Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space

between photos and header

Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND NO. 2011-XXXXP

SAND 2013-6422P

Georgianne Huff, PE, PMPEnergy Storage Technology and Systems

Sandia National Laboratories505-844-9855, ghuff@sandia.gov

New Mexico Renewable Energy Storage Task ForceAug. 22, 2013

Electricity Storage Basics

2

What is Energy Storage?

Energy Storage Mediates Between

Variable Sources and Variable Loads

Without storage, energy generationmust equal energy consumption.

3

How Energy Storage Works

Storage moves energy through time.Energy generated at one time can be used at another time.

Charge

Discharge

Source: Beacon Power Co.

● Regulation

3

Sour

ce: N

GK

Insu

lato

rs, L

td.

4

How is Energy Stored Currently?

Oil Strategic Petroleum Reserve Storage Tanks

Natural Gas Underground Storage Reservoirs Pipelines

Thermal Energy Thermal Mass/Adobe Ice

Electric Energy Storage Pumped Hydro Batteries/UPS CAES

5

Electricity Storage is Not New 1780’s "animal electricity" by Luigi Galvani 1799 Volta invented modern battery 1880s Private DC systems 1836 batteries adopted by industry in stationary devices, particularly in

telegraph networks Lead-acid batteries original solution for night-time load Value of electricity storage in batteries

turn off generators during low-load periods absorb excess electricity from generators for sale later

The hydroelectric development of Niagara Falls in 1896. Tesla and AC First U.S. large-scale

energy storage (31MW) in 1929 at Connecticut

Light & Power Rocky River Plant

6

Electricity Storage – Today

Source: 2013 EIA - Total Capacity 2010

Percentage of electricity that is stored

2.4%

8.8%

4.5%

2.1

7

Why Electricity Storage?

“Power systems have become socomplex that they exceed man’s ability to react to them. They must be designed to give peopleadequate time to manage failure.” - Bruce Nussbaum

Business Week, September 8, 2003

8

The Grid Today

IndustrialLoads

Generation and load must alwaysbe balanced

Power flowsin one direction

CommercialLoads

Step-Up Transformer

DistributionSubstation

TransmissionSubstation

Central Plant

ResidentialLoads Source: EPRI

9

The Success of the Grid

remarkably reliable and efficient enormous just-in-time inventory system 99.999% reliable

success rests on two important principles Diversity of aggregated loads

Aggregated loads change is predictable

Control over generation throttled to provide power as needed

today’s forecastwww.caiso.com

Forecast for Cal ISO, 10 May 2013

http://www.caiso.com/

Growing Load

10

How the Grid is Changing

PHEVPV

Smart GridInfrastructure

Renewables

Source: EPRI

11

Renewables Penetration

Source: American Wind Energy Association (http://www.awea.org/projects/)

HELCOWG Capacity = 33 MWPeak Load = 200 MW%Energy = 11.6%Max %Load = 26%

BPAWG Capacity = 2.8 GWPeak Load = 10.8 GW%Energy = NAMax %Load = 50.4%

PNMWG Capacity = 204 MWPeak Load = 2000 MW%Energy = 5%Max %Load = 25%

SPSWG Capacity = 874 MWPeak Load = 5500 MW%Energy = 6.8+%Max %Load = 20.4+%

ERCOTWG Capacity = 8.9 GWPeak Load = 62.5 GW%Energy = 6.2%Max %Load = 25%

PSCoWG Capacity = 1260 MWPeak Load = 2050 MW%Energy = 15%Max %Load = 39.5%

Extracted from Potential Reliability Impacts of Emerging Flexible Resources,NERC IVGTF working draft (8/22/’10)

12

Electricity Storage Services

Electric Energy Time-Shift (Arbitrage) Transmission Upgrade DeferralElectric Supply Capacity Transmission Congestion Relief

Regulation Distribution Upgrade DeferralVoltage Support

Voltage Support Power QualityBlack Start Power ReliabilityOther Related Uses Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift

Demand Charge Management

Bulk Energy Services

Ancillary Services

Transmission Infrastructure Services

Distribution Infrastructure Services

Customer Energy Management ServicesSpinning, Non-Spinning and Supplemental Reserves

And BenefitsSource: DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

13

Electricity Storage Provides Grid Security

‘Blackouts’ and ‘brownouts’

Improve T&D stability

Maintain quality power and reliability

14

Fossil Fuels and Electricity Storage

Enhance asset utilization Defer upgrades Operate Fossil fuel generators at

optimum set point– reduce emissions

increased emissions for cyclic part load operation-NG generator

Source: EPRI/DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Applications - Wind Supplement update 2009

15

Storage EnablesIncreased Value of Renewables and DG

Use more Renewables –reduce need for fossil plants

for regulation and spinning reserve

minimize transmission congestion

Operate Fossil fuel generators at optimum set point

reduce emissions

Enhanced reliability and Power Quality

16

The Roles of Storage

ThermalStorage

Bulk Storage

V2G

Ancillary Services

DistributedStorage

DistributedStorage

ResidentialStorage

CommercialStorage

Source: EPRI

Flow Batteries

Nickel-Cadmium Battery

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Sodium Beta Batteries

Lead-Acid Batteries

Storage on the grid today

Source: Fraunhofer Institute, EPRI

Pumped Hydro127,000 MWel

Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy (Sept. 2012)

Lithium Ion Batteries

70 MW

27 MW

130 MW

< 5 MW

440 MW

375 MW

Over 99% of total storage capacity on the grid

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Electrical Energy Storage Technologies

Pumped Hydro

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Batteries• Sodium Sulfur (NaS)

• Flow Batteries

• Lead Acid

• Advanced Lead Carbon

• Lithium Ion

Flywheels

Electrochemical Capacitors

Energy

Power

Pumped Hydro(Taum Sauk)400 MW

Sodium SulfurBattery2 MW

Flywheels1 – 20 MW

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Lead Acid Batteries

Conventional

Low cost

Critical Load Backup/ Energy ManagementLead Smelter: Battery Recycling5 MW, 3.5 MWH VRLA Battery

20

Advanced Batteries

21

Hybrid LA-Supercap and PbC

• Lead acid battery positive electrode • Supercapacitor negative electrode made of activated carbon.

Pb-Ca grid alloy instead of Pb-Sb alloy, improving the corrosion-resistance of the positive grid.

New >200MW East Penn Battery Manufacturing Plant at Lyon Station, PA

500-kW/1-MWh Adv LA: Time-shifting 900-kWh Adv Carbon Valve-regulated: PV Smoothing

Utility PSOC Cycle-Life10% DOD

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000

PSOC Cycle Number

% O

f Ini

tial C

apac

ity

VRLA Battery

UltraBattery

Li-ion (Li-FePO4)

22

ARRA – East Penn, PNM Prosperity Project

First 1 MW/6 hr in 2007, three in 2009.

New types of Na/S cells(e.g., flat, bipolar, low-temperature, high-power)

molten sulfur +electrode

molten sodium -electrode

solid beta alumina ceramic electrolyte

23

Sodium-Sulfur (NAS)

24

Lithium Ion

Li-FePO4

Li-CoO2

Li-NO2Li-MnO2

Li-AlO2

Li2TiO3

25

Flow Batteries

Vanadium Redox Zinc Bromine Other electro-chemistries New flow battery couples

including iron-chrome and zinc/chlorine (Zn/Cl)

26

Electrochemical Capacitors

• All high power applications• Transmission stability• Power quality• Distributed resource support

27

Other Leading Edge Electro-Chemical Technologies

Metal-air batteries Na-ion batteries including

Na-halide chemistries

Currently, not enough data is available to make an objective assessment of these technologies’ suitability for use as utility-scale storage devices.

Zinc Air Batteries

28

Non Electro-Chemical Electricity Storage

29

Flywheels

Low Speed – PQ

High Speed – early commercial and development

Composite Rim

Vacuum Chamber

Magnetic Bearing

Hub

Motor Shaft

30

Bulk Electric Energy Storage

31

Pumped Hydro

Aquifer Archimedes’ Screw Below Ground Reservoir Energy Island In ground storage pipe with piston In-reservoir tube with bubbles Ocean Pumped Variable-Speed

Conventional

Novel

Energy Island

Compressed Air Energy Storage(CAES)

2 existing plants worldwide~20 prospective CAES projects 2 projects active in DOE

32

33

Novel CAES

Near Isothermal Adiabatic Diabatic Renewable Liquid Air Energy Storage Underwater/Ocean Adsorption Enhanced Hydrokinetic Transportable Vehicle Compression“Energy Bags”, Pimm, University of Nottingham

34

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Stores Energy in a Magnetic Field No Conversion of Electrical Energy required Super conducting wires result in virtually no losses Cryogenic Hardware required

SMESMagnet

DOE International Energy Storage DatabaseSample Screen

Technology Challenges

Electricity Storage Must Be A Complete System

DC

AC

Power Conditioning System• DC to AC conversion• Charging control• Reactive power

management• Integration point

to the grid

All components must be safe, reliable, low-cost, and seamlessly integrated

Balance of Plant• Data acquisition and controls• Thermal management• Physical structure• Shipping and Installation

Technology – Power Electronics

Power Electronics make up 25-60% of system cost. Power Electronics presently do not have the

desired reliability Power conversion from storage to grid adds

size, complexity and cost.

Emitter Turn-off Thyristor

38

Technology – Reliability

Cycle Life Limited systems in operation Cycle life unknown over 7 to 10+ year time frame

Annual Cost Replacement costs Operational costs

39

Technology – Capabilities

Need storage systems that can serve multiple applications Need technology that has Energy and Power

features

40

Cost – Challenges Present estimated costs have poor ROI Hard to get well defined budgeting costs

Capital Operational Hidden costs

How to recover costs Who takes the risks Who reaps the various and varying benefits

Example?

41

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Capital Cost for Various Technologies

43

Capital Cost per Cycle

Cost – Select Storage Technologies by Service Applications

Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

Cost: Select Storage Technologies by Service

46

Energy Density and Cost

Sources: Sandia National Laboratories and ESA

47

Regulatory Issues

Old regulatory policies = bias towards traditional technologies

Lack of experience with energy storage leads to questions about: its definition

its necessity

its cost-effectiveness

This is especially important as most utilities are risk adverse about new technologies

• its utilization

• its funding and revenue streams

• Complexity of optimizing these technologies in a market context

48

Regulatory Issues Jurisdictional difficulties in classification of energy storage

Who has jurisdiction when it comes to:

setting policy Standards cost recovery making approvals

How to address these issues?

One way is to equalize the playing field:

FERC order 755 & Pay for Performance Mandates or incentives? Pricing Externalities: Carbon Tax or Cap & Trade?

FERCPU

CISO

DOE International Energy Storage Database

http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

http://www.energystorageexchange.org/

50

Electricity Storage Tools EPRI/DOE Electricity Storage Handbook

In Collaboration with NRECA http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf how-to guide for selection and installation of stationary

energy storage systems in the electric grid comprehensive cost database

DOE Energy Storage Database

http://www.energystorageexchange.org/ database of built energy storage systems and US policies

ES-Select tool:

http://www.sandia.gov/ess/esselect.html scores and ranks the feasibility of various storage technologies

to serve the selected applications

http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdfhttp://www.energystorageexchange.org/http://www.sandia.gov/ess/esselect.html

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Electricity Storage Websites

DOE Home Page http://www.doe.energy.gov/storage.htm

EPRI www.epri.com

DOE/Sandia Energy Storage Program http://www.sandia.gov/ess/

Electricity Storage Association http://www.electricitystorage.org/

EESAT Conference http://www.sandia.gov/eesat/

http://www.doe.energy.gov/storage.htmhttp://www.epri.com/http://www.sandia.gov/ess/pubs_home.htmlhttp://www.electricitystorage.org/http://www.sandia.gov/eesat/2011/index.html

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Electricity Storage: Free to the Public

Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits(EPRI 1020676) Available at: http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001020676

Executive summary (EPRI 1022261) available at:http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022261

Functional Requirements for Electric Energy Storage Applications on the Power System Grid (EPRI 1022544)Available at:http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022544

DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA: Coming July 2013

http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001020676http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022261http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022544

Questions?

Thank You...

Electricity Storage Basics

Electricity Storage BasicsWhat is Energy Storage?How Energy Storage WorksHow is Energy Stored Currently?Electricity Storage is Not NewElectricity Storage – TodayWhy Electricity Storage?The Grid TodayThe Success of the GridHow the Grid is ChangingRenewables PenetrationElectricity Storage ServicesElectricity Storage Provides �Grid Security Fossil Fuels and Electricity StorageStorage Enables�Increased Value of Renewables and DGThe Roles of StorageStorage on the grid todayElectrical Energy Storage TechnologiesLead Acid BatteriesAdvanced BatteriesHybrid LA-Supercap and PbCARRA – East Penn, PNM Prosperity ProjectSodium-Sulfur (NAS)Lithium IonFlow BatteriesElectrochemical CapacitorsOther Leading Edge Electro-Chemical TechnologiesNon Electro-Chemical Electricity Storage�FlywheelsBulk Electric Energy StoragePumped HydroCompressed Air Energy Storage�(CAES)Novel CAESSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)DOE International Energy Storage Database�Sample ScreenTechnology ChallengesElectricity Storage Must Be A Complete SystemTechnology – Power ElectronicsTechnology – ReliabilityTechnology – CapabilitiesCost – ChallengesCapital Cost for Various TechnologiesCapital Cost per CycleCost – Select Storage Technologies by Service ApplicationsCost: Select Storage Technologies by Service Energy Density and CostRegulatory IssuesRegulatory IssuesDOE International Energy Storage DatabaseElectricity Storage ToolsElectricity Storage WebsitesElectricity Storage: Free to the PublicElectricity Storage Basics