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Electricity Industry Restructuring: Outlook for
the Future
James Bushnell
University of California Energy Inst.
www.ucei.berkeley.edu
UC Energy Institute 2
Outline
• Origins of liberalization
• Not as advertised– Unhappiness with competition, retail choice,
investment
• New regulatory structures• Capacity markets, Regulation, Market monitoring,
govt. investment
• Concluding Thoughts
UC Energy Institute 3
Why Restructure?
• Politically motivated by high rates, government financial problems, and ideological trends toward deregulation
• Regulation/Government ownership had created inefficiencies– Largely through bad investment decisions– Also some operational inefficiencies
• Large decrease in generation employment over last 15 yrs.• Some improvement in US heat rates at divested plants
• How might we save money from restructuring?– Let “markets” make better investment decisions– rate-payers not on the hook for bad decisions– these benefits accrue very slowly
UC Energy Institute 4
Electricity Restructuring:a generic blueprint
• Deregulate power production– No explicit obligation to serve specific customers,
investment based upon price forecasts– Revenues determined by market-based prices
• Grid ownership (Trans & Dist) remain regulated– Privatised in many countries
• Create ISOs responsible for operating grid and maintaining system balance
– ISOs run operating reserve and `imbalance energy’ markets
• Institute retail choice– Plan for no retail rate regulation after a “transition”
UC Energy Institute 5
Not as advertised: Compromises of the Market Vision
• Ownership remains mixed (still Govt. and Utility ownership)– New construction by these entities in many places
– Issue of crowding out merchant investment
• Concerns of supplier market power have led to regulator intervention in energy pricing – Structural solutions not undertaken
– Relatively low price-caps
– Explicit or implicit intervention in bidding practices
• Retail deregulation has stalled in many regions– Many customers remain with incumbent on quasi-regulated rates
– Issue of providing incentives for those retailers
• Resource “adequacy” regulations have been introduced– intended to influence investment
UC Energy Institute 7
Monthly Average Wholesale Electricity Prices
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Apr-98 Jul-98 Sep-98 Dec-98 Mar-99 May-99 Aug-99 Oct-99 Jan-00 Apr-00 Jun-00 Sep-00 Nov-00
Month
($/M
Wh
)
PJM New England California
UC Energy Institute 8
The Challenge of Competitive Electricity Markets
• Lack of price-responsive demand• Costly storage• Frequently binding capacity constraints, long
construction lead-times– Transmission– Generation
• Even firms with small market shares can enjoy substantial market power under the right (wrong) circumstances
UC Energy Institute 9
Average California PX price and MC
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
Apr-98 Jul-98 Nov-98 Feb-99 May-99 Aug-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Oct-00 Jan-01
Month
($/M
Wh
)
PX price Competitive Price
UC Energy Institute 10
New England Energy Clearing Price and MC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Feb-99 May-99 Aug-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Oct-00 Jan-01 Apr-01 Jul-01
Month
($/M
Wh
)
Energy Clearing Price Competitive Price
UC Energy Institute 11
Kernel Regressions of Lerner Index vs. Capacity Ration
(May - December 1999)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
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0.5
0.6
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Residual Demand/ Capacity
(p-M
C)/
p
New England California PJM
UC Energy Institute 12
Forward Commitments and Oligopoly
• Forward contracts increase spot production– Less incentive to raise spot prices if most sales are
already locked up under fixed-price contracts
• Desire to capture market from competition leads to equilibrium forward contracting by all firms– more output by all firms relative to when there is no
forward market
• Pushing market forward allows for more supply and demand response– More potential suppliers
UC Energy Institute 13
Vertical structure and forward commitments
• Usually we think of wholesale (upstream) price determining the (downstream) retail price– Issues are usually foreclosure, raising rivals costs vs. double marginalization
• In some markets, retailers make forward commitments to customers– utilities – telecom services – construction
• In these markets a vertical arrangement plays the same role as a forward contract– a pro-competitive effect– A balanced generator-retailer does not have a big net position in the
wholesale market
UC Energy Institute 14
Retail and Generation in Great Britain, 2006
Innogy (Npower)
Innogy (Npower)
British Energy British Energy
Centrica (British Gas)
BNFL
PowerGen
AES
Scottish & Southern Energy
London (EdF)London (EdF)
Scottish Power Scottish Power
Others Others
Centrica (British Gas)
PowerGen
Scottish & Southern Energy
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Retail Generation
UC Energy Institute 15
Retail and Generation in New Zealand, 2004
MeridianMeridian
Contact
Contact
Genesis
Genesis
Mighty River
Mighty River
Trustpower
TrustpowerOther
Other
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Retail Generation
UC Energy Institute 16
Retail and Generation in Spain, 2004
EndesaEndesa
Iberdrola
Iberdrola
Union Fenosa
Union Fenosa
Hidrocantabrico
Hidrocantabrico
Other
Other
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Retail Generation
UC Energy Institute 17
Retail and Generation in PJM, 1999
GPU Inc.GPU Inc.
Public Service Electric & Gas
Public Service Electric & Gas
PECO Energy
PECO EnergyPP&L Inc.
PP&L Inc.
Potomac Electric Power
Potomac Electric Power
Baltimore Gas & Electric
Baltimore Gas & ElectricOther
Other
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Retail Generation
UC Energy Institute 18
Retail and Generation in New England 1999
Northeast Util.Northeast Util.
PG&E N.E.G.
PG&E N.E.G.
Mirant
Sithe
FP&L Energy
Wisvest
Other
Other
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Retail Generation
UC Energy Institute 19
Retail and Generation in California 1999
PG&E
PG&E
SCE
SCE
AES/Williams
Reliant
Mirant
Duke
Dynegy/NRG
Other
Other
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Retail Generation
UC Energy Institute 20
Can Restructured Markets Work?
• Nature of electricity makes it more difficult to achieve a competitive market structure– is it impossible? Evidence indicates no.
• The California market was hurt by– Rigid retail prices & lack of real-time pricing– somewhat tight reserve margins– somewhat concentrated generation ownership– lack of forward contracts
• Other markets that share all but the last feature (contracts) have been viewed as successes
UC Energy Institute 21
California Crisis was Not a shortage of generation capacity
• 2000 Projected CA reserve margins
Jul Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
17.7% 17.4% 21.3% 44.3% 47.5% 44.4%
UC Energy Institute 22
Average California PX price and MC
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
Apr-98 Jul-98 Nov-98 Feb-99 May-99 Aug-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Oct-00 Jan-01
Month
($/M
Wh
)
PX price Competitive Price
But a shortage of money
UC Energy Institute 24
Reasons Offered Why Investment Intervention is Needed
• Factors present in other industries– inelastic demand– lack of storage– capital intensive industry, long-lead times– Hybrid (merchant, government, utility) ownership– Supplier market power
• Irresponsible retailer policies– unwillingness to match demand and supply at retailer level– relatively low price caps in some markets (compared to airline
bumping)– Safe harbor `default’ rates for customers whose retailers go under
UC Energy Institute 25
Alternative Paths to Resource Adequacy
• “Energy only” markets– higher price caps– more and better defined ancillary services purchasing– May be combined with hedging requirements
• Backstop procurement– Energy only market with resource “guidelines”– ISO or other agency makes a payment or long-term contract with
specific resources it deems necessary for reliability– LSEs are billed for cost (probably controversial)
UC Energy Institute 26
Alternative Paths to Resource Adequacy
• Capacity Markets– ISO sets capacity “target” (say 15% over forecast demand)– ISO or other agency makes a periodic payment to all certified
“resources” (monthly, annual)– LSEs are billed pro-rata by demand– LSEs may sell into the market (take both sides)– Price may be influenced by a “demand curve” for capacity
• Resource Adequacy obligations– all load serving entities must procure “resources” to cover their
forecast demand– procurement left to LSEs– penalties for non-compliance
UC Energy Institute 27
International Overviewfor most part capacity markets are a US
“innovation”• Energy-based
– UK, Australia, New Zealand, US MISO?– Implicit backstops (procured by Gridcos,etc.)– With mandatory options contracts? (Texas)
• Capacity markets– ‘1st generation’ PJM, NEISO, NYISO– ‘2nd generation’ PJM, NEISO
• Longer-term, more targeted incentives
• Resource Obligations– California
• Impeneterable - Spain
UC Energy Institute 28
Arguments for Capacity Markets
• random rationing creates a “free rider” problem – capacity markets eliminate shirking
• No one likes price volatility, so it is costless to establish standards that reduce volatility
• The costs of getting investment wrong are much greater on the downside than the upside
• To what extent are these self-inflicted problems?– Lack of RTP, critical-peak pricing, and the randomization of outages
creates the disparity
UC Energy Institute 29
Concerns About Capacity Markets
• Implementation creates a bias towards higher reserve levels• Allocation of costs tend to be smoothed amongst many hours• Capacity markets in practice distort markets by artificially smoothing
price volatility– means more consumption & capacity on peak
– means higher average cost
• Buying capacity does not guarantee you get energy• Could empower more subtle forms of supplier market power
UC Energy Institute 30
Concluding Thoughts
• Reform has improved efficiency– Demand response still needed
• Competition is a difficult problem– Appears to be manageable in much of the world
• Long-term contracts are critical to market performance– Solves most of the competition and investment problems– How to get firms to sign them?– Is vertical integration the most reliable way?