Electronic Warfare and Radar Applications€¦ · Introduction to Electronic Warfare ... Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation • Defining your own library of emitters • Radar

Electronic Measurements Group

Electronic Warfare and

Radar Applications

October 18, 2011 1

Agenda:

Introduction to Electronic Warfare

Background, terms, definition and market trends

Key technology enablers for existing and emerging radar systems

Radars and jammers

Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation

• Defining your own library of emitters

• Radar timing pattern generation

• Radar Antenna radiation Patterns and Scanning

Wideband Solutions for Radar/EW

• Existing and future Test requirements

• New Arbitrary Waveform Generators

• Signal Generation and Analysis using /SystemVue/Matlab

• Wideband Receivers: traditional and synthetic instrumentation

• Oscilloscope as ultrawide band receiver

• Pulse envelope and time domain analysis and challenges

• Modulation on pulse analysis

Microwave Components Characterization

• New Network Analyzer platforms

• Millimeter Signal Measurements: Techniques, Solutions and Best Practices

• Phase Noise measurements update

Electronic Warfare and Radar applications

Introduction to Electronic Warfare

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis

Fall 2011 Page 3

Electronic Warfare

• Electronic warfare (EW) is a broad subject matter, but in general involves

denying an enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) or gathering

intelligence of an enemy’s intended actions or capabilities through analysis

of electromagnetic (EM) signals he may transmit, either intentionally or

unintentionally.

• US Military Definition: EW refers to any military action involving the use of

electromagnetic (EM) and directed energy (DE) to control the EMS or to

attack the enemy.

• EW includes three subdivisions:

– Electronic Attack (EA)

– Electronic Protection (EP), and

– Electronic Warfare Support (ES)


Fall 2011 Page 4

EW Terms

• EA: Electronic Attack involves the use of

EM energy or anti-radiation weapons to

attack personnel, facilities, or equipment

• ECM: Electronic counter measures, such as

jamming and chaff, used to deny or degrade

the enemy’s use of communications or radar

systems

• DECM: Defensive ECM, such as a jammer

used to protect an aircraft from missile fire

• ECCM: Electronic counter-counter

measures, countermeasures used to protect

a radar from a jammer

• RWR: Radar Warning Receiver, warns a

pilot of a SAM or radar lock on

• Jammer: EW transmitter used to interfere,

upset, or deceive a victim radar,

communications, or navigation system


Fall 2011 Page 5

• EP: Actions taken to protect personnel,

facilities, and equipment from any effects of

friendly or enemy use of EMS

• ES: Electronic Warfare Support is a

subdivision of EW involving search for,

intercept, identify, and locate sources of EM

energy for the purpose of threat recognition

or targeting

• EME: Electromagnetic Environment

• EOB: Electronic Order of Battle

• SIGINT: Signal Intelligence

• ELINT: Electronic Intelligence

• COMINT: Communications Intelligence

• ESM: Electronic Warfare Support Measures,

equipment to identify and locate radar

systems or EM emitters

• J/S: Jam to signal ratio

Key Technology Enablers

of Modern and Emerging

RADAR Systems

Radar/EW Technology Drivers

Low observable slow moving detection systems

Close-In phase noise

Low Probability of Intercept

Increasing frequency of operation into mm wave bands

Frequency & beam hopping

Increased modulation BW

Phase repeatable frequency hopping

Improved Range Resolution

Increased Modulation BW

Software Defined Radar Systems

Waveform engineering and encryption


April 23, 2009 Page 7

High Mobility

Target

Low Mobility

Target

Low Mobility Targeting

1) Low Doppler Shift 2) Clutter Reduction

Land

Clutter

Sea

Clutter

Key Technologies

Very low phase noise and

spurs at small offset frequencies

Signal Processing to separate

slow moving from stationary or

slower moving returns

High Resolution RADAR Systems

Chirps or other modulation techniques are used to improve the distance resolution to better than 1/(Pulse Width)

Impulse Response (also called Time Sidelobe Level ) is the single best measure of quality of the chirp / de-chirp

process

Factors Affecting Impulse

Response

Magnitude Response Fidelity

Phase Response Fidelity

Chirp Bandwidth

Algorithm

Good

Impulse

Response Poor

Impulse

Response

Other

Techniques/Technologies

Employed for Improved

Resolution

Multi-frequency

Multi-polarization

Quad-polarized System

Key Technologies

High Fidelity (Magnitude and

Phase) Wideband Signals

Frequency Agility

Multi-channel Receivers

Pulse Compression and Target

Identification Algorithms

VS.

Millimeter wave RADAR

Benefits of Millimeter Wave RADAR

Better Resolution

Wider chirp bandwidths

Smaller wavelengths

Higher Frequency Shift

Low Mobility Targeting

Target / Media Physics

Transmission

Reflection

Polarization

EW Advantages

Fewer systems at mmW

Harder to Jam

Complexity and Level of Integration within T/R Modules

RF/uW

―Newer‖

T/R

Module

Radiating

element

―Old‖

T/R Module

RF/uW IN

RF/uW OUT

Digital Control

―Advanced‖

T/R Module

Analog I/Q

Or IF

LO

―Emerging‖

T/R Module

Frequency

Reference

HIGH SPEED DIGITAL BUS

Time

Level

of

Integration

Key Technology Active Feed

Radiating Elements

Smaller Connections

Higher Frequencies

Key Technology Frequency Translation

Key Technology Digital I/Q or Digital IF

Very High Speed Digital

Bus

Phase Noise Reduction

by Averaging N Modules

What is Driving This

Trend? Smaller Platforms

Move to higher frequencies

Need for more T/R elements

Multimode

Multi channel



Trends in the Radar and EW market

1. The Radar and EW market is still the largest in terms of spending of all the AD submarkets (~65%).

2. The modern radar systems incorporate multi-mission, multi-role functionality. Specialized modulation used to enhance range resolution and primarily reduce the probability of intercept.

3. Modern radar systems increase the demand for mm wave technologies.

4. Modulation bandwidths of 1 GHz to 2 GHz are being requested for new programs in R&D.

– Performance is key - BW, Phase Noise, Power, SFDR

– Current minimum requirement is 500 MHz BW for radar application

5. Systems demand industry leading phase noise and spurious free dynamic range.

6. Development of stealth and anti-stealth technologies. ―Multi-Channel coherent sources and analyzer required to test these systems‖

7. Considerable investment is being make to upgrade and extend the life of existing platforms by technology refresh.

– Backwards compatibility and emulation with legacy test equipment required

8. New program focus is on tactical surveillance and intelligence with a growth in UAV platforms with synthetic aperture radars and EW payloads.

9. Battlefield data integration for situation awareness across multiple forces. ―Net Centric Warfare‖

2011 Weapons Modernization Programs (Unclassified )


Fall 2011 Page 13

Aircraft Platforms

Radar/EW/Surveillance

Naval Platforms

Radar/EW/Surveillance

Missile Defense Radar/EW

$55.4 Billion

• JSF

• UAV Platforms

• Longbow Apache

• P-8A

• F-18/E-18

$ 9.9 Billion

• AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense

• THAD

• Patriot Advanced Capability – 3

• Ground Based Midcourse

Counter IED – EW, COMINT

$25.1 Billion

• DDG 51 – AEGIS Destroyer

• CVN21 – Carrier Replacement

• Littoral Combat Ship

$16 Billion Total Budget

Crew 3 Program

Duke Program

Jammers ~ $1.5 B/yr

http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/uploads/large/OCPA-2005-07-18-142257.jpg

Radar Review


Fall 2011 Page 14

Simplified Radar

• A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and reradiated in all directions

• The energy that is reradiated back to the radar is of prime interest to the radar

• The receiving antenna collects the returned energy and delivers it to the receiver, where it is processed to:

– Detect the target

– Extract its location and relative velocity

• Direction, or angular position, of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the returned signal, assuming a narrow antenna beam

• If relative motion exists between the target and radar, the shift in carrier frequency of the reflected wave (Doppler Effect) is a measure of relative radial velocity of the target and can be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary objects.


Fall 2011 Page 15

Transmitter

Receiver Target

Radar

Pulsed Radar Fundamentals

PRIPRI

PWD 100100%


Fall 2011 Page 16

• Typical pulsed radars use relatively low duty cycle (≈0.1% to 10%), where duty

cycle is the ratio of pulse duration divided by period.

• Radar range resolution is determined by the pulse width—remember a 1μs pulse

has a length in space of 150 m and therefore can’t resolver distance less that

150m

• The range beyond which targets appear as a second-time-around echo is the

maximum unambiguous range

• Therefore, long-range radars use very long pulse repetition times.

PRIsmPRI

cPRF

cR

bunam /15022

PW PRI

Spectrum of a Video Pulse Train


Fall 2011 17

T

Time

Amplitude

Frequency (f)

DC T

1

1/ 2/ 3/ 4/

Spectral Lines

0 /

)/sin(2)(

n Tn

Tn

TTfV

900 MHz Wideband Measurements

10/18/2011 Page 18

COHO STALO

TIMING SYNC

Pulse Compression

Filter( Correlation Filter)

CHIRP

CHIRP

(SPREAD SPECTRUM)

Waveform Exciter

( Digital Synthesizer)

Pulse

Modulator

To Signal

Processor

IFA LNA

PA

SYNCHRONOUS

I/Q

DETECTOR

RECEIVER

PROTECTOR

I

Q

Pulse Compression Radar

Velocity Measurement


Fall 2011 19

This is the result of the radial velocity difference between the

radar and the target. Therefore, the general equation would

be the vector dot product of the velocity vector and the radial

unit vector, or

R

Another important target characteristic measured by radar systems is target velocity. This is accomplished by measuring the Doppler shift of the transmitted signal.

The Doppler Frequency, fd is: Rvc

fRvfd

022

cos2ˆ2 00

c

vfRv

c

ffd

Doppler Example

If a 10 GHz aircraft radar were designed to handle an engagement with a maximum closing velocity of 500 m/s (~ Mach 1.5) the maximum Doppler frequency would be:

Recall from a couple of slides back that the spectrum of the pulse modulated signal will have frequency lines that are spaced at intervals equal to the PRF or 1/PRT. If the PRT were 1 ms then the frequency lines would be 1 kHz apart. Each spectral line will also be Doppler shifted and could be processed by the Velocity tracking circuits of the radar, thus producing velocity ambiguities, if they are less than the maximum Doppler frequency. Therefore:

• The lower the PRF > frequency ambiguity

• The higher the PRF > range ambiguity


Fall 2011 20

kHzx

smxsmVfD 33

103

)/1010)(/500(228

9

Three PRF Modes for Pulse Doppler

• Low PRF is unambiguous in range, but is highly ambiguous in Velocity and is excellent for target acquisition.

• The medium PRF radar:

– Is ambiguous in both range and velocity. It is very useful in a tail-chase engagement where closing velocities are low.

– May use multiple PRFs, each creating ambiguity zones in the range / velocity matrix. Processing can provide unambiguous range and velocity

• The high PRF radar is unambiguous in velocity and may be used in a velocity only mode making it ideal for a high-speed head-on engagement.


Fall 2011 21

Radar Cross Section and Received Power Density

24 R

GP ttT

42)4( R

AGPS eTT

Radar cross section (RCS) is a

measure of the size of the target, as

seen by the radar

• RCS (σ) has units of area (m2)

Power reradiated from the target is

equal to ρTσ,

Power received by the radar antenna

will be:


Fall 2011 Page 22

43

22

)4( R

GPS T

4

2GAe

4)4( 42

2

R

GGPS RTT

22 44 RR

GP ttR

Radar Cross Section of B-26 Bomber


Fall 2011 Page 23

Radar Jammer Types

• CW

• Barrage Jammers: An attempt to ―outshout‖ the opposing equipment through continuous or high-duty cycle power within the desired frequency band—blot out the sun technique

• Noise Jammer: Brute-force jamming by modulating the jamming signal with AM or phase noise.

• Deceptive: Uses a repeater or frequency memory to provide a precise return that is modified in time or frequency to interfere with missile fire control.

• Repeater Jammer: A jammer that modifies and retransmits hostile radar signals to deny accurate position data

• Transponder Jammer: A repeater jammer that plays back a stored replica of the signal after being triggered by the radar.

• Set-On-Jammer: A jammer that measures the threat radar frequency and adjusts a sine-wave oscillator to retransmit the threat frequency

• Swept Spot Jammer: A jammer that sweeps an oscillator over a band of frequencies to with receivers in the band.

• Stand-In-Jamming (SIJ): A Jammer (aircraft) that accompanies a strike force into combat air space—inside the range of defensive weapons

• Stand-Off-Jamming(SOJ): A system which provides jamming coverage for a strike force, but does not enter inside the range of defensive weapons


Fall 2011 Page 24

Range Equation for the Jammer


Fall 2011 Page 25

Since the jammer signal only has a one-way path to the radar it will only experience a 1/R2

loss, verses the 1/R4 loss experienced by the radar.

R

Again, we will start by looking at the free-space power density at the radar as produced by the

jammer, assuming spherical scattering.

24 R

GP jj

j

The input power to the radar receiver, from the jammer, will then be the jammer’s power

density multiplied by the effective area of the radar’s antenna.

24 R

AGPS

ejj

jRWhere:

4

2GAe Therefore:

22

2

4 R

GGPS

Rjj

jR

Range Equation for the Jammer, Cont’d


Fall 2011 Page 26

Now we have an equation for the jammer’s signal power at the radar we can compare it to the

equation previously developed for the signal power at the radar’s receiver due to the target’s

skin return.

22

2

4 j

Rjj

jRR

GGPSFor the Jammer: And for the radar: 43

2

)4( R

RTT

R

GGPS

It is often convenient to express the jamming signal strength to that of the radar’s skin return

strength as a jam to signal ratio (J/S).

2

44

jTT

Rjj

RGP

RGP

S

JIf the jammer and radar range are equal, then

TT

jj

GP

RGP

S

J24

Note: The above analysis assumes that the jammer antenna and the radar antenna are

pointed directly at each other (main lobe), which is very seldom the case. Generally jamming

is done on the radar antenna’s side lobes and a function must be used to account for the

difference in antenna gain.

However, from this analysis it is easy to see that the jammer has the advantage in most

situations.

In dB form: dBsmdBiTdBWTmdBijdBWjdB

GPRLogdBGPS

J)()(10)()( 2011

Antenna Pattern of a Typical Pencil-Beam Antenna

Rectangular Aperture w/ Uniform Weighting


Fall 2011 Page 27

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

D

i

r

e

c

t

i

v

i

t

y

d

B

i

Angle (Degrees) Nulls

1st Side Lobe Level = -13.26

Side Lobes

Main Beam

3 dB Beam Width

Side Lobe Roll Off

A Typical DECM Jammer Antenna


Fall 2011 Page 28

30

Creating the Correct Signal Environment for Radar

Targets

Clutter

Jamming

31

Simulator Development: The Signal Environment

Target modeling

Position and trajectory

Velocity (and acceleration)

Radar cross section (RCS)

Return power from an aircraft at 10 cm

wavelength as a function of azimuth angle

32


Clutter

Ground

Sea

Precipitation

Chaff

Multipath

Ghost image

Ghost image

ionosphere

ground

33


Jamming

Noise Techniques

Spot

Sweep

Barrage

Repeater Techniques

Range

Velocity

Angle

Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation


Fall 2011 Page 34

Where Does Agilent Fit in Threat Simulation?

• Agilent Provides a suite of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS):

– Vector and Analog RF and microwave signal generators

– Arbitrary waveform generators for I-Q modulation and scalar modulation

needs

– Signal studio software to help build complex signals in a user friendly

environment

• Support of industry standard software tools, like MatLab and Agilent

SystemVue for complex waveform generation, modeling, and analysis

• Applications consultants that can assist in system development and

specification.


Fall 2011 35

Where Does Agilent Fit, Cont’d

Where Agilent Fits

COTS hardware and software

Standard test equipment that can

be reused for multiple roles in test

and simulation

Simulation of several

simultaneous emitters

Complex antenna scanning and

patterns

Complex pulse patterns

Modulation on Pulse (MOP)

Where Agilent Doesn’t Fit

Simulation of battlefield

electromagnetic environment

Simulation of complete electronic

order of battle (EOB)

DDS Streaming


Fall 2011 36

Features • Easily navigate the intuitive user interface

• Create a pulse library

• Construct custom pulse shapes

• Modulation on pulse definition

• Build a pattern library

• Apply baseband pre-distortion

• Improve image rejection

• Optimize RF modulation flatness

• Automate using the COM-based API

• Utilize extensive built-in Help

Value • Set high-level pulse parameters

• Eliminate complicated mathematics

• Simplify single-emitter test pattern

generation

• Enhance signal quality

LAN or GPIB

PSG or ESG

PXA, PSA or MXA

N8241A or N6030A

N7620A Signal Studio for Pulse Building


Fall 2011 Page 37


Fall 2011 Page 38

N7620A Target Applications

• Radar systems

• EW systems

• IED defeat systems

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/large_Explosion.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/ied_hunting_soldier_up_for_the_bronze_star.html&usg=__ZStky2O3Bq5qcp1Xozmu1_ZctXE=&h=338&w=453&sz=116&hl=en&start=4&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=7C4hd7bBonHY6M:&tbnh=95&tbnw=127&prev=/search?q=IED+explosions&hl=en&biw=1899&bih=1023&gbv=2&tbm=isch&ei=o1e3TYyAMYj-vQPv45GiAw

http://www.totimm.com/screenshots_nov09/electronicwarfare2_full.jpg

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/images/an-sps-73-radar.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/an-sps-73.htm&usg=__xbR1eeXi8lGy3DbrymsGOB4LBNc=&h=460&w=614&sz=34&hl=en&start=13&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3zIASXsDNDKRSM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=136&prev=/images?q=radar&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&ei=GVi3TfOGCo2iuQOCpsGiAw


Fall 2011 Page 39

Why Simulate the Radar Signal?

Traditional Method:

• Turn on the actual radar

But…

• Cannot test until very late in the development process

• Expensive - A full fly-by test can cost $2M !!!

Simulation Benefits:

• Test components, subsystems and full systems much earlier in

the design process

• Much lower cost: Vector PSG + Q-arb + PXA + Pulse Builder s/w ~ $280K


Fall 2011 Page 40

Pulse Timing Patterns

B A

C t

Pulse Transmitted

A B

rf

1

PW

Range

C

uR

Pulse Timing Pattern Parameters

Pulse Repetition Interval Patterns

Constant (none)

Gaussian Jitter

Uniform Jitter

U shaped Jitter

Linear Ramp

Stepped

Staggered

Bursted

Sinusoidal Wobulation

Saw tooth Woblulation

Triangle Wobulation

Pulse Width Patterns

Constant

Gaussian Jitter

Uniform Jitter

Linear Ramp

Stepped


Fall 2011 Page 41

Standard Features

Advanced Features Option 205 - PSG/ESG BBG

Option 206 – External AWG

Why are Pulse Timing Patterns Important for Radar?

The primary function of the PRI is to set the effective range of the Radar.

The pulse width determines the minimum range resolution of non pulse

compression Radars.

Different timing properties are required depending upon the mode of a

particular Radar. (Modes: Search, Acquisition, and Track)

Adjusting the pulse timing properties of the waveform enables the Radar to

determine the true unambiguous range and blind speeds of the target.

The timing patterns are used in Radar systems for the following reasons:

Determining true range and eliminate blind speeds of the target by

varying the PRI.

Vary the pulse width to avoid blind speeds to improve moving target

indication (MTI).

Timing patterns are used for Anti-jam techniques.


Fall 2011 Page 42

Real-World Challenges


Fall 2011 Page 43

• In practice, real signals are never perfect

• How does equipment perform under less than ideal conditions?

2 Common Signal Impairments:

• Jitter

• Wobulation

Solution: Add selected impairments to test signal

Pulse Repetition Impairment – Sine Wobulation


Fall 2011 Page 44



Fall 2011 Page 45

Linear PW Stepped PW

PW Jitter

U-Shaped

Uniform

Gaussian


Fall 2011 Page 46

Antenna Radiation Patterns

and Antenna Scanning

Adding a New Layer of Realism to Pulsed Signal Simulation


Fall 2011 Page 47

All Radar Systems depend on antennas to operate

Pulse Building can now simulate real-world antenna behavior

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/3740505/2/istockphoto_3740505-radar-antenna.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-3740505-radar-antenna.php&usg=__yByuzWMFeUuAU1mJH2MnsLXCeA4=&h=253&w=380&sz=66&hl=en&start=34&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=Z-Y3OW0IO5EHRM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=123&prev=/images?q=radar+antenna&start=21&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&ndsp=21&biw=1899&bih=1023&tbm=isch&ei=QmC3Te6YBIukugOJy-CiAw

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.exchange3d.com/images/uploads/aff1286/radar_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.exchange3d.com/3D Model of Radar Antenna Station/prod_7233.html&usg=__uVWE-QEWOsyfHpqLp5mB5kWWGx8=&h=600&w=450&sz=141&hl=en&start=43&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=dJlshpmWALWAPM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=101&prev=/images?q=radar+antenna&start=42&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&ndsp=21&biw=1899&bih=1023&tbm=isch&ei=mmC3Tdu5KoK2vwO7tOWiAw

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vectorsite.net/Ywmid_1b.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vectorsite.net/gfxpxw_09.html&usg=__YcPvjPHp0dZGEI_5eUBQqjx7hCA=&h=1995&w=1310&sz=433&hl=en&start=61&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=kg8FJupefWkBHM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=98&prev=/images?q=radar+antenna&start=42&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&ndsp=21&biw=1899&bih=1023&tbm=isch&ei=mmC3Tdu5KoK2vwO7tOWiAw

Antenna Pattern Properties and Definitions

•Bore-Sight – Maximum gain of the

antennas main lobe or beam pointing at the

target.

•Bearing Angle - The bearing angle of the

target can be determined by moving the

antenna beam to the maximum return.

•Beam width – ½ Power points in the main

lobe measured in angular width AZ/EL

degrees.

•Side Lobe Level - the level of energy on

the side lobes relative to the main lobe or

beam

•Back Lobe – the energy emitting in the

opposite direction of the main beam.


Fall 2011 Page 48

Antenna Parameters Available With Options 205/206


Fall 2011 Page 49

Antenna Scanning Modes

None

Custom

Circular

Conical

Bidirectional Sector

Unidirectional Sector

Bidirectional Raster

Unidirectional Raster

Antenna Radiation Patterns

Blackman

Hamming

Hanning

Rectangular

3 Term

Cosine1

Cosine2

Cosine3

Cosine4

Cosine5

Programmable Antenna Properties Azimuth 3 dB Beam Width

Elevation 3 dB Beam Width

Null depth - dB

Antenna Scanning for Radar

Scanning is the systematic movement of the Radar Antenna Beam in a finite pattern while searching or tracking a target.

Scanning is dependent upon the purpose of the Radar, antenna size and design.

For example the search mode scan may be different than the track mode scan

Basic methods of antenna scanning to steer the beam.

1. Mechanical Scanning

The entire antenna is moved to the desired pattern.

The energy feed source is moved relative to a fixed reflector

The reflector can be moved relative to a fixed feed source

2. Electronic Scanning

Electronically switching between a sets of feeder sources

Varying the phase between elements in a multiple element array

Comparing the amplitude and phase signals received by a multi element array.

3. Frequency scanning

4. Combination of Mechanical and Electronic Scanning


Fall 2011 Page 50

Scenario Data Base Import & Exporting

.CSV – Comma Delimited File created in an Excel spreadsheet

Scenario Name

Source Parameters

Pulse Envelope properties – tr, tf, PW


PRI Patterns

Modulation on Pulse Properties – Chirp, Barker, FSK, etc

Antenna Scanning Type

Antenna Radiation Type

Antenna Beam Width – AZ, El

Antenna Null Depth

Receiver Location


Fall 2011 Page 52

Wideband solutions


Fall 2011 Page 53

Test Challenges of RADAR System Integration

MEASUREMENTS

Inter-Pulse Phase and Magnitude

Moving Target

Clutter Reduction

SAR

Time Sidelobe Level

Custom or Proprietary Algorithms

Antenna Patterns

Phase Noise

Pulsed

Absolute

Additive

Time Gated

TEST CHALLENGES

Test time

1000s to 1E6s measurements

Streaming data or deep memory

Stream measurement results to disk

Transient measurements

Scenario measurements

Wide bandwidth

Frequency Hopping

Multi-channel

Synchronize with RADAR master clock

http://media.defenseindustrydaily.com/images/ELEC_AN-APG-68v9_Radar_F-16_lg.jpg

Existing and Future test requirements for

for RADAR and EW applications

Signal Simulation Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz

Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming from Disk

Magnitude and Phase Corrections of AWG and VSG

Phase Coherent Multi-channel AWG

Frequency Agility, 1 -2 GHz Hop Bandwidth, < 1 usec

Switching

Low Spurious (especially low offset frequencies)

Low Phase Noise (especially low offset frequencies)

Multiple Sequencing Levels in AWG or BBG

Synchronous Sequencing on 2 channels when using

IQ Modulation

Signal Analysis Accurate Magnitude and Phase Measurement

Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz

RADAR Measurements (Algorithms)

Intra-pulse Magnitude and Phase

Inter-pulse Magnitude and Phase

Chirp Fidelity

Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable)

FFT of point in pulse

Phase Coherent Multi-Channel Analyzer

Sampler “locked” to RADAR master clock

Time gated memory (Segmented Memory)

Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming to Disk

Component Test Phase Coherent Multi-channel

RADAR Component Measurements


RF/uW/mmW In with Digital Out

Digital DUT control

Calibration of non-standard connectors

Non-Linear Characterization , Modeling and Simulation

Phase Noise Absolute

Additive

Pulsed

Low Offset Frequencies are very important

Customer supply their own Reference Devices

Measurement of Low Level Spurs

Very Small RBW

Measurement Speed

Phase Noise Performance may require Cross-Correlation

Technique

Generic Radar Block Diagram



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA


(AWG Substituted for DDS & Waveform Generator)



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA


(Traditional Pulsed RF or Waveform Exciter )



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

E8257D/67D - PSG N7620A


(Rx Signal Emulation)



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

E8257D/67D - PSG

N7620A

Market requirements for Signal Simulation


Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming from Disk

Magnitude and Phase Corrections of AWG and VSG

Phase Coherent Multi-channel AWG

Frequency Agility, 1 -2 GHz Hop Bandwidth, < 1 usec Switching

Low Spurious (especially low offset frequencies)

Low Phase Noise (especially low offset frequencies)

Multiple Sequencing Levels in AWG or BBG

Synchronous Sequencing on 2 channels when using IQ Modulation

Vector Signal Generator Block Diagram

Freq.

Control ALC

Driver

Pattern

RAM and

Symbol

Mapping

VCO

Synthesizer

Reference

Output I-Q Modulator

Baseband Generator

p/2

DAC

DAC

GPIB/LAN

ARB

Baseband generator

Real-time

GPIB/LAN

Vector Signal Generator Block Diagram

Wideband Signal Generation Setups

Differential I/Q signals

RF/IF out

RF/IF out

Marker output

Pulse mod. input

PCIe

PCIe

M8190A E8267D,

Opt. 016

M8190A

Modulation BW up to 2 GHz

RF up to 44 GHz

IF/RF up to 5 GHz

Modulation BW up to

2 * (5 GHz – IF)

IQ Modulation

Direct IF/RF

81180A M9330A

Page 64

How do I create the waveforms?

Agilent Signal Studio

• Format specific signal

• Industry validated waveforms

• Modify large number of parameters within standard

• Creates AWG and real-time based signals

Agilent ADS/SystemVue

• Create signal based on design models

MATLAB

• Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing

• Create signals for new or proprietary protocols

• Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)

• Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals

General Programming Languages (C++, VB, VEE)

Wideband System Configuration

89601B VSA Software

Signal simulation using SystemVue

Signal

Processor

hardware

Stimulus - PSG/MXG Response – M9392A DUT

Signal Sources

The M9330A QARB has 500MHz

BW on each channel so using IQ

modulation provides up to 1GHz of

modulation bandwidth. This will

provide a SFDR of -65dBc and a

phase noise of -115dBc/Hz at

10kHz offset

The E8267D option 016

provide super wide

differential IQ inputs so

we can up-convert the IQ

waveforms from the

QARB so that they will

play out of the PSG

modulated onto an RF

carrier


(E8257D Substituted for TX/RX STALO )



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

(2)- E8257D - PSG


(Substitute the COHO for DDS & IF Processor)



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

E8663D - PSG

Agilent Portfolio of Signal Generators

Basic

$

High

$$$

Mid-

$$

PSG E8663D ESG MXG N9310A

An

alo

g

1, 3, 6, 20, 32, 40 GHz 3 GHz 3, 6 GHz 3.2, 9 GHz 20, 31.8, 40, 50, 67 GHz

325 GHz

PSG ESG MXG N9310A

Vecto

r

3, 6 GHz 3 GHz

PXB Baseband &

Channel

Emulator

1, 2, 3, 4, 6 GHz 20, 31.8, 44 GHz

Signal Studio Software

Performance:

Price:

Capabil

ity:

Agilent PSG Signal Generator Platforms Key Attributes

E8663D PSG RF

Analog Signal Generator

Up to 3.2 or 9 GHz

Performance

- Highest power - Lowest phase noise - Lowest harmonics - Lowest sub-harmonics

- Analog & pulse modulators

- Scan mod

- Ramp sweep

- Scalable option structure

E8257D PSG MW

Analog Signal Generator

Up to 20, 32, 40, 50, 67GHz

Performance

- Highest power - Lowest phase noise - Lowest harmonics - Lowest sub-harmonics


- Scan mod

- Ramp sweep


E8267D PSG MW

Vector Signal Generator

Up to 20,31.8, or 44 GHz

Performance

- Integrated wideband vector signal generation up to 44 GHz

- WB I/Q mod


- Scan mod

- Ramp sweep


Option UNY Enhanced Ultra-low Phase Noise

• Improved pedestal phase noise ~ 10 dB better @ 10 - 100 kHz offset than UNX

• Improved 10 MHz reference oscillator ~ 5 dB better close-in phase noise than UNX

• PSG now offers 3 levels of phase noise performance:

• Standard

• UNX

• UNY

PSG-UNY Phase Noise Performance vs. Standard, UNX

1 10 100 1000 10K 100K 1M

10M 100M


(PXA – Exciter Evaluation, Rx RF/IF Substitution)



Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

New market requirements for Signal Analysis

Accurate Magnitude and Phase Measurement


RADAR Measurements (Algorithms)

Intra-pulse Magnitude and Phase

Inter-pulse Magnitude and Phase

Chirp Fidelity


FFT of point in pulse

Phase Coherent Multi-Channel Vector Signal Analyzer

IF Digitizer (Sampler) “locked” to RADAR master clock (Lock to customer’s Exciter)

Time gated memory (Segmented Memory)

Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming to Disk

Page 78

Positioning Agilent signal analysis solutions …

Bandwidth

Dyn

am

ic R

an

ge

PXA 160MHz

@72 dB

Wide Band VSA

(PXA + Infiniium)

900 MHz @ 40 dB

X93204A Infiniium scope

33 GHz @ 40 dB

MXA 40MHz

@74 dB

Wide Band VSA

(PXA + M9202A)

780 MHz @ 65 dB

$266k

$111 – 138k

$87 – 114k

$96 – 125k

http://cp.home.agilent.com/agilent7/s7viewers/flash/genericzoom.swf?logo2=false&serverUrl=/agilent7/is/image/&contentRoot=/agilent7/skins/&locale=en&config=Agilent/AGILENT-IMGSET&image=Agilent/PROD-1820590-IS

Definition: Vector signal analyzer (VSA)

Any software or instrument designed to test a

signal’s spectrum, modulation, and time

characteristics (Agilent 2009).

What is Vector Signal Analysis?

Vector Signal Analysis:

a time-domain approach

Page 80

LO

Display

Engine

Signal Analysis

Algorithms ADC Filtering

RF

input

Anti-alias

Block-mode

Demodulation

(with gaps)

Fast RAM Memory

GAP-FREE

Time Capture

Gap-free

demodulation

RF Down-

Converter

Analysis

& Display

Engine

What is Vector Signal Analysis? Signal Acquisition Hardware

Blocks of I-Q Samples

A-to-D

Converter

•

•

• •

•

• •

•

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

•

•

digitized waveform Front End

Windows O/S

constellation

eye diagram

waveform

Windows GUI

spectrum

User

Applications

COM layer

GUI, I/O, etc.

Display Engine

Signal Analysis

Algorithms

What is Vector Signal Analysis? Signal Processing Software

•

Page 83

Theory of Operation Swept Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram

Pre-Selector

Or Low Pass

Input Filter

Crystal

Reference

Oscillator

Log

Amp

RF input

attenuator

mixer

IF filter

(RBW) envelope

detector

video

filter local

oscillator

sweep

generator

IF gain

Input

signal

ADC, Display

& Video

Processing

Page 84

Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram

YIG

ADC

Analog IF

Filter Digital IF Filter

Digital Log Amp

Digital Detectors

FFT

Swept vs . FFT Attenuation

Pre-amp

Replaced

by

“All Digital IF” Advantages

RF Section ADC

IF/BB Section

on ASIC

Flexibility:

RBW filtering in 10% steps

Filters with better selectivity

Multiple operation modes (Swept, FFT, VSA)

Accuracy:

Log conversion practically ideal

No drift errors; increased repeatability

Speed:

When Swept mode is slow, go FFT

FFT

Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers

Multiple instruments in one box: Swept spectrum analyzer;

FFT analyzer;

RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer;

Noise Figure analyzer.

Fastest signal analysis measurements

Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities

Upgradeable HW

Most advanced user interface & world-class connectivity

Agilent Technologies’ Signal Analysis Portfolio

ESA World’s most popular

100 Hz to 26 GHz

8560EC Mid- performance

EXA X-Series

Economy-class

9 kHz to 26 GHz

Sep 07

PSA Market leading

performance

3 Hz to 50 GHz

CXA Low-cost

9 kHz to 7.5 GHz

Oct 09

CSA Low cost portable

100 Hz to 7 GHz

MXA X-Series

Mid-performance

20 Hz to 26.5 GHz

Sep 06

X-Series Code Compatibility

Backward CC with legacy

Inherent X-Series CC

Oct 09

PXA X-Series

High-performance

3 Hz to 26.5 GHz

3 Hz to 43/44/50 GHz Apr 11

Page 87

Technology Leadership with PXA Signal Analyzer

New front end converter

New pre-selector w/YIG tuned filter

New band select switch w/pre-amp

Unprecedented signal insight with the PXA signal

analyzer

• Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz

(DANL: –172 dBm at 2 GHz)

• 160 MHz of analysis bandwidth

• Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI)

(+21 dBm at 2 GHz)

• Superior close-in phase noise performance

(–130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz (@10 kHz offset)

• The industry’s most accurate analyzer

PXA Simplified Block Diagram (900 MHz IF Path)

89

3 Hz-26.5 GHz

Input

8.3-14 GHz

3.6-13.6 GHz Path

3.5-26.5 GHz high band

Front End Low noise path

μW preamp

YIG filter with

bypass relay

13.6 - 26.5 GHz Path

Aux IF out

Option CR3 Option MPB

Rear Panel

900 MHz IF BW centered at 600 MHz

High Band IF Output

Millimeter Frequencies, Wide Bandwidths

90

Preselector Bypass On/Off

600 MHz BW, 5

dB Flat

Offset to CF 600 MHz

900 MHz BW, 8 dB Flat

Setting up the PXA for use as a downconverter

Page 91

Input: From DUT or

source up to 50 GHz

Wideband IF Output

(900MHz BW):

To Infiniium Scope

Agilent recently announced up to 900 MHz bandwidth

for the PXA signal analyzer IF output

• The signal analyzer's IF output is

digitized by an Agilent Infiniium

oscilloscope running the Agilent

89600 VSA software

• The 89600 VSA software is then

used to analyze complex radar or

communications signals

Addresses increasing bandwidth

requirements of next generation radar,

electronic warfare, and communications

systems

How Will We Measure These Wideband Signals?

92

Analysis of a

900 MHz linear

FM chirp by

the 89600 VSA

software with

the PXA

wideband IF

output

The SAR

example

shown here is

with a carrier

frequency

at X-Band (10

GHz)

Spectrum Phase vs. time

Frequency vs. time

Power vs. time

What are the Characteristics We Care About?

93


10/18/2011 Page 94

Instrument Calibration and System Correction

Calibration

Amplitude Flatness Phase linearity

Minimum linear distortion

The goal is to measure the performances of

the DUT not the measuring system

Amplitude Corrections


10/18/2011 Page 95

Results


10/18/2011 Page 96

Pulse Analysis with

N9051A Pulse

Measurement Software


Fall 2011 Page 97

Pulse Measurement Software –

N9051A


Fall 2011 Page 98

Analyze the parameters of up to

1000 continuous pulses.

Pulse analysis measurements: o Period, width, PRI/PRF, droop,

overshoot, rise/fall time, average power, peak power, PDF, CDF, CCDF plus more

Zoom feature for closer analysis of signal

Up to 10 Markers for absolute and relative measurements

Flexible Triggering and Display capabilities

Supports X-Series analyzers, PSA spectrum analyzer and Infiniium oscilloscopes

www.agilent.com/find/N9051A

http://www.agilent.com/find/N9051A

Control HW, or demo from SDF recording

Simple HW set-up

Automatically finds up to 1000 pulses, & characterizes up to 13 parameters

Power vs time trace


Fall 2011 Page 99

Up to 10 markers, with delta pairs

PDF, CDF, and CCDF curves


Fall 2011 Page 100

N9051A-3FP Phase and Frequency

•Pulse to Pulse Phase change

relative to first pulse

•Mean Phase

•Phase Trend over the Pulse

•Bandwidth

•Start Frequency

•Stop Frequency

•Frequency Trend over Pulse

•Frequency Deviation from linear

fit to frequency over pulse


Fall 2011 Page 101

N9051A-4FP Extended Analysis Option

•Mean, max, min, std dev,

median, mode, RMS, trend,

second order fit of selected

parameter

•Filter data based on relation to

the mean

•Plot of individual data values

•Plot of histogram of data values

•Plot of residuals after removing

mean and trend


Fall 2011 Page 102

EXA N9010A 9KHz to 26GHz

Infiniium 90k Series

Infiniium 8000 Series 1 GHz Scope

Performance

Pri

ce

MXA N9020A 20Hz to 26GHz

PSA E444XA 3Hz to 50GHz

N9051A Pulse Measurement Software 1 License for your choice of instrument

N9051A Platforms

CXA N9010A 9kHz to 7.5GHz

PXA N9030A 3Hz to 50GHz


Fall 2011 Page 103

Nominal Performance Characteristics

Instrument Max Carrier

frequency

Max BW Max Sample

rate / sec

Min inst Rise

Time

Min

detectable

pulse width

Infiniium Series

Scope

13GHz 13GHz 40Gs/s 32ps 100ps

E444XA PSA 50GHz 8MHz 30Ms/s

120ns 500ns

E444XA PSA

opt 122/123

50GHz 80MHz 200Ms/s (eff) 10ns 50ns

N9030A PXA

opt B1X/MPB

50GHz 160MHz 400Ms/s

8ns 40ns

CXA/EXA/MXA

with Opt B25

26.5GHz 25MHz 90Ms/s

25ns 150ns

CXA/EXA/MXA 26.5GHz 10MHz 30Ms/s

100ns 400ns

Note: 40MHz BW on X-Series (Opt B40) is also supported


Fall 2011 Page 104

Synthetic approach and Modular wideband

generation and analysis solutions


Fall 2011 Page 105

Agilent Modular products provide the building blocks for

creating wideband pulse measurement solutions

Wideband Stimulus Response measurement on

radar modules

M9360A Attenuator/Preselector Module • Yig Tuned Filter Path BW 40MHz, 3-26.5GHz

• Through path 100 MHz-26.5GHz

• 70dB step attenuator

• Switches for signal routing to RF and µWave downconverters

M9302A LO Module • Supplies LO to downconverters

• Supplies 100MHz reference to digitizer for sampling clock

generation

M9361A Downconverter Module • Frequency Range = 2.75-26.5GHz

• IF center freq = 500MHz

• IF BW = 250MHz

• Aux input / switch for signal routing

M9351A Downconverter Module • Frequency Range = 100 MHz to 2.9 GHz

• IF center freq = 500MHz

• IF BW = 40MHz

M9202A Digitizer / Digital IF Module • 12 bit resolution

• 2GS/s max sample rate

• 1GHz max BW

• Hardware digital downconversion

• High speed data upload

Hardware Example – Agilent M9392A VSA

•Flexible -Being able to serve multiple needs and is easily reconfigurable

o Agilent VSA software can exist as a Digitizer only

•Scaleable -Being able to coordinate multiple instances of a measurement or sub-

system

o The Agilent M9210A Digitizers can be synchronized in to within

one sample by using the concept of an ASBus. The ASBus

connects the ADC sample clocks across multiple modules via a

simple front panel adaptor

•Upgradeable -Being able to easily improve functionality or performance by replacing

discrete modular components [includes customizable FPGA] o Improving system performance by replacing individual modules

Flexible, scalable and upgradeable solutions

oCurrent Solutions -uW VSA and other useful system modules

o M9392A

o M9392A + M9155C uW switch + M9362A-D01 + M9210A

o Modular Possibilities -We’ve got LegoTM Bricks

o System integrators can now make far more flexible, cost

effective systems at higher frequency.

o With enough of the right component modules we can

create solutions to suit any market

Current solutions and modular possibilities

M9392A uW VSA

M9155C

Switch

M9362A-D01

Downconverter

M9210A Digitizing Scope

M9392A / M9362A-D01 Combined Hardware

M9392A Streaming High Level Description

• M9392A Continuous, Gapless Data Streaming Enhancement

• Single channel, up to 100 MHz RF BW with a 12 bit IF Digitizer (M9202A)

• Reference COTS RAID solutions from JMR: PCIe x8 connection available today that allows guaranteed

sustained data rates for today and future solutions

• Local capture to controller memory/disk for short duration capture (tens of seconds)

• Compatible with 89600B VSA software for off-line analysis

• Captured digitizer data format is open for customer analysis tools

New

New

New

New

Streaming Data Viewer

(included with M9392A purchase)

100MHz Max RFBW

M9392A: 50MHz to 26.5GHz Signal Analyzer M9021A and Y1202A PCIe

x8 Gen 2 interface for high

speed data transfer

JMR storage solution

M9018A PXIe chassis

M9392A Soft Front

Panel

(included with

M9392A purchase)

Integer I/Q

data

89600B VSA Software

M9047A x8

desktop adapter

Page 114

New

M9036A

Embedded

Controller

OR

Dell T3500 External

Controller

http://www.dell.com/content/products/superview.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=bsd&xdb=Z2xvYmFsOnByb2R1Y3RzOnByZWNuOmZsYXNoOndvcmtzdGF0aW9uLXByZWNpc2lvbi10MzUwMCNyZWdpb24=&modaltype=box&position=center&ovrcolor=gray

M9392A Two Data Capture Models

M9392A: 50MHz to 26.5GHz Signal Analyzer

JMR storage solution

10/18/2011

Stream to Controller - RAID disk not required

- DMA from Digitizer to Controller

RAM

- Max RF BW: 100MHz

- Use the RAM to capture the

complete signal

- Write the captured data to the

local disk drive

- Useful for short duration data

capture – 10 to 20 seconds

depending on the capture rate and

controller RAM size.

Stream to RAID - RAID disk required

- DMA from Digitizer to Controller

RAM

- Max RF BW: 100MHz

- Use the RAM as a cache to adjust

for disk latencies.

- During capture, write to the RAID.

- Useful for medium to long duration

data capture – minutes to hours

depending on capture rate and

storage size.

Company Confidential

Page 115

See backup for more info

http://www.dell.com/content/products/superview.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=bsd&xdb=Z2xvYmFsOnByb2R1Y3RzOnByZWNuOmZsYXNoOndvcmtzdGF0aW9uLXByZWNpc2lvbi10MzUwMCNyZWdpb24=&modaltype=box&position=center&ovrcolor=gray

Dual 800MHz channels measured with

LabVIEW application

Full 800Mhz Chirp measured with the Agilent 89601B Application

Measurement Applications

Agilent Embedded Solutions

Agilent Embedded

Solutions

• The need: Unique high-speed data converter components designed into OEM customer products

• The answer: Low-risk, fast-to-market and cost effective solutions

Solutions

• Data converters (ADC/DAC) • Modular building blocks

• Configured systems

• Onboard real-time processing, memory storage and data streaming

• Industry-standard interface PCI, PCIe, cPCI, PXI, VME/VXS…

• Software and firmware toolkits

• OS support: VX Works, Linux, Windows, etc…

Embedded OEM Components

Design-In Solutions Based on Needs

Embedded OEM Components Making Technologies Available to a Wide Number of

Applications

• ADC/DAC chipsets: Designed to optimize high-speed performance

• Analog front-end technology: Provides signal conditioning, amplification and interleaving functions essential to high-speed acquisition at GSa/s rates

• Digital data-handling components: Provide vital clock and sync signals; capture and memorize data with or without on-board processing; ensure maximum data throughput

Together, these ASICS provide three key advantages: • Provide easy access to low-power, high-fidelity data acquisition

• Ensure maximum data throughput to host processor

• Reduce measurement time and cost

Embedded Digitizers

Agilent High Speed Data Converters

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Resolution (bits)

1

10

100

1000

10000

SR (MS/s)

100000

Many Vendors

Digitizers

Scopes

.1

Data

Storage

Signal

Generator

Data

Processing

Digitizer

High-Speed Data Converters

New Data Converters in FY’10

PXI-H M9330A AWG

2ch, 15-bit, 1.25GS/s

PXI-H M9331A AWG

2ch, 10-bit, 1.25GS/s

PXI-H M9211A IF Digitizer

1ch, 3GHz, 10-bit, 4GS/s

PXI-H M9210A Digitizing Scope

2ch, 1.4GHz, 10-bit, 2-4GS/s

PXIe M9202A IF Digitizer

1ch, 12-bit, 2GS/s

Real Time Digital Down-Conversion for long duration recording

Digitizer Technology

High-Speed Digitizers Categories

Digitizers IF Digitizers Digitizing Scopes

PXIe architecture

The PXIe platform is supporting one mezzanine:

• On-board FPGA Virtex-6 FF1156

• 1 or 2 bank(s) of 512MBytes DDR3 SDRAM

• PCIe x4 (Gen1 first) Control bus

• Available with FDK

• Do not have optical links nor any inter FPGA serial

links

Mezzanine Form Factor

The Mezzanine Form Factor concept provides: • Front End and Data Conversion Electronics

• Multi-Platform (AXIe / PXIe/ PCIe etc…)

• Global Shielding for better Analog specifications

• Up to 125 Gb/s of data throughput to leverage

future ADC/DAC implementation.

• Up to 9 different power supply rails.

• Up to 2 different sampling clocks (multiple channel)

that could be directly connected on the mezzanine.

• Up to 4 channels (SMA Connector) per mezzanine

PXI-H M9211A High-Speed UWB IF Digitizer 1 Channel, 10-bit, 3GHz, 4GS/s

• 1Channel

• 3 GHz Bandwidth

• 10-bit resolution

• Up to 4 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate

• 1 slot 3U

• 50Ω input

• DC coupling

• Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel

• Multiple modules synchronization through front-

panel connector

• 100 MS/s data throughput

• Fully PXI-H compliant

• Soft Front Panel GUI

PXI-H M9210A High-Speed Digitizing Scope 2 Channels, 10-bit, 1.4GHz, 2-4GS/s

• 2 channels



• Selectable 50Ω/1MΩ input, selectable AC/DC

coupling

• 1 slot 3U

• 1.4 GHz in 50Ω and 300 MHz in 1MΩ

instantaneous analogue bandwidth

• Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel

• Multiple modules synchronization through front-

panel connector

• 100 MS/s data throughput


PXIe M9202A High-Speed IF Digitizer 1 Channel, 12-bit, 1 GHz, 2 GS/s Digitizer

• 1 Channel



• 50Ω input

• 1 slot 3U

• 1 GHz in 50Ω

• AC coupling

• Acquisition memory up to

256MSamples/channel

• Digital Down-Conversion Core

• >300 MS/s data throughput

• Fully PXIe x4 Compliant


Key AXIe, VXI and PXIe Comparison Feature AXIe VXI PXIe

Chassis base AdvancedTCA VME cPCI/cPCIe

PCIe maximum data bandwidth (Maximum Gen 2.0):

Single peripheral slot to backplane

All peripheral slots to system

slot/embedded controller

2 GB/s

26 GB/s

40-320 MB/s

40-320 MB/s

4 GB/s

8 GB/s

PCIe fabric Yes No Yes

LAN backplane Yes No No

Local bus 18 pairs req

62 pairs opt

12 separate lines 1 line (13 PXI)

Triggers Bidirectional Star

Trigger

13 signal MLVDS

bus

8 Signal TTL bus

2 ECL

Star Trigger(1xTTL, 3x Diff

per slot)

8 Signal TTL bus

Frequency Reference & Sync 100MHz, yes 10MHz, yes 10MHz, 100MHz, yes

Power per slot 200 W 75-100 W 30 W

Board space per slot (higher density, flexibility) 900 cm2 C size 782 cm2 160 cm2

Agilent AXIe Chassis Family

Flexibility and Scalability for Customer Applications

• Chassis Configurations • 2 instrument slots (2U), 5 instrument slots (4U), 13 instrument slots (13U)

• System module communication (LAN, PCIe, USB)

• Gigabit LAN or PCIe x4 cabled IO and backplane fabric

• LAN connection to each AXIe module

• 1x4 2GB/s per slot backplane communication

• Flexible module triggering

• Standard interchassis synchronization

2 Slot Configuration 5 Slot Configuration 14 Slot Configuration

Oscilloscopes as ultra-wideband receiver


Fall 2011 Page 132


(Substitute Logic Analyzer for the Radar Digital Signal Processor )


April 23, 2009 Page 133

Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

External HW Can Add:

• LO Phase Noise & Mixer Impairments

• ISI from RF/IF Filters

• Amplifier Gain/Phase Distortions

Measure the True Performance of Your Transmitter

Directly with the 90000X 32 GHz Oscilloscope

90000 X-Series

32 GHz Oscilloscope

134

The highest measurement accuracy

So you don’t waste your jitter budget

• 32 GHz true analog bandwidth

• Industry’s lowest oscilloscope noise floor

• Lowest real-time oscilloscope measurement jitter floor

A complete 30 GHz probing system

So you get full bandwidth to the probe tip

• Fully customized probe amplifier s-parameter correction

• Upgradeable Probing System

The industry’s most accurate “RF scope”

So you can take advantage of Agilent’s RF expertise

• Analysis through the Ka band without the need for down conversion

• Full VSA performance

• Analysis built for wireless LAN, radar, satellite, and ultra wideband applications

Agilent Infiniium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers

Engineered for 32 GHz True Analog Bandwidth That Delivers

Market delivers high performance bandwidth 3 ways today

The industry’s highest measurement accuracy

Bandwidth

Maximum

Preamplifier

Bandwidth

Oscilloscope

Bandwidth Spec

DSP Boosting 16 GHz 20 GHz

Frequency Interleave 16 GHz 30 GHz

True Analog Bandwidth 32 GHz 32 GHz

The highest measurement accuracy : industry’s lowest noise floor

Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers

Frequency

Interleaving

DSP

Boosting

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Ft (GHz)

BV

ce

o(V

olt

s)

25

20

15

10

5

0

UM

NGST

Agilent

Agilent & SFU

Research

InP

DHBT

InP SHBT

& GaAs

HRL

TRW

NTT

Si &

SiGe

HB2A

IBM HP8HitachiIBM •

IBM HP7

GCS

Agilent’s Proprietary

InP HBT Process

Enabled by Unique

HFTC GaAsSb Epi

HB2BAgilent

St-9MW

Jazz

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Ft (GHz)

BV

ce

o(V

olt

s)

25

20

15

10

5

0

UM

NGST

Agilent

Agilent & SFU

Research

InP

DHBT

InP SHBT

& GaAs

HRL

TRW

NTT

Si &

SiGe

HB2A

IBM HP8HitachiIBM •

IBM HP7

GCS

Agilent’s Proprietary

InP HBT Process

Enabled by Unique

HFTC GaAsSb Epi

HB2BAgilent

St-9MW

Jazz

Innovative Chipset Designed in Agilent’s Proprietary High-

speed High-Voltage InP HBT Process

Low noise and high measurement accuracy

2X usable voltage

Superior pulse distortion control, enhanced fidelity

Significant margin in speed and linearity

Lower noise operation in high frequency architectures

High Ft, BS vias, high resistivity substrates enable flatter response to higher frequencies

Clear path to 300+ GHz

Agilent

Next Gen

True Analog Bandwidth that Delivers …

The Highest Measurement Accuracy

The Evolution of the Infiniium Front End

Quasi-coax to ensure

signal shielding

Industry’s fastest

preamplifier (32 GHz)

Industry’s fastest edge

trigger chip (>20 GHz)

New 32 GHz sampler with

sample and filter

technology

New Agilent

proprietary

packaging to

ensure high

bandwidth

and low

noise

139

Technology investments deliver the highest measurement accuracy.

Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers

20 GSa/s ADC

Memory Controller

Multi-Chip Module What it takes to deliver:

An excellent IC process with high

bandwidth capacity and low parasitic

capacitance for low noise, customized

for test for measurement

IC package technology for isolation

and reliability

Pure signal path with other high

performance components Memory


Page 141

Agilent Infiniium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers


So you don’t waste your jitter budget

• 32 GHz true analog bandwidth

• Industry’s lowest oscilloscope noise floor

• Lowest real-time oscilloscope measurement jitter floor

A complete 30 GHz probing system

So you get full bandwidth to the probe tip

• Fully customized probe amplifier s-parameter correction

• Upgradeable Probing System

The industry’s most accurate “RF scope”

So you can take advantage of Agilent’s RF expertise

• Analysis through the Ka band without the need for down conversion

• Full VSA performance

• Analysis built for wireless LAN, radar, satellite, and ultra wideband applications

Example of Radar Pulse Measurements: Test Setup Diagram

142

Differential I/Q Signals

and External Re-

construction Filters

Modulated

RF/ uWave out

Marker Out Pulse mod. input

I/Q data via

LAN,

USB or

GPIB

Modulation BW

up to 2 GHz

RF up to 44

GHz

81180A

Up to 4.2 Gsa/s

Sample Rate, 2 GHz

I/Q Modulation

Bandwith, 64 Msa

Sample Memory

E8267D,

Opt. 016,

H18

90000X-Series Oscilloscope

Up to 32 GHz of Bandwidth

and 2GSa of Memory

Using Segmented Memory to Optimize the Number

of Radar Pulses Captured with 4 Gsa** Memory

Capture Only the ―ON‖ Part of the Radar Pulse

X

Ignore the ―OFF‖ Part of the Radar Pulse

** 90000X Memory is up to 4 GSa in ½ Channel Mode (Only with Segmented Memory)

Resulting Segmented Memory to Optimize the Number of Radar Pulses Captured

Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8

Copyright © 2010 Agilent Technologies

Segmented Memory- Set Time Scale to Display the

“ON” Part of the Radar Pulse

Adjust Time Scale to Only Display

the ―ON‖ Part of the Radar Pulse


Segmented Memory- Set the Number of Segments

to Capture


Segmented Memory- Measure the Radar Pulse

Parameters for Each Radar Pulse (Segment)

Scroll Through

Each Segment

to Measure:

• Pulse Width

• Rise Time

• Fall Time


Using the 89600A VSA with the 90000X

Oscilloscope for Radar Measurements

Scalar Measurements:

• Pulse power

• Flatness

• Pulse overshoot

• Pulse width (PW)

• Pulse repetition time (PRT/PRI)

• Rise time

• Missing pulses

• Pulse-to-pulse amplitude stability

• Multiple channel power (up to 4)

Vector Measurements:

• FM modulation (FM-Chirp)

• Phase modulation (Barker Codes)

• I-Q modulation

• Frequency pulling

• Frequency hopping

• Pulse-to-pulse phase stability

• Channel-to-channel phase (up to 4)

• AM to PM distortion

• Cross channel gain and phase


90000X Wideband LFM Chirp Measurement with

89600 VSA


90000X Wideband LFM Chirp Measurement with

89600 VSA

Chirped Phase

Chirped

Frequency

2 GHz

Log Magnitude

Envelope Amplitude

vs. Time

LFM Chirped

Spectrum Centered

at 10 GHz

6 us

2 GHz


Generic Radar Block Diagram (Phase Noise Test Systems – Spurs, Pulsed AM/PM, AM Noise, Residual

Noise, Absolute Phase Noise)


April 23, 2009 Page 150

Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA



Markets requirements for Phase Noise

Measurement

Absolute

Additive

Pulsed

Low Offset Frequencies are very important

Customer supply their own Reference Devices

Measurement of Low Level Spurs

Very Small RBW

Measurement Speed

Phase Noise Performance may require Cross-Correlation Technique


(Component, Sub-systems, T/R Module Antenna Test)


April 23, 2009 Page 152

Rx

Protection

STALO

Waveform

Generator

IF

Processor

Detector

Radar

Digital

ProcessorCOHO

PA

LNA

More on phase noise and network analysis in

“Microwave Components Characterization”

section


Fall 2011 Page 153

BACKUP


Fall 2011 Page 154


Fall 2011 Page 155

Handheld Spectrum Analyzers

for Aerospace and Defense

Aerospace Defense HSA Markets

Organizational Maintenance

• Flight Line Test

• Ship Board Maintenance and repair (Radar and Sat)

• Field Radar Maintenance (Army, Navy, Airforces)

• Field uW and Satellite Maintenance

Test Ranges

FAA Radar, uW Links, Satellite

Terrestrial point-to-point uW Links (I&M)

IED Defeat

Frequency Management

Surveillance

TEMPEST

Satellite earth station I&M (VSAT)

Police Doppler Radar

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (medical)

Fluid Level Sensors (radar)

Automatic Door / Motion Sensors (radar) R&D, Manufacturing


Fall 2011 Page 156

Aerospace Defense HSA main advantages


Fall 2011 Page 157

Bench specification and performances

Weight

Weather resistance

Security

Battery life

GPS

Task planner

Direct sunlight screen visibility


Fall 2011 Page 158

Field Ready

Complies with MIL-PRF 28800F Class 2

3~4 hours operation time

Rugged and fanless design for tough field environment

Industry first! Clear viewing both day and night with automatic LCD brightness control and keypad backlight

Flexible remote control via USB/LAN connection

―This display is great. It’s even

easy to read in bright light‖

-customer comment

―Fans can let in all kinds of

contamination‖ -customer comment

Industries longest!!!


Fall 2011 Page 159

Leveraging Agilent Cutting-Edge Technology

Algorithms / Components

/ sub-systems

Handheld Portability

Ease of use

General purpose

Bench Performance

Broad applications

Agilent Labs Breakthrough Technology

“It’s like having an ESA

Spectrum Analyzer in a

handheld.‖

-Customer Comment


Fall 2011 Page 160

The ONLY Handheld with Built-In GPS Receiver & Antenna

(Option GPS)

The only handheld SA with built-in GPS receiver and antenna to provide precise location information

Longitude and latitude information viewable from the window bar on the top, and can be attached to trace files (both .trc and .csv file formats)

In addition, external GPS antenna connector available on the top panel

“This is just what we need for our

frequency management site surveys‖ -customer comment

Other Features

11-language support!

Channel table

Multi-trace

• 4 traces with different detectors

Detector

• Positive peak, Negative peak, Normal, Sample, RMS

Marker functions

• 6 markers

• Frequency counter

• Noise marker

• Band power

• AM/FM tuner

Support Agilent active RF probe with built-in probe power connector

PC remote control via LAN or USB

• Free Agilent HSA PC software


Fall 2011 Page 161

“Remote control makes this a perfect fit for

our frequency monitoring application”

-customer comment


Fall 2011 Page 162

Automated Field Measurements

Industry’s first - Task Planner

enables automation of routine tasks

for speed and accuracy in the field

Rich and powerful measurement

features: power suite, built-in

tracking generator, field strength,

and more...

Spectrum monitoring and

interference testing

2 markers with freq, amplitude

& time


Fall 2011 Page 163

The ONLY Handheld to Protect your Data with Secure Erase

(Option SEC)

Key requirement of A/D customers

Erases the entire user memory chip to protect secure data

NISPOM Compliant

Low-level formatting and is unrecoverable

“Security is a top priority. The other

Handheld SA’s don’t have this? Interesting!” -customer comment


Fall 2011 Page 164

Spectrum Monitor (Option SIM)

Monitor the spectrum with spectrogram

• Spectrogram displays 3-dimensions of the spectrum: frequency, amplitude, and time

• Three display modes: spectrogram only, spectrum trace only, and dual-view

Spectrogram record and playback

• Records spectrogram data to both internal memory and external USB memory stick and playback on instrument

• Record time depends on sweep interval

• After buffer fills, the oldest date is overwritten

See more details

• Two markers available to display frequency, amplitude and time information

• Provides limit lines with pass/fail functionality

• Audio alert to indicate signal strength in a specified frequency range

• GPS information can be tagged to spectrogram data

Spectrogram record (7 GHz full span)

Update interval Recording time by one .trc file

(1500 frames Max, 4 MB)

1 second Approximately 38 minutes

10 seconds Approximately 4.5 hours

30 seconds Approximately 12.8 hours

300 seconds (5

minutes)

Approximately 5 days

“Wow! When can I get a demo unit.

I need this now” -customer comment


Fall 2011 Page 165

Shielded for a Low EMI Signature

“Your EMI

performance is why

you are here in our

facility and not your

competition” -customer comment


Fall 2011 Page 166

High Accuracy Power Measurement with Agilent U2000

Series USB Power Sensor (Option PWM)

Support s Agilent U2000 Series power sensors

Frequency range: 9 kHz to 24 GHz (sensor dependent)

Dynamic range: -60 dBm to +20 dBm

The user can set up, calibrate and control the power sensor via the N9343C/N9344C HSA

2 display modes: Meter or Chart.

Limit function

“It will be nice not having to lug

a power meter up a pole” -customer comment


Fall 2011 Page 167

Make 2-Port Transmission Measurement with Built-in

Tracking Generator (Option TG7)

Measure 2-port transmission of filter and amplifiers, e.g. insertion loss, amplifier gain and filter passband

Frequency range: 5 MHz – 7 GHz (tunable to 100 kHz)

The tracking generator output level is adjustable (–20 dBm to 0 dBm)

“This is all I need for

the field. Dragging out a

bench top Network

Analyzer is difficult” -customer comment

“The more you can put in the box, the

less instrumentation we have to carry,

the better.” -customer comment

Innovative ergonomic backpack system

Three carrying methods for your choice

True hands-free operation

Plenty of room for accessories


Fall 2011 Page 168

Optional Ergonomic Backpack (Option SCC)

“Having our hands free will

really increase our safety.” -customer comment

Documents

Electronic Warfare and Radar Applications€¦ · Introduction to Electronic Warfare ... Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation • Defining your own library of emitters • Radar