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ElectronicsComponentsandSchema3cs
J.R.LeemanandC.Marone
TechniquesofGeoscien3ficExperimenta3on
October11,2016
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Todaywewillcovercomponents,schema3cs,andbasiccircuitanalysis-whichisalotofmaterial
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ElectronicsFundamentals
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Electriccircuitsareclosedloopsthatelectronsflowthrough.Electricalenergyisthestoredelectricalpoten3aldifference
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Electriccircuitsareclosedloopsthatelectronsflowthrough.Electricalenergyisthestoredelectricalpoten3aldifference
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OSencircuitsarethoughtofintermsofconven3onalcurrentflow,notelectronflow
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We’llstartbylookingatvoltage,current,resistanceandtheirrela3on
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Awatersystemisusedasacommonanalogy
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Voltageissimilartowaterpressureinahydraulicsystem
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Currentisanalogoustowaterflow
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Resistanceissimilartoflowlimitsduetothewaterpipesize
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Voltage,Current,andResistanceareallrelated
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Kirchoff’sCurrentLaw
At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node
or equivalently the algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero.
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Kirchoff’sVoltageLaw
The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero.
More simply, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.
The algebraic sum of the products of the resistances of the conductors and the currents in them in a closed loop is equal to the total emf available in
that loop.
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Ohm’sLawrelatesvoltage,current,andresistance
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V = I * R
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Ohm’sLawrelatesvoltage,current,andresistance
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Ohm’sLawrelatesvoltage,current,andresistance
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Let’scalculatethedropperresistorforanLED
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3.8V
Vf = 3.1 V If = 30 mA
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Yourturn!
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Nowthat’scalculatethepowerthatresistormusthandle
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Let’sapplyourknowledgetoamorecomplexexample
Calculate the currents in this circuit
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100
200
300
4V
3V
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Yourturn!
Calculate the currents, resistor voltage drops, and resistor power consumption in this circuit
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Wedrawcircuitsinschema3cdiagramswithsymbolstorepresentthepartsinthecircuit
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Thesymbolsarestandardizedforthebasiccomponents
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Junc3onsmarkwherewiresareconnected
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Wealsousenetnamelabelstoreduceschema3cclu_er
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Whenencounteringaschema3c,splititupintofunc3onalblocks
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Whenencounteringaschema3c,splititupintofunc3onalblocks
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Lookforvoltagerails,theseagreatstaringtestpoints
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Readthedatasheets,thereisalotofhelpfulinforma3oninthem
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Nowlet’stakeadeeperdiveintothebasiccomponents
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Resistorsrestricttheflowofelectronsthroughacircuit
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Resistorsinseriesareaddedtogether
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Resistorsinparallelaretheinversesumoftheinverseresistances
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Let’sworkoutanexamplesimpleresistornetwork
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Let’sworkoutanexamplesimpleresistornetwork
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Let’sworkoutanexamplesimpleresistornetwork
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Capacitorscanstoreenergyinacircuitandresistvoltagechanges
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Capsinparallelareaddedtogether
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Capsinseriesgoastheinversesum
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Powersupplydecoupling/bypassisacommonapplica3on
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Filteringisanothercommonapplica3onofcaps
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Bewareofpolarizedcapacitorsanddesignwiththeappropriatera3ngs/typeinmind
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW0a9d_vWoc
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Inductorsarecoilsofwire,generallyonaferrouscorethatstoreenergyinamagne3cfield.Theyresistchangesincurrent
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Whenpowerisappliedamagne3cfieldisbuiltup
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Whenpowerisremovedthatmagne3cfielddumpsitsenergy
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Inductorsarethebasisfortransformersaswell
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Diodesareliketheone-wayvalveofelectronics(ideally)
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Currentcanfromfromtheanodetothecathode,butnotfromthecathodetotheanode
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Herearetwosimpleequivalentcircuits
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Realdiodesaremorecomplexthantheideal
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Smallsignaldiodesarelowcurrent,inexpensivediodes(i.e.1N4148)
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Powerdiodeshavehighercurrentra3ngs(i.e.1N4001)
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Scho_kydiodeshaveverylowforwardvoltages,goodwhenyoucannottoleratelargevoltagedrops
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Zenerdiodesaremeanttobeusedinreversebiastotakeadvantageoftheirprecisebreakdown(zener)voltage
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Therearealsoop3caldiodes(lightemihngandcurrentgenera3ng)
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Diodescanbeusedasarec3fiertoconvertACtoDC
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DiodesareoSenusedasreversepolarityprotec3on
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Youcanevenbuildlogicgates!Whatarethesegates?
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Youcanevenbuildlogicgates!Whatarethesegates?
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OR
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Youcanevenbuildlogicgates!Whatarethesegates?
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OR AND
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Flybackdiodesprotectyourcircuitsfrominduc3vevoltagespikes
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Forsimplicity,we’lldiscusstheNPNBJT
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ButtherearetwotypesofBJT-NPNandPNP
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Transistorscanbeconceptualizedasback-to-backdiodes,butdon’ttaketheanalogyveryfar
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ElectronscaneasilyfromfromNtoPmaterial,butnotPtoN
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ButelectronsCANflowfrombasetocollectorifBase-Emi_erisforwardbiased
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Transistorscanbeusedasswitches,controlsoramplifiers
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Transistorsarenon-lineardevicesandoperateinoneoffourquadrantsofbehavior
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Satura3onisthe“ON”stateofatransistor
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Ve<VbVc<Vb
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Cutoffisthe“OFF”stateofthetransistor
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Ve>VbVc>Vb
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Ac3vemodeamplifiescurrentintothebasepintotheC-Ecurrent
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Vc>Vb>Ve
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Reverseac3veamplifiescurrentfromemi_ertocollector,butisn’taverycommondesigncase
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Vc<Vb<Ve
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Let’suseatransistorasaswitch
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Wecanalsohigh-sideswitchwithaPNP
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H-BridgescandrivesmotorsintheCWorCCWdirec3on
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Amplifiercircuitscanbesingleormul3-stageandareonlyslightlymorecomplicated
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Assignment:PairupandbuildtheArduinoVoltmeterwithonekit
Due:10/13