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Electromagnetism and Light Monday – Properties of waves (sound and light) – interference, diffraction [Hewitt 12] Tuesday – Light waves, diffraction, refraction, Snell's Law. [Hewitt 13, 14] Wednesday – Lenses, polarization  [Hewitt 14] Thurday/Friday  – Magnetic fields forces and induction [Hewitt 11] 

Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

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Page 1: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Electromagnetism and LightMonday – Properties of waves (sound and light) – interference, diffraction [Hewitt 12]

Tuesday – Light waves, diffraction, refraction, Snell's Law. [Hewitt 13, 14]

Wednesday – Lenses, polarization [Hewitt 14]Thurday/Friday  – Magnetic fields forces and induction [Hewitt 11] 

Page 2: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

TUESDAY

This morning  –how electromagnetic radiation is made, interference, diffraction, spectra, doppler effect, interference

Afternoon – Refraction, snell's law.

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This lecture will help you understand:

Electromagnetic Spectrum Spectrum of Gasses Doppler Effect Bow Waves/Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom Why the Sky is Blue, Sunsets are Red, and Clouds 

are White Diffraction Interference of Light

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Light Waves

“The light of stars that were extinguished ages ago still reaches us. So it is with great men who died centuries ago, but still reach us with the radiations of their personalities.”            

 —Kahlil Gibran

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Wave Speeds

Speed of light (in vacuum/air)

Speed of sound depends on wind conditions, temperature, humidity

speed in dry air at 0°C is about 330 m/s in water vapor slightly faster in warm air faster than cold air

speed in water about 4 times speed in air speed in steel about 15 times its speed in air

c=3×108 m /s

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Consider a person attending a concert that is being broadcast over the radio. The broadcast microphone is sitting right on the stage.The person sits about 45 m from the stage and listens to the radio broadcast with one ear while listening to the concert in­person with the other ear. Further suppose that the radio signal is sent around the Earth before reaching the listeners radio.

HINT:  Don't guess on this one.  You can do two calculations which will tell you the answer.

A situation to ponder…

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Which signal will be heard first?

A. radio signalB. the “live” sound signalC. both at the same timeD. none of the above

A situation to ponder…CLICKER QUESTION

Page 8: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Which signal will be heard first?

A. radio signalB.     the “live” sound signalA. both at the same timeD. none of the above

Explanation:A radio signal travels at the speed of light—3 × 108 m/s. Time to travel 45 m at 340 m/s   0.13 s. ≈

Time to travel 4 × 107 m (Earth’s circumference) at 3 × 108 m/s   0.13 s. Therefore, if you sit farther back at the concert, ≈the radio signal would reach you first!

A situation to ponder…CHECK YOUR ANSWER

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Light WavesLight is the only thing we can see originates from the accelerated motion of 

electrons electromagnetic phenomenon

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic wave made up of vibrating electric and magnetic 

fields

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k pHeT

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If an electron vibrates up and down 1000 times each second, it generates an electromagnetic wave with a

A. period of 1000 seconds.B. speed of 1000 m/s. C. wavelength of 1000 m.D. none of the above

Electromagnetic SpectrumCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

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If an electron vibrates up and down 1000 times each second, it generates an electromagnetic wave with a

A. period of 1000 seconds.B. speed of 1000 m/s. C. wavelength of 1000 m.D. none of the above

Explanation:The vibrating electron would emit a wave with a frequency of 1000 Hz, which is not in the list above.

Electromagnetic SpectrumCHECK YOUR ANSWER

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Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic spectrum classification of electromagnetic waves according to 

frequency lowest frequency of light we can see appears red highest frequency of light we can see appears violet higher frequency of light is ultraviolet—more energetic and causes 

sunburns beyond are X­ray and gamma ray

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Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic spectrum

Below Radio?  … more radio Above Gamma? … more gamma

Some gamma rays have as much

energy as a fastball … no one knows how.

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Transparent and Opaque Materials

Light is transmitted similar to sound light incident on matter forces some electrons in 

matter to vibrate

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Transparent and Opaque Materials

How light penetrates transparent material such as glass

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Transparent and Opaque Materials

How light penetrates transparent material such as glass (continued)

• electrons or molecules in the glass are forced into vibration• energy is momentarily absorbed and vibrates the electrons in the 

glass• this vibrating electron either emits a photon or transfers the energy 

as heat

• Time delay between absorption and reemission of energy of vibrating electrons results in a lower average speed of light through a transparent material

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Transparent and Opaque Materials

Average speed of light through different materials• vacuum—c (300,000,000 m/s)• atmosphere—slightly less than c (but rounded off to c)• water—0.75 c• glass—0.67 c, depending on material• diamond—0.41 c•

Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a material) is CAUSED BY this speed change 

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Compared with the frequency of illuminating light on a sheet of transparent plastic, the frequency of light that is transmitted

A. is slightly less.B. is the same. C. is slightly higher.D. depends on the type of plastic.

CLICKER QUESTION

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Compared with the frequency of illuminating light on a sheet of transparent plastic, the frequency of light that is transmitted

A. is slightly less.B. is the same. C. is slightly higher.D. depends on the type of plastic

Explanation:Speed of light in plastic may vary, but the frequency transmitted doesn’t.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

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The average speed of light is less in

A. air before entering glass.B. glass. C. air after emerging from glass.D. none of the above

CLICKER QUESTION

Page 23: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

The average speed of light is less in

A. air before entering glass.B. glass.C. air after emerging from glass.D. none of the above

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Page 24: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

InterferenceTwo patterns of interference constructive interference

increased amplitude when the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another wave

destructive interference reduced amplitude when the crest of one wave overlaps 

the trough of another wave

Page 25: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Double slit constructive interference(diffraction)

m is aninteger, 0, 1, 2, 3 etc.

dsin=m

dyL=m

ymax=mLd

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Single slit diffraction

Light from differentParts of a singleslit interfereswith itselfDestructive Condition:

asinθ=mλ

Page 27: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Single slit diffraction(Wide bright area in middle)

Page 28: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Diffraction

Diffraction bending of waves by means other than reflection 

and refraction property of all kinds of waves seen around edges of many shadows

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DiffractionWaves diffract after passing through a narrow opening.

Plane waves passing through openings of various sizes. The smaller the opening, the greater the bending of the waves at the edges.

Page 30: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Diffraction

Amount of diffraction depends on wavelength of the wave compared to the size of the obstruction that casts the shadow.

Page 31: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Animation … Huyghen's principle.

Huyghen's Principle –

Every piece of a slit makes circular waves …

Their interference makes what we see .

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Doubles slit diffraction is superposition of single and double slit

Dot spacing = Wavelength * Distance to wall / d

dsin=m

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Diffraction gratingSame formula as two slits … but sharper dots.

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dsin=m

Condition for constructive interference between slits separated by “d”.

Condition for destructive interference for single slit of width “a”.

                “Rayleigh Condition”Minimum resolvable angularseparation for lens of diameter D.

min=1.22

D

Summary: Interference & Diffraction

asin=m

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Single slit interference leads toDiffraction limit

Destructive Condition slit:

For circular aperture – Theta is full width

To see a 100 kLy galaxy 2 M Ly away

asinθ=mθ

θmin≃λ/a

θmin≃1.22λ/D

Page 36: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

min=1.22

D

min=1.220.1 m1220m

=10−4 rad=3×108m/s3×109 Hz

Very Large Array

Page 37: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

=2.8 m

Air-borne laser, laser missile defense

min=1.22

D

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Death Star … Large Mirror …Good for destroying planets!

min=1.22

D

Page 39: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

Use Diffraction gratings to identify gasses.

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Identifying atomic energy levels

E=hf

E=hc

h=6.62×10−34 Joule⋅sec

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Interference at thin filmsInterference at thin films

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Reflection and Refraction of Sound

Refraction

bending of waves—caused by changes in speed affected by

wind variations temperature variations

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Roswell!

The Roswell incident has been explained.

It WAS a  top secret government program.

It wasn't “just a weather­balloon” that crashed.

Sonnenfeld will tell all.

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Doppler Effectchange of frequency due to the motion of the wave 

sourcemost evident in change of pitch

frequency of waves increases as the siren approaches (hear higher pitch) 

frequency of waves decreases as siren moves away (hear lower pitch)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect  (Nice animations)

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When a fire engine approaches you, the

A. speed of its sound increases.B. frequency of sound increases. C. wavelength of its sound increases.D. all of the above increase

CLICKER QUESTION

Page 46: Electromagnetism and Lightkestrel.nmt.edu/~rsonnenf/phys589B_Summer2013/02... · • diamond—0.41 c • Refraction (the bending of light as it enters a ... Summary: Interference

When a fire engine approaches you, the

A. speed of its sound increases.B. frequency of sound increases.C. wavelength of its sound increases.D. all of the above increase

Comment:Be sure you distinguish between sound speed, and sound frequency.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

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Doppler Effect

Doppler effect also applies to light increase in light frequency (blue shift) when light source approaches 

you decrease in light frequency (red shift) when light source moves away 

from you The expansion and the age of the Universe is entirely measured by 

the Doppler Effect. v = H * D 

v= speed of galaxy relative to Earth H= Hubble constant D=distance to galaxy

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Doppler EffectThe panel on the left arespectral lines from the sun.

The panel at right arespectral lines of a distantstar.

The star is [A] A different composition of gassesas our sun[B] Moving away from Earth[C] Moving toward Earth[D] Not enough information.

CLICKER QUESTION

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Doppler Effect

The star is [A] A different composition of gassesas our sun[B] Moving away from Earth[C] Moving toward Earth[D] Not enough information.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Explanation:The lines are in correct relative

orientation, so are same gasses, but they move into the red.  Thus star is moving away.

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Wave Barriers and Bow Waves

Wave barrier waves superimpose directly on top of one another 

producing a “wall”example: bug swimming as fast as the wave it makes

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Wave Barriers and Bow Waves

Supersonic aircraft flying faster than the speed of soundBow wave V­shape form of overlapping waves when object 

travels faster than wave speed an increase in speed will produce a narrower  V­

shape of overlapping waves.

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Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom

Shock wave pattern of overlapping spheres that form a cone from 

objects traveling faster than the speed of sound

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Sonic BoomShock wave consists of two cones

a high­pressure cone generated at the bow of the supersonic aircraft

a low­pressure cone that follows toward (or at) the tail of the aircraft

it is not required that a moving source be noisy

Why does the air condense?

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Cerenkov Radiation and Tachyons

Particles traveling faster than light make a shock wave too!

Fast charged particles inthe water bath of a nuclear reactor make a blue glow.

Tachyons would glow in a vacuum

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Hewitt Problem 5An electric field does 12 J of work on a charge of 0.0001 C as it moves from point A to point B.  What is the voltage change between point A and point B?

How much work does this same field do on a charge of 0.0002 Coulombs?