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CSICS 2016 Austin, TX
Ultra-low Power Components
for a 94 GHz Transceiver
Seong-Kyun Kim1, Robert Maurer1, Arda Simsek1, Miguel Urteaga2, and Mark. J.W. Rodwell1
1University of California at Santa Barbara, CA2Teledyne Scientific and Imaging, CA
Low Power ICs for mm-wave Imaging
2
[1] H. B. Wallace, IEEE PAST 2013 (DARPA)[2] F. Golcuk, et al., IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. (UCSD)[3] A. Natarajan, et al., IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. (IBM)
High-resolution 94 GHz imaging radar - DARPA MFRF [1]
Large DC power consumption Very low DC power array elements are
required
Existing SiGe ICs- 137 mW Tx,137 mW Rx [2]
- 116 mW Tx,160 mW Rx [3]
Ultra-low-power 94 GHz ICs:- Advanced InP HBT technology, low-power mm-wave design
DC Power:0.15 W/element Array: 1.5 kW
100 x 100 resolution 104 elements
DARPA MFRF 94 GHz Array
3
This work (InP HBT process)
DARPA dual-polarization array architecture- Transmit either V or H polarization- Receive both V and H polarization- Save power: turn off the transmitter when receiving, vice-versa
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3
THz HBTs (Teledyne) for Low Power
4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1010
1011
1012
Ga
ins
(d
B)
Frequency (Hz)
MAG/MSG;
common emitter MAG/MSG;
common base
Mason's unilateral gain Ic=1 mA
Vce
=1.0 V
94 GHz
10.4dB
16.8 dB
1.1 THz fmax InP HBTs high gain per stage with low powerLow-power (1 V, 1 mA) bias, 0.13 x 3 μm2 HBT- 16.8 dB common base @ 1 mW DC 16.8 dB/mW- 10.4 dB common emitter @ 1 mW DC 10.4 dB/mW
Current Mirror Based Design
5
In the individual block:Current mirror used for biasing, switching on/off, controlling gain
In the transceiver:A mirror reference shared between several blocks: save powerThe mirror reference is the on/off switch for Tx/Rx modes and V/H polarizations
Mirror-based designs: low voltage, low current → low power
RFin
Block3
Block2
RFout
Block1
on/off
RFin
RFout1 RFout2
on/off, ICtrlb off/on, ICtrl
Input
Output
ICtrlb ICtrl
biasing Controlling gain & switching
Antenna Switch
6
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3
Size: 420 um x 860 um
Antenna Switch
7
RxTx
Antenna
Cbypass
CDC
VCC
~ λ/4 LloadRx on/off
Rleak1Rleak2
Tx on/off
Switches between TRx2 dB insertion loss, 19 dB isolation, 4.8 mW DC power (3.2 mA @ 1.5 V)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20 40 60 80 100 120
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
dB
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
SPDT, 1.5 V
10
15
20
25
30
20 40 60 80 100 120
MeasuredSimulated
Iso
lati
on
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx to Rx, 1.5 V
Size: 420 um x 860 um
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
8
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3Size: 660 um x 510 um
In
Out
Rxon/off
VCC
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
9
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
LNA, 1.5 V
Two-stage CE amplifier biased by a current mirror15.1 dB gain, NF < 6 dB, 3.5 mW DC power (2.3 mA @ 1.5 V)
Size: 660 um x 510 um
In
Out
Rxon/off
VCC
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8
10
12
14
16
18
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
NF, MeasNF, Sim
S(2,1), PNAS(2,1), NFA
No
ise
Fig
ure
(d
B)
S(2
,1), (d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
LNA, 1.5 V
Input
Output
3/0.13
3/0.131 mA 1 mA
VCCRx on/off
~ 1 mA
Antenna SW bias
Rx VGA 1st bias
3/0.13
Rx bias network
Phase Shifter
10
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3Size: 760 um x 640 um
In Out
IbCtrl
VCCICtrl QCtrl QbCtrl
Phase Shifter
11
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1.5 V
Active phase shifter controlled by current mirrors Current DACs3-7 dB loss, 360°phase shift, 6.5 mW DC power (4.3 mA @ 1.5 V)
Size: 760 um x 640 um
In Out
IbCtrl
VCCICtrl QCtrl QbCtrl
-0.6 -0.2 0.2 0.6-1.0 1.0
Freq (94.00GHz)
S (
2,1
)
balun
λ/4
de
lay
Input Output
Ib
I
I
Qb
Q Q
2WW 4W
Q
ExternalCurrent DAC
6/0.13
2/0.13
ICtrl1
ICtrl2
VCC
I
Block diagram
Input Output
I
Q
Σ
Σ
Sub-quarter wavelength balun[1]
[1] H. Park, et al., IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits(UCSB)
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA)
12
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3
Size: 700 um x 1080 um
Rx In
Tx Out
VCCRx on/off
ICtrl IbCtrl
Rx Out/Tx In
VCCTx
on/off ICtrl IbCtrl
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA)
Slide 13
Rx output/Tx input
Rx
Tx
50 Ω @
Rx o
ff
VGA 2nd stage
Tx VGA
OutputT/Rx Switch
Rx VGA
Tx on/off
ICtrlICtrlb
50 Ω @ Tx off
Input
VGA 1st stage
Input3/0.13
1 mA
on/off
6/0.13
Output
ICtrlICtrlbVCC
Gain is controlled by current mirrorsTx or Rx modes are selected by tuning the appropriate stages on and off.The RF port impedance remains 50 Ω
Size: 700 um x 1080 um
Rx In
Tx Out
VCCRx on/off
ICtrl IbCtrl
Rx Out/Tx In
VCCTx
on/off ICtrl IbCtrl
VGA Measurements
*at the maximum gain settings.
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1.5 V
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1.5 V
7 mW DC power (4.7 mA @ 1.5 V)12.5 dB gain
7 mW DC power (4.7 mA @ 1.5 V)10.9 dB gain
14
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RxTx
Gain
(d
B)
Control Current (mA)
VGA, 1.5 V
-25
-20
-15
-10
65
70
75
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RxTxR
x P
hase (
Deg
ree) T
x P
ha
se (D
eg
ree)
Control Current (mA)
VGA, 1.5 V
Power Amplifier (PA)
15
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3Size: 910 um x 680 um
In
Out
VCC Von
VCC
Hon
Power Amplifier (PA)
16
6/0.13
VOnHOnHOutput
Input
12/0.13
VOutput
3/0.133/0.13
VCC
CB preamplifier with V and H polarization outputs switched by current mirrors17 dB gain, Psat 7 dBm, PAE: 17 %, 22.5 mW DC power (15 mA @ 1.5 V)
0
5
10
15
20
25
-10 -5 0 5 10
Gain, MeasPAE, MeasGain, SimPAE, SimG
ain
(d
B),
PA
E (
%)
Output Power (dB)
PA, 1.5 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
PA, 1.5 V
Size: 910 um x 680 um
In
Out
VCC Von
VCC
Hon
Transceiver
17
Size: 1770 um x 1550 um
670 um
Transmit either V or H polarizationReceive both V and H polarizationA current mirror bias is shared between several blocksMirrors are the on/off switch for Tx/Rx modes and V/H polarizations
Phase Shifter
VGA2
PA_V
PA_H
LNA Phase Shifter
VGA1
V_Antenna
H_Antenna
Rx_V Output
/ Tx Inpout
Rx_H Output
V/H Switch
AntennaSwitch
OutputT/Rx
Switch
VGA3
Transceiver Measurements
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1.5 V
39 mW DC power (26 mA @ 1.5 V)Gain: 21 dB (V), 22 dB (H)NF < 9.3 dB
Receiver (V & H)
18
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1.5 V
5
10
15
20
25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1.5 V
Output P1dB = 0.8 dBm
40 mW DC power(26.5 mA @ 1.5 V )Gain: 22.2 dBPsat: 5 dBm
Transmitter (V or H)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96
NF, MeasNF, Sim
S(2,1), PNAS(2,1), NFA
No
ise
Fig
ure
(d
B)
S(2
,1), (d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
1.5 V
Comparison
Single-channel [1] SiGe [2] SiGeThis Work, InP
(1.5 V)This Work, InP
(1 V)
Frequency (GHz) 90-102 88-96 92-98
Architecture TRx TRx TRx
Rx Gain (dB) 22-25 30 21 22
Rx NF (dB) 9 (excl. T/R switch) 8.5 < 9.3 < 8.9
Tx Gain (dB) 13 > 25 22 22
Tx Psat (dBm) -5 >2 5 1.4
Tx DC Power137 mW
(1 Tx)116 mW
(1 Tx)40 mW(1 Tx)
29 mW(1 Tx)
Rx DC Power137 mW
(2 Rx)160 mW
(2 Rx)39 mW(2 Rx)
26 mW(2 Rx)
Area1.9 mm2
2 Tx, 2 Rx1.9 mm2
2 Tx, 2 Rx2.7 mm2
2 Tx, 2 Rx (incl. pads)
Technologyfτ, fmax (GHz)
SiGe BiCMOS200/270
SiGe BiCMOS200/270
InP HBT520/1100
[1] F. Golcuk, et al., IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. (UCSD)[2] A. Natarajan, et al., IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. (IBM)
19
*ICs are biased with 1.5 V or 1.0 V supply, and with a 1.5 V mirror reference supply
Ultra-Low Power Array Components
Ultra low power components and a transceiver for a 94 GHz dual-polarization phased-array
NF < 9.3 dB, Psat > 1.4 dBm with low DC power 1.5 V bias: 40 mW receiver (V & H), 39 mW transmitter (V or H), 1.0 V bias: 29 mW receiver (V & H), 26 mW transmitter (V or H)
Low power by:1.1 THz InP HBTs Current-mirror-based mm-wave IC design
We thank Teledyne Scientific & Imaging for IC fabrication.
20
Thank you
Antenna Switch Measurements
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20 40 60 80 100 120
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
dB
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
SPDT, 1.5 V
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
SPDT, 1 V
Power consumption: 3.2 mA @ 1.5 VInsertion loss: 2 dBIsolation: 19 dB @ 94 GHz
Power consumption: 2.8 mA @ 1 VInsertion loss: 1.8 dBIsolation: 18.5 dB @ 94 GHz
10
15
20
25
30
20 40 60 80 100 120
MeasuredSimulated
Iso
lati
on
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx to Rx, 1.5 V
10
15
20
25
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
MeasuredSimulated
Iso
lati
on
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx to Rx, 1 V
22
LNA Measurements
Power consumption: 2.3 mA @ 1.5 VGain: 15.1 dB @ 94 GHzPeak gain: 15.2 @ 95 GHz
Power consumption: 2.0 mA @ 1 VGain: 16.3 dB @ 94 GHz (peak gain)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
LNA, 1.5 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
LNA, 1 V
10
11
12
13
14
15
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
LNA, 1.5 V
Input P1dB = -22 dBm
8
10
12
14
16
18
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
LNA, 1 V Input P1dB = -24.5 dBm
23
Phase Shifter Measurements
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1.5 V
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1 V
*ICtrl = 0 mA, QCtrl = 0 mA
Power consumption: 4.3 mA @ 1.5 V Power consumption: 4.2 mA @ 1 V
24
Phase Shifter Measurements
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
90 92 94 96 98 100
Ph
ase (
Deg
ree)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1.5 V
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
90 92 94 96 98 100
Ph
ase (
Deg
ree)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1 V
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
90 92 94 96 98 100
Gain
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1 V
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
90 92 94 96 98 100
Gain
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
PS, 1.5 V
25
VGA Measurements
*at the maximum gain settings.
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1.5 V
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1.5 V
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Rx, 1.5 V Input P1dB = -11 dBm
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1.5 V Input P1dB = -9.5 dBm
Power consumption: 4.7 mA @ 1.5 VGain: 12.5 dB @ 94 GHzPeak gain: 14.6 @ 98 GHz
Gain: 10.9 dB @ 94 GHz Peak gain: 12.1 dB @ 96 GHz
26
VGA Measurements
Over 7 dB gain adjustment (control current: 0.3-0.8 mA) with an associated 2 degrees the phase shift
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RxTx
Gain
(d
B)
Control Current (mA)
VGA, 1.5 V
-25
-20
-15
-10
65
70
75
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RxTxR
x P
hase (
Deg
ree) T
x P
ha
se (D
eg
ree)
Control Current (mA)
VGA, 1.5 V
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
85 90 95 100 105
Gain
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1.5 V
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
85 90 95 100 105
Gain
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1.5 V
27
VGA Measurements
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Rx, 1 V Input P1dB = -15.5 dBm
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1 V
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1 V
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1 V Input P1dB = -15 dBm
Power consumption: 4.6 mA @ 1.5 VGain: 13.4 dB @ 94 GHzPeak gain: 14.9 @ 97 GHz
Gain: 11.4 dB @ 94 GHz Peak gain: 11.8 dB @ 95 GHz
*at the maximum gain settings.
28
VGA Measurements
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
85 90 95 100 105
Gain
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1 V
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
85 90 95 100 105
Gain
(d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1 V
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RxTx
Gain
(d
B)
Control Current (mA)
VGA, 1 V
-25
-20
-15
-10
65
70
75
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RxTxR
x P
hase (
Deg
ree) T
x P
ha
se (D
eg
ree)
Control Current (mA)
VGA, 1 V
Over 7 dB gain adjustment (control current: 0.3-0.8 mA) with an associated 2 degrees the phase shift
29
PA Measurements
0
5
10
15
20
25
-10 -5 0 5 10
Gain, MeasPAE, MeasGain, SimPAE, SimG
ain
(d
B),
PA
E (
%)
Output Power (dB)
PA, 1.5 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
PA, 1.5 V
0
5
10
15
20
25
-10 -5 0 5 10
Gain, MeasPAE, MeasGain, SimPAE, SimG
ain
(d
B),
PA
E (
%)
Output Power (dBm)
PA, 1 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), SimS(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(2,2), Sim
S(1,1), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
PA, 1 V
Power consumption: 15 mA @ 1.5 VGain: 17 dB @ 94 GHzOuput P3dB: 6.9 dBm, PAE: 17 %
Power consumption: 11.4 mA @ 1 VGain: 17 dB @ 94 GHzOutput P3dB: 3.5 dBm, PAE: 12.7 %
30
Transceiver Measurements
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1.5 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1 V
5
10
15
20
25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Rx, 1.5 V
Input P1dB = -23 dBm
5
10
15
20
25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Rx, 1 V
Input P1dB = -27.5 dBm
Power consumption: 26 mA @ 1.5 VGain: 21 dB (V)Input P1dB: -23 dBm (V)
Power consumption: 25.8 mA @ 1 VGain: 22.7 dB (V)Input P1dB: -27.5 dBm (V)
Dual-polarization simultaneous reception
31
Transceiver Measurements
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96
NF, MeasNF, Sim
S(2,1), PNAS(2,1), NFA
No
ise
Fig
ure
(d
B)
S(2
,1), (d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
1.5 V
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96
NF, MeasNF, Sim
S(2,1), PNAS(2,1), NFA
No
ise
Fig
ure
(d
B)
S(2
,1), (d
B)
Frequency (GHz)
1 V
Noise figure < 9.3 dB Noise figure < 8.9 dB
Gains measured by PNA and NFA are matched to each other
32
Transceiver Measurements
5
10
15
20
25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
Gain, VGain, HPout, VPout, H
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Rx, 1 V
5
10
15
20
25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
Gain, VGain, HPout, VPout, H
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Rx, 1.5 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), VS(2,1), H
S(1,1), V
S(2,2), VS(1,1), H
S(2,2), H
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1 V
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), VS(2,1), H
S(1,1), V
S(2,2), VS(1,1), H
S(2,2), H
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Rx, 1.5 V
Gain difference between V and H < 2 dB
33
Transceiver Measurements
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1.5 V-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), MeasS(2,1), Sim
S(1,1), Meas
S(2,2), MeasS(1,1), Sim
S(2,2), Sim
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1 V
5
10
15
20
25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1.5 V
Output P1dB = 0.8 dBm
5
10
15
20
25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, MeasGain, SimPout, MeasPout, Sim
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1 V
Output P1dB = -3.4 dBm
Power consumption: 26.5 mA @ 1.5 V Gain: 22.2 dB (V)Psat: 5 dBm (V)
Power consumption: 28.7 mA @ 1 VGain: 22.4 dB (V)Psat: 1.4 dBm (V)
Time-duplexed V and H output
34
Transceiver Measurements
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), VS(2,1), H
S(1,1), V
S(2,2), VS(1,1), H
S(2,2), H
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1.5 V-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
S(2,1), VS(2,1), H
S(1,1), V
S(2,2), VS(1,1), H
S(2,2), H
S(2
,1)
(dB
)
S(1
,1), S
(2,2
) (dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Tx, 1 V
5
10
15
20
25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, VGain, H
Pout, VPout, H
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1.5 V
5
10
15
20
25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
Gain, VGain, H
Pout, VPout, H
Gain
(d
B)
Ou
tpu
t Po
wer (d
Bm
)
Input Power (dBm)
Tx, 1 V
35
NF Measurement Setup
Calibration
Measurement
Loss before the DUT: compensated using the NFA’s internal functiontherefore, measured gain should be subtracted by -1 dB
Noise source
Mixer(LO @ 94 GHz)
W-bandAmp.
-1 dBNoise Source(NSI-9095W)
Mixer(LO @ 94 GHz)
NFA(N8972A)
W-bandAmplifier
-1 dBNoise Source(NSI-9095W)
Mixer(LO @ 94 GHz)
NFA(N8972A)DUT
W-bandAmplifier
36
