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ELECTROLYSERS AND ELECTROFUELS IN
SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS
I v a R i d j a n S k o v, i v a @ p l a n . a a u . d k
S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y P l a n n i n g R e s e a r c h G r o u p
A a l b o r g U n i v e r s i t y
Solutions on the table
1. Interconnectors and trading
2. Flexible electricity demands and smart grids
3. Integrated efficient Smart Energy Systems
Smart Energy Systems
Download report:
www.EnergyPLAN.eu/IDA
ENERGY SAVINGS
EFFICIENT CONVERSION
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES F L E X I B L E
T E C H N O L O G I E S
I N T E G R A T E D
E N E R G Y
S Y S T E M S
Key principles
Pump Hydro Storage
175 €/kWh (Source: Electricity Energy Storage
Technology Options: A White Paper
Primer on Applications, Costs, and
Benefits. Electric Power Research
Institute, 2010)
Natural Gas Underground Storage
0.05 €/kWh (Source: Current State Of and Issues
Concerning Underground Natural Gas
Storage. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, 2004)
Oil Tank
0.02 €/kWh (Source: Dahl KH, Oil
tanking Copenhagen A/S,
2013: Oil Storage Tank.
2013)
Thermal Storage
1-4 €/kWh (Source: Danish Technology
Catalogue, 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
10
100
1.000
10.000
100.000
Electricity Thermal Gas Liquid fuel
Effi
cien
cy (
%)
Pri
ce (€
/MW
h)
Price Efficiency
Storage Comparison
We need much more electricity
in the future
Download reports:
www.energyplan.eu/IDA
www.energyplan.eu/PV Wind power should be
prioritised, supplemented by
PV and power plants
0
50
100
150
200
250
2015 ENS Vind 2050 IDA 2050
2015 2050
Pri
mar
y En
erg
y Su
pp
ly (
TWh
/ye
ar)
Coal Oil Gas Biomass/waste
Onshore Offshore PV Wave/tidal
Geothermal Solar thermal
E L E C T R I C I T Y
P R I C E D R O P I S A
M A I N D R I V E R F O R
P T X
I N S T A L L A T I O N S
Download reports:
www.energyplan.eu/PV
RES LCoE are dropping
We have to use much more
electricity in the future
(flexibly)!
Demands more than doubles
Smart energy systems - T h e k e y t o c o s t - e f f e c t i ve r e n ew a b l e
e n e r g y s ys t e m s
• Heat storage, d istr ict heat ing, CHP and large heat pumps
• New electr ic i ty needs from large / smal l heat pumps and electr ic cars (wi th electr ic i ty storage )
• Electrolys is and l iquid fuels for t ransport sector wi th storages
• Integrat ion of gas system and gas storage
More El =
Sustainable
biomass
consumption
Power-to-Heat
Power-to-Transport
Power-to-Gas
Power-to-liquids
Technology Required additional investment
from today to 2050 (Billion €)
1 Energy renovations of the existing
building stock
29.9
2 Offshore wind 28.4
3 Individual heat pumps 14.7
4 District heating grid expansion 5.5
5 Electrofuel production (PtX) 4.4
6 Photovoltaic 2.6
7 Individual solar thermal 2.6
8 Biogas plants 2.6
9 Charging stations 2.2
10 Large-scale heat pumps 2.0
The top 10 technologies that requi re addi t ional
investment in the 100% renewable energy system in 2050
- F r o m E l e c t r i c i t y m a r k e t s t o S m a r t E n e r g y
S ys t e m M a r k e t s ?
What are electrofuels?
High share of electricity in production process
New way of producing hydrocarbons/ammonia
Merging hydrogen with carbon or nitrogen
Redirecting electricity to transport sector
Open a door to fuel storage
Flexible end-fuel choice
ELECTRO FUELS
Electrolyser Hydrogenation
Carbon
or N2
source
Chemical
synthesis
H 2
METHANOL/DME/METHANE
H 2O
/
A M M O N I A
Electrolyser Hydrogenation
Carbon
or N2
source
Chemical
synthesis
H 2
S t e p 2
H yd r o g e n p r o d u c t i on f r o m
s t e a m e l e c t ro lys i s METHANOL/DME/
METHANE
H 2O
/
A M M O N I A
Electrolyser Hydrogenation
Carbon
or N2
source
Chemical
synthesis
H 2
S t e p 3
C o n ve r s i o n o f c r e a te d s yn g a s
t o d e s i r ed f u e l
METHANOL/DME/METHANE
S Y N G A S
T W O L I Q U I D
E L E C T R O F U E L
P L A N T S I N T H E
W O R L D
H 2O
/
A M M O N I A
N U M E R U S
P O W E R - T O - G A S
I N S T A L L A T I O N S
Biomass potential
B I O M A S S P O T E N T I A L
O P T I M I S T I C : C A . 3 0 0
P J
P E S I M I S T I C : 1 6 5 P J
R E A L I S T I C : 2 0 0 P J
4 0 G J B I O P R . C A P I T A
H I G H G L O B A L L Y
Biomass consumption
A D D I T I O N O F
H Y D R O G E N R E D U C E S
S I G N I F I C A N T L Y
B I O M A S S
C O N S U M P T I O N
Ridjan (2015), Integrated electrofuels and renewable energy systems
Technology
readiness level
• The individual technologies more
advanced than generally presumed
• The concept as an integrated
production system remains to be
proven on a larger scale.
What is the role of electrolysis in
the future?
Growth of PtX
installations?
Electrolysis installations are growing:
2018: 1 MW (typical big demo project)
2020: 10 MW (Shell refinery in Germany)
2022-2023: 100 MW
S A M E
D E V E L O P M E N T
F O R
E L E C T R O L Y S I S ?
Source: Auke Hoekstra Twitter
Costs? 3500€2015/MWhfuel
10€2015/MWhfuel
H U G E C O S T
D I F F E R E N C E S D U E T O
D I F F E R E N T
A S S U M P T I O N S
Brynolf et al (2018) Electrofuels for the transport sector: A review of production costs
Ridjan (2015), Integrated electrofuels and renewable energy systems
CO2 capture costs (short term)
20 20 0
200
400
600
800
1.000
20
High
Petroleum
refining/petrochemical
Low
€2015/tCO2
Natural gas
power plant
30 60
Coal power
plants
70
Cement
industry
Iron and steel
production
50
Ammonia
production
Bioethanol
production/biogas
upgrading
20
Ambient air
60
170 140 150
70
950
Expected biggest drop in price
Brynolf et al (2018) Electrofuels for the transport sector:
A review of production costs
12,9
10,1 2,8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
€/GJ
12,6
9,8 2,7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1412,0
9,6 2,4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
11,6
9,2 2,4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2015 2020 2030 2050
Raw biogas Purification Total
Biogas purification
*Assumed free manure for biogas production
22,3
10,1
12,2
0
5
10
15
20
25
€/GJ
20,3
9,8
10,4
0
5
10
15
20
25
18,5
9,6
8,9
25
15
0
5
10
20
15,5
9,2 6,4
0
5
10
15
20
25
2015 2020 2030 2050
Raw biogas Methanation Total
Biogas methanation
*Assumed free manure for biogas production, and 96% technical availability of the methanation plant. Electricity cost for hydrogen production
via alkaline electrolysis 63.6% efficiency included with price for onshore wind.
F I N A L C O N S U M E R
N G P R I C E E U 2 8 ( 2 0 1 7 ) :
H O U S E H O L D S 1 6 . 2 € / G J
I N D U S T R Y 7 € / G J
Locations for P2Methane
Both biogas methanation and CO2 methanation
The role of future gas grids
• Exist ing natural gas networks can
handle max 20% of H2 in the pipel ine
• What the carbon steel natural gas
pipes can handle due to the
material propert ies.
• Very few modif icat ion necessary i f
the hydrogen concentrat ion is below
15%
The role of future gas grids
Danish grid tests
• In case the gr id is connected to ei ther f i l l ing stat ions, gas turbines
or any gas engines, the percentage of hydrogen that can be
to lerated drops to 2%.
• Previous conclusion:
• maximum of 2% can be in jected into natural gas gr ids i f
connected to CNG f i l l ing stat ions;
• maximum of 5% i f the gr id is not connected to CNG f i l l ing
stat ions, gas turbines and most gas engines;
• maximum of 10% i f the gr id is not connected to f i l l ing stat ions,
gas turbines and or gas engines.
Advantages of
electrofuels
Improved flexibility of the system
Cross-sector integration
Flexibility of fuel choice
Conversion of electricity into form of liquid or
gaseous fuels
Reduction of CO2 emissions in case of CO2
recycling pathways
Reduction of biomass usage for fuel
production in case of biomass hydrogenation
No big infrastructure adaptations
Any questions?