Electrochemical systems for energy storage devices

Electrochemical systems

for energy storage devices

A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, A.P. Nowak, M. Wilamowska, K. Szybowska

Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty

Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk

International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |

Energy sources can be divided into three broad categories

Chemical (oxidizing some reduced substance) or photophysical

energy (absorbing sunlight to generate either heat or electricity)

Nuclear reactions (splitting heavy nuclei or by fusing light

nuclei)

Thermomechanical (wind, water, or geological sources of steam

or hot water)


1) Generation

2) Transmission

3) Convertion

4) Storage (mechanical, chemical, and thermal)

5) Consumption

Steps in electric energy consume:


The storage techniques can be divided into four categories

1) Low-power application in isolated areas, essentially to feed transducers

and emergency terminals,

2) Medium-power application in isolated areas (individual electrical

systems, town supply),

3) Network connection application with peak leveling,

4) Power-quality control applications.


Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application)

Pumped hydro storage (PHS) – uses for high power applications with 60-85%

of conversion efficiency

Pump-storage power

station in Żarnowiec


Compressed air energy storage (CAES) – high power applications,

energy density ~ 12 kWh/m3 with efficiency 70%


Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application)

Energy storage using flow batteries (FBES)

Regenesys Technologies (England) ~ 120MWh with 75% effficiency


Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application for

peak leveling)

Fuel cells – Hydrogen energy storage (FC– HES)

Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC),Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC),Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC),Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC),Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC),Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

Main components:1) Electrolyzer (to produce hydrogen),2) Fuel cell (to consume hydrogen),3) tank (to store hydrogen if needed)

FC-HES is a low-efficiency solution:Electrolyzer (70%)The fuel cell (50%)Total efficiency ~ 35%


Electricity storage systems (for low and medium power application)

Chemical storage - transform chemical energy into

electrical energy using Faradaic process


Electricity storage systems (for low and medium power application)

Ox + ne- = Red

Batteries

- Primary (source of the energy)

- Secondary (storage and source of the energy)

(lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride,

nickel–iron, zinc–air, iron–air, sodium–sulphur,

lithium–ion, lithium–polymer, etc.)

(+) high energy densities up to 200 Wh/kg (lithium)

(-) low cycleability (up to 4000 cycles)

Batteries


Electricity storage systems

Lithium and Lithium-ion batteries (for 3 C technologies)

ItemPanasonic(cylindrical)

Panasonic(prismatic)

Nominal voltage 3.6 – 3.7 V 3.6 – 3.7 V

Nominal capacity

720 – 3100 mAh

920 – 1950 mAh

Mass 18 – 95 g 16 – 39 g

ItemSony

(Li-Ion)

Sony

(Li-polymer)

Nominal voltage 2.5 – 4.2 V 3.0 – 4.2 V

Nominal capacity

1600 - 2550 mAh

830 – 1050 mAh

Mass 44 – 90 g 14.3 – 22.5 g

ItemA123Systems

(cylindrical)A123Systems(prismatic)

Nominal voltage 3.3 V 3.3 V

Nominal capacity

1100 – 2300 mAh

20 Ah

Mass 39 – 70 g -



Lithium and Lithium-ion batteries in the future

Nowadays the challenge is to obtain material for high power and high

energy application able to be used in electric vehicles

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/lithium-ion_battery_factory.php



Lithium-ion batteries (materials)

Specific capacity[mAh/g]

Potential[V]

cathode

LiCoO2 155 3.5 – 4.3

LiMn2O4 140 3.7 – 4.3

Li(Co,Ni)yMn2-yO4 160 4.5 – 5.0

LiMnPO4 150 3.6 – 4.4

LiFePO4 170 3.0 – 3.3

LiNixCoyAlzO2 180 3.6 – 4.2

anode

graphite 350 0.1 – 0.22

hard carbons > 350 0.6

lithium 3800 0

Li4Ti5O12 155 1.5

Li4.4Si 4200 0.3

LiSiCN 550 0.1 – 0.4International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |


Chemical storage (Photovoltaic cells) - transform solar energy into electrical energy

Problem:To store excess of the energy in one device!!!



Bifunctional TiO2 for energy storage

Materials: WO3, MoO3, phosphotungstic acid (PWA),

Mechanism of energy storage of TiO2/WO3 composite system


Schematic Diagram of the Photoelectrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Generation


‘I believe that water will one day be used as a

fuel because the hydrogen and oxygen which

constitute it, used separately or together, will

furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and

light. I therefore believe that, when coal

deposits are oxidised, we will heat ourselves

by means of water. Water is the coal of the

future’

‘L’Ile Mysterieuse’, Jules Verne 1875,


Vis UV

EVis=1.15 V

EUV=0.15 V EUV-Vis=1.30 V

Meh

cf

TiO

2

Cur

rent

col

lect

or

hv

Combine photoanode system


electrochemical double layer

capacitors (EDLC)

pseudo–capacitors

Electrochemical capacitors – store energy in the form of an electric field


Electrochemical capacitors


electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC)

- store energy using ion adsorption (no faradaic (redox) reaction)

- high specific surface area (SSA) electrodes (carbon)

100 – 120 F/g (nonaqueous electrolyte)

150 – 300 F/g (aqueous electrolyte)


pseudo–capacitors (store energy using fast surface redox reactions )

- redox reaction occurs at the surface of the active material (metal oxides (RuO2,

Fe3O4, MnO2), conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene etc.)

Metal oxides:

Capacity 1300 F/g (RuO2)

Nominal voltage 1.2 V

Conducting polymers:

Capacity 30 – 40 mAh/g

Nominal voltage 1.0 V

Materials


Electrochemical capacitor Battery

Charge time 70% charged in seconds hours

Discharge time short long

Charge/discharge cycles 10000-1000000 500-1000

Pollutants none metals


BatterySupercapacitor


pseudo–capacitors

(hybrid systems consisted of organic and inorganic conducting materials, e.g.

poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified with transition metal hexacyanoferrate*


* M. Wilamowska, A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, J. Power Sources, 194 (2009) 112-117

** Snook et al. Electrochem Commun., 9 (2007) 83-88

* ~ 90 F/cm3

Micro-nanoporous pEDOT**

100 F/cm3


http://www.citytransport.info/Electbus.htm

Supercapacitors – alternative way for public transport

Prototype Shanghai super-capacitor electric bus at a recharging station

Costs ~ 8000 € (after 12 years one may save 160 000 €)Speed (max) 45 km/hCapacity 6 Wh/kgDistance (max) 5-9 kmCharging time 5-10 min


Supercapacitors for wind power station


http://www.dailyreckoning.com.au/supercapacitors/2008/02/28/

Supercapacitors for solar power station

Production Application

Supercapacitors


Summary

1 hour3.6 s

41 days

Supercapacitors

Batteries

Flow batteries

Pumped hydro storageCompresed air energy storage



Our laboratory members

Prof. A. Lisowska-Oleksiak

and the team


Documents

Electrochemical systems for energy storage devices