Upload
doantuong
View
217
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ElectroScience Laboratory O iOverview
11 December 2009
1
=ElectroScience Lab Research:www.electroscience.osu.edu
Polymer Composites &Magnetics for RF Devices
LTCC fabrication/Clean Room for3D Electronics
Largest Univ. Compact Range (up to 115GHz)
Wireless Lab (up to 115GHz)
Retail RFIDs
ElectroScience History The ElectroScience Laboratory (ESL) has influenced radio research like no other
institution in the world. Since the 1940s, ESL has consistently maintained a national and international preeminence in electromagnetics (EM), Radar/Radio Systems and Wireless (Radio Frequency-RF) systems general.
Our faculty and researchers are among the most respected names in EM/RF research y g pand education. ElectroScience faculty, researchers, and students are leading cutting-edge research in antennas, novel RF materials and crystals, Radio Frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), RFIDs, GPS navigational systems, remote sensing, wireless sensors, bioelectromagnetics, optics and more., g , p
Current Composition of People--38 professional staff (9 faculty, researchers, post-docs)docs)--10 support staff--70 graduate students
3
1945 Photo of Antenna Lab
George Sinclair Ed Jordan
1941-1967 TimeLine• Invention of new model measurement techniques for antennas (Bill Everitt)• ElectroScience (then Antenna Lab) grows to 50 people by 1946 (under George Sinclair)ElectroScience (then Antenna Lab) grows to 50 people by 1946 (under George Sinclair)• Lasers and non-linear optics became an important research; “Lasers and Applications” symposium in 1962• Time division multiple access for satellite communication demonstrated• Concepts of wideband and frequency independent antennas introduced• Radar Cross Section (RCS=Stealth) definition and related studies introduced including Radome research• Radar Cross Section (RCS=Stealth) definition and related studies introduced, including Radome research
5
1967-present• Polarimetric imaging invented • Uniform Theory of Diffraction invented becoming the standard for high frequency EM analysis• Uniform Theory of Diffraction invented, becoming the standard for high frequency EM analysis,
leading to CAD tools that continue to define ESL’s impact• First ever integral equation solutions using modern computers---leading the way for CAD design
as we know it today• Compact Range measurement techniques invented, becoming the standard across the world• Finite Element Methods established, and leading to the most popular CAD package in the
market
6
1974 ElectroScience Lab Aerial Photo
Consistent and Growing Research FundingElectroScience is the Largest and most Historic Lab in the U S
8000000
ESL Annual Funding
ElectroScience is the Largest and most Historic Lab in the U.S.
6000000
7000000
s
ESL Annual Funding
Industrial FundingGrowth
3000000
4000000
5000000
Fund
ing in Dollars
D D M l idi i li
1000000
2000000
3000000
End of Cold War Funding
DoD Multidisciplinary Research
0
Fiscal Year38 professional staff (faculty researchers post-docs)38 professional staff (faculty, researchers, post docs)10 support staff70 graduate students
Excellence in RF/EM/RFIC
• Critical Mass in RF/EM/RFIC faculty and research scientists.
• >35 faculty Research Scientists and Post-Docs>35 faculty, Research Scientists and Post-Docs• ~130 grad students in RF/EM/RFIC
(largest concentration in U.S)• Established Worldwide ExcellenceEstablished Worldwide Excellence
• 18 faculty/researchers are IEEE Fellows • 2 EM faculty are among top 250 most cited in Engineering/Computer Science.• 3 past Presidents of the IEEE APS Society• 2 retired faculty became NAE members • >10 best paper awards in past 2 years• most EM/RF books written by faculty and grads from ElectroSciencemost EM/RF books written by faculty and grads from ElectroScience.• Several national programs in RF/EM (2 MURIs, NSF Center, GPS Center, etc)• Fellowship programs with AFRL & Northrop
•State and University Commitments
9
• $12M ($8.5 ORS + $3.5 IDCAST) in RF Sensors and Exploitation• 3 new faculty (1 endowed), new ESL building, $1.6M for UAV Lab
OSU-ESL Graduates - Recent YearsYear MSc PhD
1996 4 41996 4 4
1997 9 8
1998 7 21998 7 2
1999 10 4
2000 9 6
2001 16 0
2002 12 5
2003 13 4
2004 8 0 8
2005 7 11
2006 12 10 24
2007 10 10 20
10
2007 10 10 20
2008 9 11 21
We’re Always Proud of Our Alumni
Rentable
Brian Kent – Chief Scientist of the AFRL Sensors DirectorateJim Armitage – VP and Chief Technology Officer at Northrop GrummanTom Miller – Chief Technology Officer at Raytheon West CoastCharlie Rhoads CTO at Raytheon Dallas PortionCharlie Rhoads – CTO at Raytheon-DallasEric Evans – Director, MIT Lincoln LabsMatt Ganz – Chief Technology Officer, Boeing CompanyJohnson Wang – President, Wang Electro-Opto Corporation & well-known authorWilliam Lee – former CTO of Airtouch, now part of Verizon, author of
popular wireless comm. book and wideband CDMA inventor
Celebrated authors in microwaves and electromagneticsRoger Harrington, Gary Thiele, Warren Stutzman, Dave Pozar, Costas Balanis
Many company start-ups: G B l W M t Al D i k H Sh k J ffGene Bulman, Wayne Masters, Al Dominek, Harry Shamansky, Jeff Berrie, Paul Sweatnum, Bob Puskar, Errol English, Carl Mentzer, Tom Kornbau, Bill Kent, Terry Fry, and many more
11
Best UG and Grad Student Hardware Training
Rentable
ElectroScience offers an unmatched set of facilities for RF/RFIC testing, evaluation and fabrication
Portion• Largest University Anechoic Chamber ($5M)(300GHz to 110GHz with recent upgrades);
• Clean Room for LTCC fabrication/3D RFIC component fabrication ($1M);
• Wireless and RFIC laboratories for commercial cell phone component evaluations---upgraded to 115GHz ($1.5M);
•RF-Optics Laboratory
•Remote Sensing Laboratorye ote Se s g abo ato y
•RFID system testing/evaluation (container tracking; inventory)
•Radar Simulator (with NGC)
12
•Radar Simulator (with NGC)
Fellowships
13
New ElectroScience Lab
26,580ft2 for University office space• 14,000ft2 of rentable space to industry (tech transfer, incubator research);
three to four baysthree to four bays• Bridge/Walkway connection to existing ESL• Retain existing ESL as Laboratory Space• ESL to return Research Foundation Space (8000ft2)
14Cost $7.3M (including 3 bays for industry-univ collaborations)Portion of these funds are part of the $13.5M State funds for sensors)
New ElectroScience Lab
Rentable Portion
ECE-ESL Space– 30 faculty, research scientist and emeritus faculty offices (4260ft2)– Computing facility, including personnel space (1160 ft2)
Administrative and staff support area (980 ft2)– Administrative and staff support area (980 ft2)– Research areas clusters for 60+ graduate students (3540 ft2)– Conference room, Multimedia Library, History room, Hall of Fame area
and Large Lecture Hall
15
Several Major Programs• AFOSR Metamaterials MURIAFOSR Metamaterials MURI
– Only major program on RF mematerials• AFOSR GameChanger Program
6 1 program on structurally antennas in polymer UAVs– 6.1 program on structurally antennas in polymer UAVs• AFRL program on Software Radars• AFRL Fellowship program funding 10 Grad Students & Advisors• National Science Foundation RF Systems Program
– Collaborative industry-university center• AFRL Global Navigation Satellite System Program• ONR MURI on Optimum Vessel Performance in Nonlinearly
Evolving Wave Fields• DARPA Visibuilding program (Raytheon lead)g p g ( y )• ONR miniature ultra wideband antennas program• New Metamaterials Projects with AFOSR• THz Imaging/Sensing IEDs
16
• THz Imaging/Sensing, IEDs• 30MHz-19GHz continuous bandwidth apertures
RF/Wireless, Flex Electronics, Energy harvesting, health applications etc will continue to fuel growth
Systems on a ChipFlexible Electronics
Example ProgramsExample Programs
18
NSF Center Proposal forBreakthrough Communications Platform Enabling Mobile Health Care
Vision: Develop a mobile, low-cost communication platform to enable real-time interactive video and medical data connectivity in the absence of wireless infrastructureabsence of wireless infrastructure.
System will support iPhone-likeapplications with high speed plug-n-play wireless connectivity to a variety of medical sensorsvariety of medical sensors
Eliminates geographic inequities in health care quality
Requires significant innovationsRequires significant innovations in telecommunications, high data rate handhelds, networking and security, and adaptable plug-n-play connectivity for diagnostic d i t b idevices to overcome barriers
Lead Institution: The Ohio State University, PI: John VolakisProposal #:
Component 1 HandHeld Device
Component 2SatCom Interface
Component 3Imagers/Diagnostics
Photonics Center/RF Optical Apertures
D iSystems
RF-EO Sensors
Vis-NIR X-band/200THz
FPAs
THz/Sub-IR LIR/MIR
Sources
GHz-THz
Optical ProcessingMaterialsDevices
Multi-layer structured metallo-dielectric and/or all-dielectric
t t i l
Nano-ring plasmon Electro-wetting prism Mid-IR all-dielectric a-Si
metamaterials High conductivity, high optical transmission EO-RF beam-steerer Reconfig. wideband ANT Qdot MLL SiGe Vis-NIR PD
Isolators, circulators, phased shifters, switches, modulators QDMLL
RF-EO Sensors FPAs
Antenna, PD, ROIC
RF Interconnects
RF Radiators
RF‐EO Radome
Fast Lens
RF Ground plane
THz FPAIntegrated RF-EO Aperture 4 TOAD array
FPAs Ultrafast up/dnconverter
DistributedRF Electronics
EO Prisms
Focal Plane Array
RF Ground plane(EO Transparent)
Software-Defined Radar for MIMO and Adaptive Waveform Applications
Our Software-Defined Radar (SDR) platform provides– 500 MHz instantaneous analog bandwidth with
center frequency tunable from 2-18 GHz– Arbitrary Pulse Waveform Generator (APWG)
TWO independent transmit and receive channelsy ( )– Powerful digital backend to implement real-time
processing of radar returns and waveform design
TWO independent transmit and receive channels Super-heterodyne system with one fixed LO and one tunable from 0.5 to 15.5 GHz. (2-18GHz center freq.) 500 MHz passband implemented by combination of tunable YIG filters and filter banks
DACDSPs
PIN
T x A nt 1
V
H
PIN
PIN
PIN
PINV
H
PIN
PINV
PIN
FromT x O utp ut 1
T x A nt 2
A n t 11
A n t 12
A n t 13
A n t 14T x 1
A n t 21
A n t 11
A n t 12
A n t 13
A n t 21
A n t 22
T x S w itc h ing M atrix
R x A n t 1
R x A n t 2
3 dB
3 dB
R x A n t 1 1
R x A n t 2 1
R x A n t 1 2
R x A n t 2 2
R x A n t 1 3
P o larizatio nSw itch
P o larizatio nSw itch
L N A
L N A
V
H
V
H
V
PIN
PIN
T o R xInp ut 1
R x A n t 1 1
R x A n t 1 2
R x A n t 1 3
R x A n t 1 4R x 1
R x A n t 2 1
2 -1 8 G H z1 0 d B m
N O U T= -6 1 dB m
M iteqSW 2-02 0 18 0R N 1N F
IL= 2.8 dBIso = 8 0 d B
t=2 0 ns
M ark iPD -02 2 0C = 3 d BIL < 2 d B
rans
mitt
er
ecei
ver
DACH
PIN
Po lariza tio nS w itch
V
H
PIN
T x C h ann elSw itch
A n tenn aS elec to r
FromT x O utp ut 2
T x A nt 3
T x A nt 4
T x 2
A n t 22
A n t 23
A n t 24 A n t 14
A n t 23
A n t 24
R x A n t 3
R x A n t 4P o larizatio n
Sw itch
3 dB
3 dB
R x A n t 2 3
R x A n t 1 4
R x A n t 2 4
P o larizatio nSw itch
L N A
L N A
H
V
HA n tenn aS electo r
T o R xInp ut 2R x 2
R x A n t 2 2
R x A n t 2 3
R x A n t 2 4
1 0 d B m2 -1 8 G H z
P ou t = 0 dB m
L = 4 d B
N IN=-8 2 d B m
N O U T= -6 1 dB m
M iteqSW 4-02 0 18 0R N 1N F
IL= 3.1 dBIso =6 0 d Bt= 1 8 0 n s
M iteqS W 2-02 0 18 0R N 1N F
IL= 2.8 dBIso =8 0 d B
t=2 0 ns
M iteqA M F-4D -0 20 01 80 0-2 3-10 P
G = 3 1 dBF= 2.3 d B
P 1=1 0 dB m
M iteqSW 4-02 0 18 0R N 1N F
IL= 3.1 dBIso = 6 0 d Bt=1 8 0 n s
F TO T= 5 .1 d B
From
Tr
To R
e
2-2.5 GHzBP
16 dBm
M iteqAM F-4D-02001800-38-18P
G=26 dBF=3.8 dB
P1=18 dB m
M iteqAM F-4D-02001800-38-18P
G=26 dBF=3.8 dB
P 1=18 dBm
ADCDSPs LP
0-500 M Hz
BP
2-2.5 GHz
PINPIN
fSEL1
fSEL2
2.5-6 GHz1GS D/A
Ch 1
2-2.5 GHz
BPPIN PIN
fSEL3
30 dB
RF
fSEL4
PIN Tx BlankingSwitch
LO 1
LO T i i
To TxSwitching
M atrixVariable
Attenuator
-4 dBm L=2 dB
M iteqDM 0104LA1
CL=5.5 dB
L=2 dB
-4 dBm
-18.5 dB m
M arkiM 2-0020
CL=7.5 dB
M iteqSW 2-020080R N1NF
IL=1.8 dB
L=2 dB
L=2 dB
L=1 dB
M iteqAFS6-00102000-30-10P-6
G=28 dBF=3 dB
P 1=10 dB m
7.7 dBm
~16 dBm
-2.6 dBm
M ax ~ +9 dBm2-18 GHz
10 d
Att5 dB
M iteqSW 2-020180RN1NF
IL 2 8 dB
Att16 dB
M iteqSW 8-020080RN1NF
IL=2.2 dBIso=65 dBt=300 ns M iteq
SW 3-020180R N1NFIL=3 dB
M iteqSW 2-020180R N1NF
IL=2.8 dBIso=80 dB
t=20 ns
6-18 GHzYIG
6-18 GHz500 M Hz BW
fSEL3 RFLoop 1
LO 2A TerminationIso=80 dBt=20 ns
L=6 dB
P IN=10 dB mPIN=10 dBm
0.5 to 15.5 GHz UBor
5 to 20 GHz LB
IL=2.8 dBIso=80 dB
t=20 ns
M iteqAM F-4D-02001800-38-18P
G=26 dBF=3.8 dB
P 1=18 dBm
Att1 dB
Iso=80 dBt=180 ns
2 GHz0.5 – 15.5 GHz
RFID System Design and Evaluation
13.56 MHz
2.45 GHz
915 MHz
~200 feetReader – Main Unit Tag
High gain, lightweight reader antennaReader - Display Unit
RFID Reader System Remains a Challenge- RFID readers and tagging promise to revolutionize retail, gg g p
supermarket and warehouse shelving systems, including purchasing process and habits
Fading is a major issue. Spatial and l i i di i f h
Re
R t il Sh lTwo distributed antennas mounted vertically behind
t d d t il
polarization diversity of the distributed antennas overcome fading in both static and dynamic environments.
eader
Retail Shelves
RFID Portalstandard retail shelf Various metallic and
non-metallic RFID tagged items arranged on shelves
Elongatetenn
a
Loaded pallet
d RFID
coveraribu
ted
Ant
age areaDis
tr
Reader
Two distributed reader antennas on each sidewall
23
Wireless SAW Based Sensors for Aircraft HUMS
Wireless SAW Strain, temperature, heat flux and chemical sensors for Jet engines to be eventually incorporated into HUMS.g y pSmall postage stamp size passive wireless sensors is placed on aircraft engine blades for strain, temperature, heat flux and
Wireless SAW Sensor for Jet Engines: Strain, Temperature, Heat flux, Chemical
etc.
“HUMS- not getting older… getting better!”
Aviationtoday.com
chemical sensing.
Two active projects (with Syntonics LLC)1. High Temperature Wireless Sensing for Jet Engines
Develop high temperature SAW based strain, Temperature, Heat Flux, Chemical Sensors for Harsh Engine Environments up to 600C
Another example applicationWireless SAW Torque Sensor for Helicopter
Shaft
Chemical Sensors for Harsh Engine Environments up to 600C2. Passive Wireless Strain Sensors for Jet Engine
Compression Stage Develop wireless SAW based strain sensors for compression stage. The system should be able to communicate with above 100 sensors simultaneously.simultaneously.
Related Intellectual PropertyEric Walton, Yakup Bayram et.al, “Wireless Sensor for Use in MulticlutterEn ironment” Patent filed ith the U S Patent Office Application #
24
Environment” Patent filed with the U.S. Patent Office, Application #: 61/012,186Eric Walton, Yakup Bayram et.al, “Determining Physical Properties of Structural Members in Dynamic Multipath Clutter Environment”, Patent filed with the U.S. Patent Office, Application #: 12/330,134
AFOSR GameChanger Program for Future UAVs
CNT-Polymer E-textile Polymer E-Fiber Polymer RF Structures
Key Features
RF Structures
Key Features
RF Structures
Key FeaturesFlexible,ConformalStretchableLight-Weight
FlexibleConformalLoad Bearing
FlexibleConformalLoad Bearing
200 μm
cross-section view
J
vertically aligned CNTs (sheet resistance Rs)
25
J
60 GHz Radio on Hybrid SystemsB f i A t A
60 GHz CMOS Devices1 New modeling methods to characterize
1. Switched beam network for low cost, low loss beamforming
2 Wid b d f
Beamforming Antenna Arrays
1. New modeling methods to characterize CMOS devices at mm-wave frequencies
2. Self calibrating LNA to improve yield3. CMOS phase shifter for
manufactuability low cost
2. Wideband antennas for arrays3. Precision fabrication methods for low-
cost polymer based antennas
Port 1 Array Patternsmanufactuability, low costSwitched
Beam Network +
Array
Port 1
Port 2
ay atte s
V
CG-CS LNA 3 Stage CS LNA Calibration Circuit
ArrayPort 8
Antenna element prototype S F b i ti E lVcontrol π networkprototype S11 Fabrication Examples
5 μm
Precision Vcontrol
1-bit 90o PS 50 μm fabrication
on Duroid
Metamaterials for Miniature RF devices1. Realization of volumetric anisotropy is now well
established and well tested (TRL 3)( )2. Introduced novel/patented printed circuits realization
of anisotropy providing for a new direction and paradigm in antenna design (6 vs. 2 degrees parameters)
Coupled
UncoupledUncoupled
(V1 I1) (V3 I3)
Coupled
UncoupledUncoupled
Coupled
UncoupledUncoupled
(V1 I1) (V3 I3)
3. Introduced lumped circuit elements enabling substantial flexibility in molding K-ω diagram;
4. Introduced new class of conformal wideband metamaterial apertures with over 10:1 bandwidth.
L1C1
0
L2C2
0
L3 LM
L3 LM
C3
0
C3
0
CMLM
1 1
(V2 I2)
(V3 3)
(V4 I4)
Inductive coupling
Capacitive coupling
L1C1
0
L2C2
0
L3 LM
L3 LM
C3
0
C3
0
CMLM
1 1
(V2 I2)
(V3 3)
(V4 I4)
Inductive coupling
Capacitive coupling
5. Fabricated printed DBE and volumetric DRA-DBE antennas were near the BW x gain optimum.
6. Antenna elements and arrays also resulted in nearly 90% aperture efficiencies. p
7. Demonstrated printed circuit realization of the MPC mode for higher BW antenna performance
8. Developed large-scale frequency domain tools suitable for laptops, and robust time domain
Freq
uenc
y (G
Hz)
Freq
uenc
y (G
Hz)
suitable for laptops, and robust time domain computational tools for anisotropic dispersive media
9. Load-bearing antenna with CNTs are beneficiaries to these novel developments
K – Bloch Wavenumber
K – Bloch Wavenumber
Portable Through-Wall Radar Imaging System• Desired to control each antenna element individually-This system is designed ONLY to complete research. It is a
Planar UWB Antenna Array
element individually• Any element can be set to transmit or receive (connected to port 1 or 2 of the NA)
cheap and efficient way to gather required data needed to apply research algorithms via post-processing procedures-Final commercial product would be tightly compact and be a complete self sustaining unit possibly possessing many features:
Microstrip RF Switch/Feed Boards
y(0.9 to 2.3 GHz, ~ 90 % BW)
features:-Near real time images-Moving target tracking-Radar networking (2 or more individual units simultaneously working together from different scene viewing angles)
Coax LinesSystem Advantages:-Light WeightLight Weight-Small Size-UWB-Dual Linear Pol.Ch Tx
(Port 1)Rx
(Port 2)
Computer Control via Labview or similar
-Cheap
NA
Computer Control via Labview or similar
Navigation and Time Keeping Awarded an Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity Awarded an Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity
(IDIQ) effort for Collaboration On Navigation Research And Development (CONRAD) by AFRL/RYRN.
Obj ti f th ff t i tRadiation patterns at L2
ARRHCPRadiation patterns at L2
ARRHCP Objective of the effort is to carryout research that contributes to the advancement of Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) technology. Radiation patterns at L1
AR:
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:
Radiation patterns at L1
AR:
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90º
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90º
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:
g ( ) gy Other partners include OSU-SPIN
Laboratory, Ohio University and Miami University of Ohio.
Radiation patterns at L1AR:
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:
Radiation patterns at L1AR:
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90º
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90º
φ=0º
θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:
Currently supporting AFRL/RYRN’s NET, LEGANDand WASPS programs. NAVWAR Electronic support measure Terminal (NET) Ladar EO GPS/INS Atomic Clock Navigation
Demonstration (LEGAND) program Worldwide Accurate Sensor Positioning System
(WASPS) program(WASPS) program
Multi-physics, multi-domain Computational Tools
Profs. J. F. Lee and R. Lee
30
EMI/EMC Characterization Tools
EM Domain AnalysisFrequency or Time Domain
(FEM M M FDTD t )(FEM, MoM, FDTD etc.)
Integrated EMPro
LNA
S
Circuit Domain Analysis
t0cos S
EM Domain interactions coupled with circuits
Frequency/Time orMixed Frequency-Time Domain
(HSPICE, ADS, Custom)
31
RF Subsystem
Mixed Analog/Digital S b t 31
LNA RF Filter Mixer IF
FilterIF
AmplifierBaseBand
Demodulation
Subsytem
4 Channel Polyphase IQ modulator & Predistortion for PA Linearization for Wideband
Future Radars on a ChippDesired BandImage Band
LS IMD3 US IMD3
LO Leakage LO leakage
SSB mixer Desired Band
Strongly non-linear IQ modulator !!
AfterBefore
RF/OPTICS & PLASMON OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS
Challenges for conventional optical/RF interconnects:1. Conventional optical (dielectric) waveguides are too large to interface with CMOS scale.2. Time delays of electrical interconnects are limited by the RC constant. This delay increases in a
super linear fashion for smaller wires due to increasing R caused by surface electron scattering.Why “plasmonics”?1. Small enough to interface with CMOS-scale devices (< 100 nm); not limited by RC constant,
plasmon waveguides provide a similar level of immunity to crosstalk while being able to propagate signals faster.
2 Plasmon resonances may be exploited for chemical and biological sensing platforms at the sub-2. Plasmon resonances may be exploited for chemical and biological sensing platforms at the subcellular and molecular level.Key challenge for plasmon waveguides: propagation losses
nanochain plasmon waveguide surface plasmon coplanar waveguidesAu nanoparticles
sharp bend with no coupling to odd mode
Ag
Ag
p
SiO2
T-junction
Objectives R d ti l i l id b l i t i l / t i
g
cross-sectionnanochain waveguide (top view)
1: Reduce propagation losses in plasmon waveguides by exploring new materials/geometries2: Design interfaces for dielectric/plasmonic waveguides to complete path to the transistor level.3: Design of new plasmon resonance particles/structures for chemical/biological sensing.
Focal Plane THz Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection
Basic stepsradiation source
tissue1. Radiation absorbed by focal plane array through
silicon lens
objective lens
image planetissue silicon lens
2. Embedded diodes rectify incoming THZ radiation to DC voltage
3. A/D converter digitizes diode’s DC voltage 4. Digital image constructed on computer screen
A/D converter
construct digital
focal plane array
silicon lens
1
3
double slot antenna
extension length for optimum digital
image 2
4
antennapbeam
focusing single element
diode• Mechanically rigid and thermally stable• Low cost• Increased antenna directivity• Increased antenna directivity (suppresses substrate modes)
Body Worn Antennas with Diversity Module
20dB 20dB –– 30dB fluctuation reduces to 3dB 30dB fluctuation reduces to 3dB –– 4dB 4dB
dBm
]Antenna 3Antenna 4
ved
pow
er [
Antenna 1
mal
ized
rece
iv
Ant1- front torso
Ant2- back torso
Nor
m Ant3- R. shoulder
Ant4- L. shoulder
Module output
iWAT200935
Azimuth angle [deg]Rotator