ELECTRONIC EYEA Mini-Project report submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements forthe award of degreeBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYINELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGSubmitted byPATIBANDLA SRI LAKSHMI MOUNIKA (111A30030) Under the esteemed Guidance ofMr. J. SIVAVARA PRASAD(Assoc. Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGLAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Accredited by NBA, NAAC with A Grade and ISO 9001-2008 certified)L.B. REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA DIST - 521 230ANDHRA PRADESHMARCH, 2013

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Accredited by NBA, NAAC with A Grade and ISO 9001-2008 certified)L.B. REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA DIST - 521 230ANDHRA PRADESHDEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the mini-project work entitled ELECTRONIC EYE that is being submitted by PATIBANDLA SRI LAKSHMI MOUNIKA (111A30030) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under our guidance and supervision.

Supervisor Mr. B. Pangedaiah Asst.professor ,Dept. Of EEE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our thanks to the support given by management in completing our project. We also express our sincere gratitude & deep sense of respect to the Director Dr.L.S.S.Reddy for making us available all the required assistance & for his support & inspiration to carry out this project in the Institute. We also take the privilege to record my thanks to Dr. K. Harinadha Reddy, Head of the Department EEE whose encouragement, cooperation and valuable support crown our success. we would like to thank Mr. B.Pangedaiah who has been an inspiring guide and committed faculty and gave relief moral support in every situation of engineering career. The encouragement and support by him, especially in carrying out this project motivated us to complete this project. We owe our acknowledgement to an equally long list of each people who helped me in this project work. Our sincere thanks to the Librarian of LBRCE who help me in getting many valuable books of actual editors. We are thankful to the teaching and non-teaching staff of EEE department for their direct as well as indirect help in my project. We are elated to avail ourselves to this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to my parents.

CONTENT

TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 1

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION 2

CHAPTER 2: 2.1: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3

2.2: COMPONENTS REQUIRED 3 2.3: DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS 4 CHAPTER 3:

3.1: WORKING PRINCIPLE 8 3.2: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 9 REFERENCES 9 ABSTRACTAn electronic eye is a photodetector used for detecting obstruction of a light beam. An example is the door safety system used on garage door openers that use a light transmitter and receiver at the bottom of the door to prevent closing if there is any obstruction in the way that breaks the light beam. The device does not provide an image; only presence of light is detectable. Visible light may be used, but infrared radiation conceals the operation of the device and typically is used in modern systems. This report describes about the electronic eye and their applications.

1 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONELECTRONIC EYE:The Electronic eyes are electronic sensors used to detect movement and body heat. When it detects movement or heat, the sensor automatically closes a circuit and an alarm (security system) or image capture (camera) is activated. This type of photo sensor works by monitoring any disruption in the path of light within its field of view. Examples include garage safety systems, infrared-radiation-based lighting systems, cameras and a number of sensitivity and security devices. Electronic eye has much use in this electronic age. Also Known as magic eye. It can be used as an automatic guest indicator at the door, If fitted on the bottom of the door entrance. Once it is installed at the door there is no need to install a call bell. It can also be used at homes or in banks as a burglar alarm.

2 CHAPTER-2 2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

2.2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED:S.NoComponents

1IC 4049

2LDR

3Resistance 220 K

4Buzzer

59V Battery with Snap

6LED

7Switch

3DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:RESISTOR: Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and circuits.The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.Practical resistors include a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. 4LDR: A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to light. When light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of light increases. It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to be several megohms in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. Circuit symbol: It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without delving into complicated explanations.An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high resistance. It has a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move. Therefore in this state there is a high LDR resistance. As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons.This gives some of them sufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity.This results in a lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor, so more electrons are released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further. 5BUZZER: A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer.

6LED: A light emitting diode is a semi conductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area, and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs are powerful enough for room lighting and relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacement for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances. LED Circuit symbol:

7 Chapter-3 3.1: WORKING PROCEDURE OF ELECTRONIC EYE:Fix the LDR to the wooden door or a locker to be protected in such a manner that when anybody tries to open it, a shadow falls on the LDR and the circuit gets activated and produce a pleasant sound through the buzzer.This electronic eye circuit uses NOT gate from CMOS I.C CD 4049. CD 4049 contains 6 independent NOT gate in one package; we have used here (a) one only. NOT gate output goes high(1) when the input pin 3 is at lower then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 9V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 1 is connected to the positive supply and pin 8 is grounded.To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 220 K resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to input of NOT gate.As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of input not gate drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 2 gets high and LED or buzzer which is connected to the output gets activated.

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3.2: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:The application of electronic eye in the banks, hotels, residential buildings etc.. serves for security purpose. Hence the development of similar devices is necessary.

REFERENCES:www.electroschematics.comwww.google.comwww.wikepedia.comwww.ElectronicsCircuits.TK

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