DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEA PROJECT REPORT

Submitted byVIGNESH T (111612114106)VIMAL RAJ R (111612114109)SAMINATHAN S (111612114080)in partial fulfillment for the award of the degreeofBACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGINMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL 601206.

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025.APRIL 2015ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE is the bonafide work of VIGNESH T (111612114106), VIMAL RAJ R(111612114109) & SAMINATHAN S (111612114080) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATUREDr.M.BALASUBRAMANIAN ME.,Ph.D; Mr.K.RAJESH ME

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSORMECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGRMK COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH RMK COLLEGE OF ENGG&TECH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSupport on demand, encouragement at the needed moment and guidance in the right direction are in dispensable for ht success of any project. We have received these in excess from all corners from various people, we are glad to submit our gratitude to them.We thank Shri.R.S.Munirathinam, Chairman and Shri.R.M.Kishore, Vice Chairman of RMK group of Institutions for extending a generous hand in providing the best of resources to the college. Dr.E.B.Perumal Pillai, the esteemed Head of our Institution has been a source of motivation to all the staffs and students of our college. We are so much thankful to him. Our sincere thanks to Dr. S.BhagavathiPerumal, The VicePrincipal, for giving the continuous support for the completion of our project.Our Sincere thanks to Dr.M.Balasubramanian, the Head of the Department for his continuous support and motivation throughout our project.We extend our profound gratitude to Mr. Nirmal.N our Project Coordinator and Mr.K.Rajesh our Guid for his guidance, who has indeed been a polestar throughout the course of the project, we thank him for giving us full support to complete the project successfully.Last, but not the least, we take this opportunity to thank all the staff members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Regards to our family, classmates and friends who offered an unflinching moral support for completion of this project.

ABSTRACT

The main objective of our project to design and construct an electrically operated engine i.e. Electromagnetic Engine. Our engine is totally different from ordinary IC Engine, because of the inventory advancement in operating principles. We have changed the operating principle of IC Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels. This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. This electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets, one of them is an Electromagnet and other one is a Permanent Magnet. Permanent Magnet acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the cylinder instead of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this engine does not contain any spark plug and fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is energized by a battery source of suitable voltage and the polarities of electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the permanent magnet i.e. piston from TDC to BDC, which will result in the rotary motion of crank shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of Electromagnet is discontinued, the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial position i.e. TDC. This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e. our output work. The total power supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the copper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the windings.

CONTENTi) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii) ABSTRACT1. INTRODUCTION1.1 IC ENGINE1.1.1 APPLICATION1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE1.2.1 ADVANTAGES1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES1.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE1.3.1 ADVANTAGES1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE1.5 1.6 2. LITERATURE SURVEY3. SCOPE & OBJECTIVES4. DESIGN CALCULATION5. DESCRIPTION OF PARTS5.1 CYLINDER5.2 PISTON5.3 CONNECTING ROD5.4 FLY WHEEL5.5 ELECTROMAGNET5.6 PERMANENT MAGNET5.7 BATTERY6. FABRICATION & WORKING7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION8. CONCLUSION9. BILL OF MATERIAL

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 IC ENGINEAn internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by tienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus.The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.1.1.1 APPLICATIONReciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land vehicles including automobiles, motorcycles, locomotives and ships. Wankel engines are found on some automobiles and motorcycles.Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of combustion turbines. Powered aircraft typically uses an ICE which may be a reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead employ turbo shafts; both of which are types of turbines. In addition to providing propulsion, airliners employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary power unit.1.1.2 DISADVANTAGESAir pollutionInternal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some soot also called particulate matter (PM). The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon monoxide (CO). Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants.Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx is hazardous to both plant and animal health, and leads to the production of ozone (O3). Ozone is not emitted directly; rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of NO"x" and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. Though the same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not be confused with stratospheric ozone, or the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain.In the United States, nitrogen oxides, PM, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels where human health and welfare are protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene, are regulated as hazardous air pollutants whose emissions must be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and practical considerations.Non-road enginesThe emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for non-road engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles. Noise pollutionSignificant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise.IdlingInternal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants when idling so it is desirable to keep periods of idling to a minimum. Many bus companies now instruct drivers to switch off the engine when the bus is waiting at a terminal.

1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An electric bicycle, or more precisely, a "power-assisted bicycle" is a traditional bicycle to which a small electric engine and a battery have been added, with the aim of assisting the rider at difficult moments: hills, headwind, recovery period its enough to have you make friends with your bicycle again. The electric car(EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the automotive industry. Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around being proactive and using electricity, some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both electricity and gas. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S, Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money, but also help contribute towards a healthy and stable environment.Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere, leaving us vulnerable to things likepollution and greenhouse gases. In order to help positively the environment we live in, an electric car is a great step forward. By buying an electric car, you can also receive government subsidies for being environmentally conscious. Although you may end up paying more for your vehicle, the positives greatly overshadow the negatives. However there are still two sides to consider when youre thinking about investing in an electric vehicle.EVsget their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. These batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of lights and wipers. Electric cars have more batteries than normal gasoline car. Its the same kind of batteries that are commonly used when starting up a gasoline engine. The only difference comes in the fact that in electric vehicles, they have more of them which are used to power the engine.1.2.1 ADVANTAGES No Gas Required Savings No Emissions Popularity Safe Drive Cost Effective Low Maintenance Reduced Noise Pollution1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES Recharge Points Electricity isnt Free Short Driving Range and Speed Longer Recharge Time Normally 2 Seaters Battery Replacement Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power1.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE

A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed-air vehicles use the expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons. One manufacturer claims to have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient. Compressed-air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, such as with battery electric propulsion. This kind of system is called a hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system.1.3.1 ADVANTAGES Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be powered through the electrical grid. Which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road. Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fuel transportation would be eliminated. Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems The engine can be massively reduced in size. The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength light weight material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction teflon or a combination. Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance. Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than batteries. Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation problems associated with current battery systems. The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged, with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels. Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lower maintenance cost. The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper than petrol, diesel or biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing air will also be relatively cheap.

1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES When air expands, as it would in the engine, it cools dramatically (Charles's law) and must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger similar to the Intercooler used for internal combustion engines. The heating is necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical energy output. The heat exchanger can be problematic. While it performs a similar task to the Intercooler, the temperature difference between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored air, the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates. Refueling the compressed-air container using a home or low-end conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours, while the specialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only 3 minutes. Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes immersed in water to cool them down when they are being filled. That would not be possible with tanks in a car and thus it would either take a long time to fill the tanks, or they would have to take less than a full charge, since heat drives up the pressure. However, if well insulated, such as Dewar (vacuum) flask design, the heat would not have to be lost but put to use when the car was running. Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited to a range of 7.22km (4mi).

1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEAnelectromagnetis a type ofmagnetin which themagnetic fieldis produced by the flow ofelectric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such asmotors,generators,relays,loudspeakers,hard disks,MRI machines, scientific instruments, andmagnetic separationequipment, as well as being employed as industrial lifting electromagnets for picking up and moving heavy iron objects like scrap iron.

A simple electromagnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around an iron core. The strength of magnetic field generated is proportional to the amount of current.Current (I) through a wire produces a magnetic field (B). The field is oriented according to theright-hand rule.An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire (see drawing below). To concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet the wire is wound into acoilwith many turns of wire lying side by side. The magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through the center of the coil, creating a strong magnetic field there. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (ahelix) is called asolenoid; a solenoid that is bent into a donut shape so that the ends meet is called atoroid. Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "core" offerromagneticmaterial, such as softiron, is placed inside the coil. The ferromagnetic core increases the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength of the field of the coil alone, due to the highmagnetic permeability of the ferromagnetic material. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core electromagnet.

Magnetic field produced by asolenoid(coil of wire). This drawing shows a cross section through the center of the coil. The crosses are wires in which current is moving into the page; the dots are wires in which current is moving up out of the page.The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be found from a form of theright-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand are curled around the coil in the direction of current flow (conventional current, flow ofpositive charge) through the windings, the thumb points in the direction of the field inside the coil. The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is defined to be thenorth pole.The main advantage of an electromagnet over apermanent magnetis that the magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the amount of electric current. However, a continuous supply of electrical energy is required to maintain the field.1.4.1 USES OF ELECTROMAGNET

Fig: Industrial electromagnet lifting scrap iron, 1914Electromagnets are very widely used in electric andelectromechanicaldevices, including: Motorsandgenerators Transformers Relays, includingreed relaysoriginally used intelephone exchanges Electric bells Loudspeakers Magnetic recordingand data storage equipment:tape recorders,VCRs,hard disks Scientific instruments such asMRImachines andmass spectrometers Particle accelerators Magnetic locks Magnetic separationof material Industrial lifting magnets Electromagnetic suspensionused for MAGLEV trains

2. LITERATURE SURVEYRithula, Jeyashruthi, Anandhi (2013): Electric Vehicle with Zero-fuel Electromagnetic Automobile EngineThe main aim of the project is to design an electromagnetically reciprocating automobile engine. A four-stroke engine is used in the vehicle. The design involves the replacement of the spark plugs and valves by conductors and strong electromagnetic material. The piston is a movable permanent magnet and while an air core electromagnet is fixed at the top of the cylinder. When the electromagnet is excited by A.C. (Square Wave) supply, for same polarities these magnets will repel and for opposite polarities they will attract, thus causing the to and fro movement of the piston. So when the cylinders 1 &4 of the four-stroke engine experience attraction of magnets due to which the piston moves upwards, repulsion takes place inside cylinders 2 & 3 in which the piston moves downwards and then during the next stroke vice-versa occurs . The to and fro movement of the piston is converted into a rotary motion by the crank shaft, which in turn is coupled to the wheels which causes the wheels to rotate. So with the help of the electromagnets and permanent magnets, the to and fro movement of the piston is obtained using the alternating attractive and repulsive force of the magnets, which is responsible for the movement of the vehicle. Thus we can run the electric vehicle without a motor and the energy is extracted in a clean way as it does not require fuels reducing the air pollution.Shirsendu Das (Jun 2013): An Electromagnetic Mechanism Which Works Like an Engine

Engine is the main power source of Automobiles, where combustion takes place & produces heat which converts into mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are used in Automobiles, Aeroplane etc .But the incomplete combustion produces some harmful gasses, which is one main cause of air pollution. Modern Science & Technology has been taken many positive steps for emission control. Like, using CNGs & LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Now technology brings Electrical bikes, scooters & cars. The battery of electrical vehicle can charge easily like mobile.They have less running cost & 100% emission free. But they have very less load carrying capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically we have to prefer Engines for more power & more running capacity. Here I have introduced a mechanism which has more load caring & running capacity then electrical vehicles but makes zero emission or pollution.Abil Joseph Eapen, Aby Eshow Varughese (Jun 2014): ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of Internal Combustion (IC) engines. Also presently the demand for fuel has increased and in the nearby future, shortage of fossil fuels is being expected due to the ever growing consumption. So need of alternative energy has become necessary. The main aim of the project is the zero point fuel consumption. The working principle of the engine is the magnetic force principle, i.e. magnetic repulsion between the same poles of two different magnets. When similar poles of two different magnets come in contact with each other they repel each other. This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to create motion.3. SCOPE & OBJECTIVESNowadays the electromagnetic vehicle has high innovative compared with IC engine. And this engine has very cleaner and which is not produce any kind of the smokes. The maintenance cost of the type of electromagnetic engine is also low. The present day electric vehicle is efficient than petrol/diesel vehicles. They are 97% cleaner than gas-powered cars. The maintenance cost of electric cars is optimum. The main problems faced by electric vehicles are its inability to run long distances before being charged again and the high initial cost of the electric vehicles. Most production electric cars about to hit the market can only go about 100 miles (160.9kms). Also there is need for installation of charging stations as the energy densities of normal batteries is less for vehicles to travel over long distances and getting a full charge takes around eight hours.

4. DESIGN & CALCULATIONInput voltage = 36 V Input current = 1 A Input Power = Voltage Current = 36 1 = 36W Max. Force exerted by electromagnet on piston F1 = (N2I2KA)/2G2 Where, N = number of turns = 1000 I = Current flowing through coil = 1 A K = Permeability of free space = 410-7 A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius r = 0.0175 m) G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = 0.005 m On substitution, we get Max. Force F1 = 24.18 N Force exerted by permanent magnet Force F2 = (B2A)/20 Where, B = Flux density (T) A = Cross-sectional area of magnet (radius r = 0.0125 m) 0= Permeability of free space = 410-7 Now flux densityB = Br/2 [(D + z)/(R2 + (D + z)2)0.5 z/(R2 + z2)0.5] Where, Br = Remanence field = 1.21 T z = distance from a pole face = 0.005 m D = thickness of magnet = 0.012 m R = semi-diameter of the magnet = 0.0125 m On substitution we get flux density, B = 0.2547 T Now substituting B in the equation of force, F2 = 12.67 N Since, force F1 and F2 are repulsive, Total force F = F1 + F2 F = 36.85 N Torque T = F r Where,F = total force on piston r = crank radius = 0.01m Torque T = 0.3685 N-m Mass of Fly wheel = (2N)/60, Where, N = speed = 200rpm Therefore = 20.94 rad/s Energy stored on flywheel E = T Where, T = torque = Angle of rotation = 1800 = radians On substitution we get energy stored E = 1.157 J Also E = 0.5 I 2 Where, I = moment of inertia of flywheel = angular velocity on substitution we get moment of inertia, I = 5.277 10-7 Kg-m2 Moment of inertia, I = 0.5 m r2 Where, m = mass of fly wheel r = radius of fly wheel = 0.07 m On substitution, We get m = 2.154 Kg Output powerP = (2NT)/60 Where, N = speed = 200 rpm T = Torque = 0.3685 N-m On substitution, we get Output power P = 7.718 W Efficiency = (Output/Input) 100 = (7.718/36) 100 Therefore, Efficiency = 21.44 %5. COMPONENTS5.1 CYLINDERElectromagnetic engine uses only magnets for its operation. The cylinder must take care of unwanted magnetic field and other losses further cylinder material itself should not get attracted to the magnet and resist the movement of the piston. To take care of above issues, the cylinder must be only made up of non-magnetic materials such as stainless steel, titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. The cylinder of an electromagnetic engine is a simple rectangular block with a blind hole in it. The temperature within the electromagnetic engine cylinder is very low and so no fins are needed for heat transfer. This makes the cylinder easily manufacturable. Also the cylinder is made of aluminum, a non-magnetic material which limits the magnetic field within the boundaries of cylinder periphery. Usage of aluminium material makes the engine lighter unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in internal combustion engine.

5.2 PISTONThe hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel, titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Alternatively, piston casing can also be made up of non-metallic, thermal resistant materials as well or can be made by integrating both non-magnetic and non-metallic materials. One end of the hollow case is fitted with a powerful permanent magnet made of neodymium iron-boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or similar high field strength magnetic materials. The permanent magnet acts as the core of the piston. The flat surface (which is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston that is nearer to the pole od the electromagnet is called the magnetic head of the piston or piston head. The flat surface of the piston head may be completely exposed or it may be covered by a thin layer of non-magnetic material of sufficient thickness. The other end of the piston case connects to the piston rod that connects to the crankshaft. The crankshaft and the piston rod convert the linear reciprocating movement of the piston to the circular movement.

5.3 CONNECTING RODIn a reciprocating engine, the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the crankshaft. This converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The material of the connecting rod is cast iron and the magnetic fields are contained inside the cylinder and the connecting rod will not be affected much. so, the connecting rod is same as that of an Internal combustion engine. Hence, no modification is required.

5.4 FLY WHEELFlywheel is made up of mild steel. It regulates the engines rotation and making it operate at a steady speed. so, that flywheels have a significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes it rotational speed and the amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and energy is transferred to the flywheel by applying torque and It is used to store the rotation kinetic energy.

5.5 ELECTROMAGNETAn electromagnetic coil is formed when an insulated solid copper wire is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic field. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn or a winding and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings.

5.6 PERMANANT MAGNETAneodymium magnet(also known asNdFeB,NIBorNeomagnet), the most widely used type ofrare-earth magnet, is apermanent magnetmade from analloyofneodymium,ironandboronto form the Nd2Fe14Btetragonalcrystalline structure. Developed in 1982 byGeneral MotorsandSumitomo Special Metals, neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available. They have replaced other types of magnet in the many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets, such as motors incordlesstools,hard disk drivesand magnetic fasteners.

5.7 BATTERYWhere high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulphuric acid (HSO). In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

6. FABRICATION & WORKINGThe working of the electromagnetic engine is based on the principle of magnetism. A magnet has two poles a north pole and a south pole. Magnetism is a class of physical phenomenon that includes forces exerted by magnets on other magnets. By principle of magnetism, when like poles of a magnet is brought together they repel away from each other. When unlike poles are brought near each other they attract. This is same for the case of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet too. So the idea is to modify the piston head and cylinder head into magnets so that force can be generated between them. This working of the electromagnetic engine is based on attraction & repulsive force of the magnet. The engine greatly resembles the working of a two-stroke engine. To start, let us begin from the situation, when piston is located in the lower position. The coil is connected through the battery, the copper coil is energized to produced the magnetic field the piston in side of the large power Neodymium Iron Boron magnets, the piston moved upper and lower the fly wheel connected through the piston link the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper coil is de-energized the piston move to downward. With the help of relay and control unit. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel. The arrangement has shown in the Electromagnetic engines working are based on the principle of interaction between the magnetic field Permanent magnet is fixed in the piston and iron material is connected to copper coil. So that the iron material is converted into electromagnet when the power supply is given to it. When piston is located in the lower position, the coil is connected through the battery. The copper coil is energized to produce the magnetic field. When the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper coil is de- energized the piston move to downward, with the help of relay and control unit. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel.

7. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe prototype of an electromagnetic engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully designed and fabricated. Experimental analysis was successfully performed on the prototype. The results obtained from the experiment are as follows. Prototype of an engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully manufactured. It uses electricity as its input. No fuel is consumed, which was the primary goal. The prototype creates no pollution and is eco-friendly. The prototype is a two stroke engine. Only the repulsive force between the magnet and electromagnet is used for power generation. Acceleration is done by controlling the timer which controls the relay. Maximum efficiency obtained was 21.22% at 229 rpm for an input current of 1.2A. Maximum output power obtained was 20.7W at 249 rpm for an input current of 1.7 A

The efficiency and power output of the engine was less than what was expected. The reason for less power and efficiency are The windings of the electromagnet are not perfect. The windings are not machine wound. It was wound with hands on a lathe. So windings are not tight and there is air gap. The field generated will not be as strong as expected. The windings are not laminated. It will result in copper losses and hysteresis losses. The use of relay limits the flow of current as it offers a resistance. So with less current flow, the field generated by the electromagnet will be less and results in less force. The fabrication work and the design are not perfect. There might be some misalignments and it might cause a drop in output.

8. CONCLUSIONThe electromagnetic engine has various advantages over the internal combustion engines. The main advantage is, no fuel is being used in the engine. This results in no pollution which is very desirable in the present day situation. As there is no combustion taking place inside the cylinder there is only very little heat generation. This eliminates the need for a cooling system. As magnetic energy is being used the need for air filter, fuel tank, supply system, fuel filter, fuel injector, fuel pump, valves etc. are eliminated and the design of the engine is made simple. Also by the use of materials like Aluminum, titanium etc. we can reduce the weight of the engine. Also existing transmission systems can be used in the electromagnetic engine. Less noise is produce during working. The disadvantage of the electromagnetic engine is its high initial cost. The electromagnet and permanent magnet can be very costly. Also the power of the permanent magnet will decrease during time and the permanent magnet has to be replaced during regular intervals. The engine is not as flexible as the internal combustion engine. The power source is battery. The number of batteries will vary according to the requirement. In high power engines, the number of batteries will increase which may increase the total weight of vehicle and consume a lot of space. Also the batteries needs to be charged regularly which is difficult and time consuming. So the engine is not dependable The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. The usage of relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output. Also, by inserting more permanent magnets in series on the piston will enhance the output of the engine. By slight modification in design and by the use of better hands the engine can be modified to generate more power, thereby increasing its efficiency, so that it can be used in commercial vehicles and other applications

8. BILL OF MATERIALS