ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS: DISCRETE AND INTEGRATED

Donald L. Schilling

Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering The City College of the City University of New York

Charles Belove

Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering New York Institute of Technology

McGraw-Hill Book Company

New York St. Louis San Francisco Toronto London Sydney

Contents

Preface ix

Notation xix

Chapter 1 Introduction l

Chapter 2 Diode-circuit Analysis 8

Introduction to Diodes 8 2.1 Nonlinear Properties—The Ideal Diode 9 2.2 An Introduction to Semiconductor Diode Theory 17 2.3 Analysis of Simple Diode Circuits—The DC Load Line 22 2.4 Small-signal Analysis—The Concept of Dynamic Resistance 2.5 Small-signal Analysis—The AC Load Line 31 2.6 Large-signal Analysis—Distortion and Q-point Shift 33 2.7 Zener Diodes 37 2.8 Piecewise Linear Analysis and Equivalent Circuits 42 2.9 Temperature Effects in Diodes 50 2.10 Manufacturers' Specifications 54 2.10-1 The Diode Rectifier 54 2.10-2 The Zener Diode 56

Chapter 3 Introduction to Transistor Circuits 73

Introduction 73 3.1 Current-flow Mechanism in the Junction Transistor 73 3.1-1 The Emitter-Base Junction 75 3.1-2 The Collector-Base Junction 78 3.2 Current Amplification in the Transistor 80 3.3 Graphical Analysis of Transistor Circuits 87 3.4 Power Calculations 96 3.5 The Infinite Bypass Capacitor 101 3.6 The Infinite Coupling Capacitor 106 3.7 The Emitter Follower 110

xfv CONTENTS

Chapter 4 Bias Stability 123

Introduction 123

4.1 Quiescent-point Variations Due to Uncertainties in ß 124 4.2 The Effect of Temperature on the Q Point 128 4.3 Stability-factor Analysis ISO 4.4 Temperature Compensation Using Diode Biasing 187 4.5 Environmental Thermal Considerations in Transistor Amplifiers 142 4.6 Manufacturers' Specifications for High-power Transistors 145

Chapter 5 Audio-frequency Linear Power Amplifiers 151

Introduction 151 5.1 The Class A Common-emitter Power Amplifier 153 5.1-1 Q-point Placement 153 5.1-2 Power Calculations 155 5.1-3 The Maximum-dissipation Hyperbola 158 5.2 Transformer-coupled Amplifier 164 5.2-1 Power Calculations 165 5.3 Class В Push-Pull Power Amplifiers 168 5.3-1 Load-line Determination 171 5.3-2 Power Calculations 171 5.4 Amplifiers Using Complementary Symmetry 177

Chapter 6 Small-signal Low-frequency Analysis and Design 185

Introduction 185 6.1 The Hybrid Parameters 186 6.2 The Common-emitter Configuration 188 6.3 The Common-base Configuration 198 6.4 The Common-collector (Emitter-follower) Configuration 202 6.5 Collection of Significant Parameters for the Three Basic

Configurations 212 6.6 Interpretation of Manufacturers' Specifications for Low-power

Transistors 213

Chapter 7 Multiple-transistor Circuits 220

Introduction 220 7.1 Cascading of Amplifier Stages 221

CONTENTS xv

The Difference Amplifier 233 Common-mode Rejection Ratio 239 A Constant-emitter Current Source 240 The Darlington Configuration (Compound Amplifier) 245 The Cascode Amplifier 250

Chapter 8 Feedback-amplifier Fundamentals 262

Introduction 262 Basic Concepts of Feedback 263 The Gain of a Voltage-feedback Amplifier 266 Voltage Feedback with Current Error 266 Voltage Feedback with Voltage Error 275 Feedback Amplifiers and the Sensitivity Function 279 Input and Output Impedances 283 Input Impedance 284 Output Impedance 288 Examples of Basic Feedback-amplifier Analysis 289 Introduction to the Design of Feedback Amplifiers 298 Other Applications of Feedback 302 An Automatic Volume-control Circuit 302 f The Regulated Power Supply 309

Chapter 9 Integrated Circuits 326

Introduction 326 9.1 An Introduction to the Fabrication of an Integrated-circuit

Transistor 328 9.2 The Equivalent Circuit of the Integrated Transistor 331 9.3 The Integrated Diode 333 9.4 The Integrated Capacitor 335 9.4-1 The Junction Capacitor 335 9.4-2 The Thin-film Capacitor 336 9.5 The Integrated Resistor 337 9.5-1 The Junction Resistor 337 9.5-2 The Thin-film Resistor 339 9.6 The Integrated Inductor 341 9.7 Design of a Simple Integrated Circuit 341 9.8 Analysis of a Typical Integrated-circuit Amplifier —The

Fairchild ;uA702 342 9.8-1 Calculation of the Quiescent Operating Points 345

CONTENTS

9.8-2 Small-signal Gain 347 9.9 Cascading Integrated-circuit Amplifiers 361

Chapter 10 The Field-effect Transistor 360

Introduction 360 10.1 Introduction to the Theory of Operation of the JFET 360 10.2 Introduction to the Theory of Operation of the

IGFET (MOSFET) 364 10.3 Graphical Analysis and Biasing 368 10.4 Large-signal Analysis—Distortion 372 10.5 Small-signal Analysis 374 10.5-1 The Common-source Voltage Amplifier 377 10.5-2 The Source Follower (The Common-drain Amplifier) 380 10.5-3 The Common-gate Amplifier 386 10.6 Typical Manufacturers' Specifications 387

Chapter 11 The Vacuum Tube 397

Introduction 397 11.1 Introduction to the Vacuum Tube 3', 11.1-1 The Diode 398 11.1-2 The Triode 400 11.1-3 The Tetrode 402 11.1-4 The Pentode 403 11.2 Graphical Analysis and Biasing 404 11.3 Distortion 410 11.4 Small-signal Analysis 413 11.4-1 The Grounded-cathode Amplifier 416 11.4-2 The Cathode Follower 418 11.4-3 The Grounded-grid Amplifier 419 11.5 Manufacturers' Specifications 4%0

Chapter 12 Low-frequency Response of RC-coupled Amplifiers 429

Introduction 4%9 12.1 The Low-frequency Response of the Transistor Amplifier 431 12.1-1 The Emitter Bypass Capacitor 431 12.1-2 Asymptotic (Bode) Plots of Amplifier Transfer Functions 433 12.1-3 The Coupling Capacitor 440

CONTENTS xvii

The Base and Collector Coupling Capacitors 442 Combined Effect of Bypass and Coupling Capacitors 446 Low-frequency Response of the F E T Amplifier 447 The Source Bypass Capacitor 448 The Drain Coupling Capacitor 450 The Gate Coupling Capacitor 451 The Low-frequency Response of the Vacuum Tube 453

Chapter 13 High-frequency Response of RC-coupled Amplifiers 462

13.1 The Transistor Amplifier at High Frequencies 432 13.1-1 The Hybrid-pi Equivalent Circuit 46З 13.1-2 High-frequency Behavior of the Common-emitter Amplifier—Miller

Capacitance 46? 13.1-3 The Emitter Follower at High Frequencies 474 13.2 The Field-effect Transistor at High Frequencies 480 13.2-1 High-frequency Behavior of the Common-source Amplifier—Miller

Capacitance 481 13.2-2 High-frequency Behavior of the Source Follower 48З 13.3 The Vacuum Tube at High Frequencies 487 13.3-1 The Cathode Follower at High Frequencies 490 13.4 Cascaded RC Amplifiers 490 13.4-1 Cascading the FET 495 13.4-2 Cascading the Vacuum Tube 495 13.5 The Gain-Bandwidth Product 498 13.5-1 Gain-Bandwidth Product for a Single-stage Amplifier 498 13.5-2 Gain-Bandwidth Product in a Cascaded Amplifier 501 13.6 The Transistor Switch 604

Chapter 14 Tuned Amplifiers 522

Introduction 522 14.1 The Single-tuned Amplifier 523 14.1-1 The Effect of rw on the Response of a Single-tuned Amplifier 528 14.1-2 Impedance Matching to Improve Gain 530 14.2 The Cascode Amplifier 539 14.3 Neutralization 54З 14.4 The Synchronously Tuned Amplifier 549 14.5 The Stagger- and Double-tuned Amplifiers 553 14.5-1 The Stagger-tuned Amplifier 553 14.5-2 The Double-tuned Amplifier 559

12.1-4 12.1-5 12.2 12.2-1 12.2-2 12.2-3 12.3

xviii CONTENTS

14.6 Shunt Peaking 561 14.7 The Distributed Amplifier 565

Chapter 15 Frequency Response of Feedback Amplifiers 576

Introduction 576 15.1 Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Product 577 15.2 The Problem of Stability 580 15.3 The Nyquist Stability Criterion—Bode Plots 583 15.4 Stabilizing Networks 586 15.4-1 No Frequency Compensation 586 15.4-2 Simple Lag Compensation 588 15.4-3 More Complicated Lag Compensation 591 15.4-4 Lead Compensation 595 15.5 Examples 598 15.5-1 Lag-compensated Feedback Amplifiers 598 15.5-2 Lag-compensated 1С Amplifier 600 15.5-3 Lead Compensation 601 15.6 Active Filters Using Feedback 605 15.6-1 The Integrator 605 15.6-2 The Q Multiplier 606 15.7 Oscillators 609 15.7-1 The Phase-shift Oscillator 609 15.7-2 The Wien Bridge Oscillator 612 15.7-3 The Tuned-circuit Oscillator 614 15.7-4 The Colpitis Oscillator 616 15.7-5 The Hartley Oscillator 617

Appendix I Gain Expressed in Logarithmic Units—The Decibel (dB) 623

Appendix II Standard Values of Resistance and Capacitance 625

Appendix III Device Characteristics 627

Index 657