadily. B. The number of people at our meetings varied by season, the spring sessions were always the most popular, but the group continued to grow steadily. C. The amount of people at our meetings varied by season – the spring sessions were always the most popular – but the group continued to grow steadily. D. The number of people at our meetings varied by season – the spring sessions were always the most popular – but the group continued to grow steadily.

Avoiding Vague References 12.7MECHANICS INSTRUCTION THAT STICKS - 110

English 11Activating Background Knowledge: Fill in the blanks.





1. A father of six made a hole in one.

2. The idea of banning hunting is bad because it won’t help anything.

3. On the television, it said that there would be a storm.


- - .Model Sentence: My father – and it is hard to blame him given the poverty in which he grew up – grows angry if he feels that someone is denigrating the poor.

4. Your Sentence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use commas to set off an interrupting word or phrase , . , , .Model Sentence: My father, who grew up poor, gets angry if he hears someone denigrating someone living in poverty.

5. Your Sentence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________





English 11 1 Unfortunately, as long as there have been human beings, there have been certain

inevitabilities. One of these inevitabilities is war. What brings about war? Often 2times, words. Words certainly play a role in fomenting conflict, they not only

allow but actively promote the killing of the supposed enemy. Words act in 3many ways, to dehumanize foes, to encourage war-like behavior in peaceful

civilians, to stoke the very disputes that lead to violence, and possess a power that

makes them the most potent weapon in any war. 4 In a war, we like to believe that there are always two clear sides: the good side

and the evil one. No matter what side people are on, however, it is necessary to think

of the “other” as being bad or non-human. One way this view is engraved in 5 6soldiers minds is through the use of nicknames or direct name-calling. Less warriors

will question the righteousness of combat if they believe that the enemy soldiers

are not really people, but instead are “krauts,” a name used by the Allies when 7referring to German soldiers, “yanks,” the Confederate army’s nickname for their

Union enemies, or “gooks,” the ethnic slur used by American troops to characterize members of the North Vietmanese military. Though these names may be offensive

to supposedly civilized people today, the fact remains that using these names was 8a necessary tool for motivating much people to support various war efforts. If a 9large amount of citizens view the enemy as being human, they will be less likely to

support violent action against the enemy. Thus, words play an important role in

convincing both soldiers and citizens of the other side’s inhumanity.

1. A. NO CHANGE. B. as long as human beings have existed, so have certain inevitabilities. C. as long as there have been humans, there have been certain inevitabilities. D. as long as human beings have existed, there have been certain inevitabilities.

2. A. NO CHANGE. B. conflict they C. conflict; they D. conflict, and

3. A. NO CHANGE. B. ways; to dehumanize foes, to encourage war-like behavior from peaceful civilians, to stoke the disputes that lead to violence; and C. ways: to dehumanize foes, to encourage war-like behavior from peaceful civilians, to stoke the disputes that lead to violence; and D. ways - to dehumanize foes, to encourage war-like behavior from peaceful civilians, to stoke the disputes that lead to violence – and

4. A. NO CHANGE. B. sides; the C. sides, the D. sides the

5. A. NO CHANGE. B. soldier’s minds C. a soldiers mind D. soldiers’ minds

6. A. NO CHANGE. B. More warriors C. Fewer warriors D. No warrior

7. A. NO CHANGE. B. soldiers; “yanks,” the Confederate army’s nickname for their Union enemies; or “gooks,” the ethnic slur used by American troops to characterize members of the North Vietmanese military. C. soldiers; “yanks,” the Confederate army’s nickname for their Union enemies, or “gooks,” the ethnic slur used by American troops to characterize members of the North Vietmanese military. D. soldiers - “yanks,” the Confederate army’s nickname for their Union enemies - or “gooks,” the ethnic slur used by American troops to characterize members of the North Vietmanese military.

8. A. NO CHANGE. B. many people and soldiers C. many D. much citizens

9. A. NO CHANGE. B. large amount of people C. large group D. large number of citizens

Supplemental Activities

On the next few pages, I’ve supplied some supplemental activities you might use in support of or in place of some of the numbered warm-ups. The activities I’ve included could be adapted for use with any of the short units in this book.


English 11

ACTIVITY ONE: Finding Sentence Structures in Literature

This activity lends itself to multiple variations. Sometimes, I will have the kids look through a book or work of literature that they might be currently reading. Other times, I will assign different sections of the class to find one particular sentence structure and then they share out with other class members.

One of my favorite activities is to bring in a box full of children’s books. I will grab about thirty books and hand one out to each kid in the class. I will then give the kids a minute or two try to find one of the sentence structures. After a minute or two, I will have the students shift desks so they can examine another children’s book. I give the kids about five or six rotations and then have them share their findings with a partner. Finally, I randomly call on students to share some of the sentences they’ve discovered.

ACTIVITY TWO: Timed Quickwrite

This activity is rather self-explanatory. I write a prompt based on our current area of study and give the kids a set amount of time to respond to it (generally 6 or 7 minutes). Before and after the quickwrite, I remind students to highlight the two sentence structures that they’ve used.

Generally, I will have the kids pair up and spend about five minutes peer editing. My peer editing guidelines are very simple for this type of exercise: 1) Partners sit next to each other. 2) The paper sits in the middle of the two students so each of them can see it. 3) Each partner takes turns reading his/her paragraph aloud, pausing to correct any errors noticed by either the reader or the partner. 4) After each partner has read aloud, students exchange paragraphs, proofread, and initial the different steps in the editing checklist.

ACTIVITY THREE: Which Sentence is Best and Why?

This is a very simple, very quick activity. It is great to use as a review or as a simple check for understanding.

Start out by choosing a type of sentence error that you’re noticing. Often times, I will take a sentence directly from a student paper. I will then come up with five to eight variations on that sentence, each of which includes a common student error.

It is important to give students a minute or two to talk about their answers before discussing as a whole class. It is also essential that you go over the wrong answers with students.


English 11

Finding Sentence Structures in LiteratureDIRECTIONS: Look through a book, a story, or an article that you are currently reading. Find examples of the sentence structures shown below.


Title of Work: ________________________________________________ Author: _________________

Sentence I Found: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Phrase opener


Sentence I Found: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Phrase closer


Sentence I Found: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


, .Dependent clause



, .Phrase



, .

phrase



English 11

Timed Quick-writeDIRECTIONS: You will have approximately ____ minutes to draft a response to the prompt below. Write legibly and express your thoughts clearly. When we talk about clarity, we mean that each and every sentence makes sense so that the reader does not have to struggle to figure out exactly what you're trying to say. To ensure clarity, stop briefly after every sentence or two and read what you've just written back to yourself. Your response should be at least _______ words in length.

Incorporate the following sentence structures into your response:

, .

, .

When you finish drafting your response, make sure to highlight your use of each sentence structure.

PROMPT: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

YOUR RESPONSE:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Dependent clause opener(AAAWWUBBIS)

Independent clause Independent

clausephrase closer

English 11_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________WC = _______

Editing Checklist (Y or N) Self-Edit Peer-EditBEFORE EXCHANGING WITH YOUR PEER-EDITOR, YOU MUST READ YOUR RESPONSE ALOUD. Stop and correct any errors that you or your partner catches. ________________

Your Initials The writer responds to the prompt, focusing on the topic at hand. The response is neat and legible. Did the writer avoid using sentence fragments? FRAGMENT: If Joe will not contribute. SENTENCE: If Joe will not contribute, he will need to leave the group.

Did the writer highlight each of the assigned sentence structures? Did he/she punctuate the sentences correctly? Does the response meet the teacher-prescribed word count?

5 Excellent effort. The response is neat and legible and exceeds all requirements. The response exhibits attention to detail.

4 Good effort. The response is neat and legible and meets all requirements. The response is generally well-written.

3 Adequate effort. The response is legible and meets most requirements.

2 Weak effort. The response is legible but may fall short of some requirements.

0 to 1 Incomplete response.

3 The student has highlighted the sentence structure(s) as directed. Both highlighted sentences are constructed correctly.

2 The student has highlighted the sentence structure(s) as directed. One of the highlighted sentences is constructed correctly.

0-1 The student either forgot to highlight or did not construct either sentence correctly.


English 11

Which Sentence is Best and Why?

DIRECTIONS: Read through each of the sentence constructions below. Pay attention to the writer's choice of punctuation and how it influences the meaning of the sentence. Note any errors. After we finish, choose which version you think is BEST and explain why.

A. Although the Tigers were still in first place, it was clear that the team had lost it's way.

B. Although the Tigers were still in first place. It was clear that the team had lost its way.

C. It was clear that the team had lost it's way although the Tigers were still in first place.

D. The team had lost it's way, although the Tigers were still in first place.

E. Although the Tigers were still in first place, the team had lost its way.

F. The team had lost its way. Although the Tigers were still in first place.

G. Although the Tigers were still in first place the team had lost it's way.

I believe that sentence _______ is the best choice because ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Give a thorough explanation, making specific references to the way the sentence is punctuated and how the punctuation influences the meaning.


Documents

Elements of a Complete Sentence · Web viewDIRECTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences in active voice. 1. The movie will have been revised by the editors by that time. 2. A benefit