Electrical Power System for Non Technical Employees

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ELECTRICAL POWERSYSTEMS FOR

NON-TECHNICAL

EMPLOYEES

TEXTBOOK

TECHNICAL SHORT COURSE

TSC-GC07



2



TABLE OF CONTENTS

TSC-GC07 Electrical Power Systems for Non-Technical Employees, Textbook 3

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

FOR NON-TECHNICAL EMPLOYEES

TSC-GC07

Textbook

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson Description Page

Course Overview……………………………………………………. 5

1 Introduction to Power Systems……………………………………… 9

2 Main components of Electrical Power Systems…………………… 29

3 Industrial Training Program ITP Crafts…………………………… 65



4



COURSE OVERVIEW




TSC-GC07

Textbook

COURSE OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW

This course familiarizes non-technical employees of SEC with electrical terminology,

equipment and different crafts in Generation, Transmission and Distribution systems.

DURATION

Two days

CONTENT

This two days course is divided into three (3) lessons of instruction, as follows:

Introduction to Power Systems Main Components of Electrical Power Systems

Industrial Training Program ITP Crafts



6



PACING SCHEDULE




TSC-GC07

Textbook

PACING SCHEDULE

Lesson Description Hours

1 Introduction to Power Systems…………………………………. 6

2 Main components of Electrical Power Systems………………… 4

3 Industrial Training Program ITP Crafts………………………… 2

Total 12



8



9

LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO

POWER SYSTEMS



10



LESSON OVERVIEW

TSC-GC07 Electrical Power Systems for Non-Technical Employees,Textbook 11

LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO SEC SYSTEMS

OVERVIEW

This lesson familiarizes the participants with different generation, transmission and

distribution systems.

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this lesson, the participants should be able to:

Identify Generating Sets and Network Generation Plants:

- Steam Generation Plants

- Gas Turbine Generation Plants

- Combined Cycle Generation Plants

- Internal Combustion or Diesel Engine Plants

- Alternative Energy Power Plants

Identify Transmission Substations Network:

- The Electrical Grid

- Voltage Levels

-

Sub Transmission

- Bulk Supply Point

Identify Distribution Substations:

- Primary Distribution

- Secondary Distribution

- Load



12





INFORMATION SHEET

14 TSC-GC07 Electrical Power Systems for Non-Technical Employees,Textbook

1.2 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity is a type of energy that can build up in one place or flow from one

place to another. When electricity gathers in one place , it is known as static

electricity (the word “static” means something that does not move); electricity

that moves from one place to another is called electrical current.

When we move a conductor through a magnetic field, or move the magnetic field

relative to the conductor, it causes a current to flow in the conductor.

Let us suppose that the rectangular coil ABCD is initially in the horizontal

position. As the coil rotates in the anticlockwise direction between the poles N

and S of the magnet, side AB of the coil moves down cutting the magnetic lines

of force near the N-pole of the magnet and side CD moves up, cutting the lines of

force near the S-pole of the magnet. Due to this, induced current is produced in

the sides AB and CD of the coil. Thus the induced currents in the two sides of the

coil are in the same direction and we get an effective induced current in the

direction BADC. Due to this, brush B1 becomes the positive pole and brush B2

becomes the negative pole of the generator. Then, the current is induced in the

coil. This current can be used to run various electrical appliances (Fig. 1-1).

Magnets + Conductors + Motion = Electric Current

Fig. 1-1 Principle of Electric Generator



INFORMATION SHEET


1.3 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICAL NETWORK

The electrical power network includes generation plants (steam, gas and

combined), transmission substations and distribution substations to transfer the

Electric power from generation plants to the residential, commercial and

industrial loads, as shown in Fig. 1-2 and Fig. 1-3.

Fig. 1-2 Electrical Power Network

In Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), there are many types of power generating

plants: steam, gas, combined cycle and diesel engine power plants. Steam power

plants are usually located near the sea for cooling purposes. For example,

Ghazlan and Qurayyah power plants (Steam) are located on Arabian Gulf, while

Shoaiba and Rabegh power plants are located on Red Sea. Other types of power

plants like gas power plants are installed in the areas where water sources are not

available.

Fig. 1-3 Transmission Substation



INFORMATION SHEET


1.4 GENERATION

Diesel engines, gas and steam turbines are the most commonly used prime

movers for the generation of electrical power. Additionally, the steam turbine can

be employed in combination with gas turbine for combined cycle operation. The

following describes the basic operation of each of these prime movers in relation

to its associated power-generating scheme. Each generator in a power plant is

driven by its own prime mover (also called driver). A turbine is a prime mover.

A motor is also a prime mover. Each generator is attached to its own prime mover

to make up a single unit or a set. The term generating set includes both a

turbine and a generator.

The electrical power output is proportional to the mechanical power input. Agenerator design capability (or maximum output or maximum load) is expressed

in electrical units, Mega-Watts (MW) or mechanical units, Horse-Power (HP).

For example, one HP of mechanical energy equals 746 Watts of electrical

energy. Thus, a generator rated 10 Mega-Watts (10 MW) maximum output

requires a diesel engine or gas turbine rated at (10000000/746) HP or 13400 HP

to drive it (plus about 10% allowance for energy used in overcoming friction, air

resistance and producing unavoidable heat). That is about 14500 - 15000 HP, as

shown in Fig. 1-4.

Fig. 1-4 Generation Block Diagram

TYPES OF GENERATION POWER PLANTS

Electric power is generated by different types of power plants for residential,

industrial and commercial customers, as follows:



INFORMATION SHEET


STEAM GENERATION PLANTS

The steam is created by a boiler, where pure water passes through a series of tubes to

capture heat from the firebox and then boils under high pressure to become

superheated steam. The heat in the firebox is normally provided by burning fossil fuel,

coal, fuel oil or natural gas, as shown in Fig. 1-5.

Fig. 1-5 Essential Components of Steam Electric Power Generation Plants

GAS TURBINE GENERATING PLANTS

The gas turbine generating plants convert heat energy into electric energy. In the gas

turbine, air is compressed by the compressor into the combustion chambers where it

mixes and burns with the fuel. The combustion gases then flow through turbine

section producing driving power as they expand in the stages of the turbine driving the

generator. The fuel can be either gas type or liquid fuel. In case of liquid gas, a

process of purification and atomization takes place before injecting it to the

combustion chamber. Fig. 1-6 shows, schematically, the components of a gas turbine

plant. With the increasing availability of natural gas (methane) and its competitive

price, prime movers based on the gas turbine as developed for aircraft are being

increasingly used. Because of the high temperatures obtained by gas combustion, the

efficiency of a gas turbine is comparable to that of a steam turbine, with the additional

advantage that there is still sufficient heat in the gas-turbine exhaust to raise steam in a

conventional boiler to drive a steam turbine coupled to another electricity generator.



INFORMATION SHEET


The advantages of gas turbine plant are the fast start up and shut down (5-10 min.),

faster installation because of its modular nature and factory supplied units, and its

ability to run on oil from local storage tanks if the gas supply is interrupted. Modern

installations are fully automated and require only a few operatives to maintain 24 hr

running or to supply peak load, if needed.

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF GAS TURBINE PLANT

1.

Compressor

2. Combustion chamber

3. Gas turbine

4. Generator

Fig. 1-6 Gas Turbine Plant Construction

COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

The gas turbine's major disadvantage is its low efficiency of around 25-35%.

However, this can be significantly improved by the use of a Waste Heat Recovery

Boiler (WHRB) or Heat-Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). The steam from

WHRB or HRSG is directed to a steam turbine generator where it is used to power the

steam turbine Gen-Set. This is known as a Combined-Cycle Gas-Turbine (CCGT)

plant. Combined efficiencies, now being achieved, are between 50 and 60 % with

live steam temperature between 420 °C and 580 °C. By capturing the waste heat of the

gas turbine in a Combined Cycle Power Plant and putting it to work, the overall

thermal efficiency of the plant is increased. In a typical cogeneration plant, electric

power is generated but some of the steam from the WHRB or HRSG is used for

process heat.

http://www.cogeneration.net/WasteHeatBoiler.htm


http://www.cogeneration.net/Heat_Recovery_Steam_Generator.htm

http://www.cogeneration.net/Heat_Recovery_Steam_Generator.htm





INFORMATION SHEET


The combined-cycle power plant combines the steam turbine and gas turbine

thermodynamic cycles by using heat recovery boilers to capture the energy in the gas

turbine exhaust gases for steam production to power a steam turbine, as shown in the

Fig. 1-7 for "Combined-Cycle Cogeneration". Process steam can be also provided for

industrial purposes.

Fig. 1-7 Combined Cycle Power Plant

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE) PLANTS OR DIESEL

ENGINE PLANTS

The diesel engines are piston cylinder engines that burn diesel fuel and drive

generators coupled to the engine by the engine crank shaft. These types of plants are

used to serve remote villages that cannot be served directly from the grid. Also, these

plants are usually mobile type. Fig. 1-8 shows a typical I.C.E. generating unit.

Fig. 1-8 Diesel Engine Coupled Directly To the Generator



INFORMATION SHEET


COMPARISON BETWEEN STEAM, GAS AND DIESEL POWER PLANTS

POWER

PLANT

ITEM

STEAM GASCOMBINED

CYCLE

Overall Efficiency Around 35-47% Around 25-35% Around 50-60%

By fuel(Fossil) Crude oil-

natural gas(Fossil) Crude oil-natural gas

(Fossil) Crude oil-

natural gas

By prime mover Steam turbine Gas turbineSteam turbine

Gas turbine

Main Component

- Boiler

- Turbine

- Condenser

- Feed pump

- Compressor

- Combustion Chamber

- Turbine

- Gas Turbine

- Heat Recovery Steam

Generator

- Steam Turbine

Site conditions Need cooling water

requirements

No cooling water

requirements

Need cooling water

requirements

Generation Of

Electrical PowerAround 1000MW Around 150 MW Around 500Mw

Fast load-pickup

ability3-12 Hr 3-8 Min

3-8 Min for Gas

Turbine only

3-12 Hours for full load

Operation and

Maintenance

Costs

Max operation and

maintenance costs

Minimum operation and

maintenance costs

Medium operation and

maintenance costs

Installation CostHigh installation

costsLow installation costs High installation costs

Installation TimeLong delivery time

2 to 4 years

Short deliver time

1 to 2 years

Long deliver time

around 2-4 years

Exhaust Gas

Temp (0C)

Around 110oC Around 550oC Around 110oC



INFORMATION SHEET


1.5 OTHER TYPES OF GENERATION POWER PLANTS

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

In nuclear-powered generating units, the boiler is replaced by a reactor in which the

fission of uranium is used to generate heat. These plants rely on uranium, a type of

metal that must be mined from the ground and specially processed. Fuel rods

containing uranium are placed next to each other in a machine called nuclear reactor.

The reactor causes the uranium atoms to split and in doing so, they release a

tremendous amount of heat. Water is boiled by nuclear fission in the nuclear reactor.

As a result, water turns to steam to drive a steam turbine.

HYDRO GENERATION PLANTS

The hydroelectric power generation plant, as shown in Fig. 1-9, operates on the

principle of potential energy contained in water reservoir at a height. The height is

referred to as the head. The maximum power obtained from a hydro plant may be

computed by multiplying the head, water density, and volumetric flow rate. These

types of generation power plants being impractical are not used in SEC.

Fig. 1-9 Hydro Generation Plants





INFORMATION SHEET


GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

A geothermal power plant is pretty much a steam power plant, since what comes out

of the earth is steam. Rainwater soaks into the ground and goes down, far enough until

it reaches a region, which is really hot (in Hawaii, that's about 6000 feet). A well is

drilled; the steam comes out, spin a turbine. By the time the steam has gone through

turbine, it has cooled off and become warm water. It is then re-injected into the

ground. Complete process is shown in Fig. 1-12.

Fig. 1-12 Geothermal Power Plant

1.6 TRANSMISSION

The purpose of electrical transmission network is to transfer electricity from the

generation plant to the user. Power plants are connected together by transmission lines

and switchyard.

ELECTRICAL NETWORK

A network is an advanced type of electrical power system. An electrical networkconsists of several power plants. They are connected together by transmission

lines (or cables) and switchgear. Each power plant in the network acts as part of a

"team" instead of working alone. The terms "electrical power system" and

"electrical power network" are used to describe this te rm.

A power system with all generating stations and all load areas connected in parallel

may be represented by a theoretical diagram illustrated in Fig. 1-13. Here, the network

is shown as a kind of "reservoir" of electrical power with generating sations "a", "b",

"c", "d" pumping power into the reservoir and load areas A, B, C, D, consuming power.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 1-13 Electrical Network Areas Block Diagram

NETWORK ACTION

In Fig. 1-14, the large load area B (20MW) is fed from station b, with four generators;

while load area C (5MW) is supplied by the single unit in station "c", "a" producing

(15MW) with 12MW supplying area A, 1MW to isolated area E , and 2MW shared

with area B .Note that area B requires 20 MW but station "b" can produce a maximum

of only 18 MW, as two of the generating sets are "off-line".

Power plant "c" (one generator) is also off-line, so plant "d" (four operational

generating sets is simultaneously supplying its own area D (23MW) plus area C and

area F (5MW + 2MW). At this particular time, there is zero flow in the transmission

line between plants "a" &"c". Plant "g" is a small, single-generator "emergency"

station, which can be put on-line to help out during abnormal conditions. The power

plants in a network can supply loads to anywhere in the network. But it is easier and

cheaper to supply loads to the local area. So plants are located near the majority of

their users or its principal load area. The power plant normally supplies the load to all

users in its area but there is a need to be able to transmit power over long distances.

Fig. 1-14 Power Flow in a Theoretical Network



INFORMATION SHEET


LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINES SERVE TWO PURPOSES

1. Supply power to isolated secondary load areas.

2. Transfer electrical power between power plants.

The transmission of power must be accomplished over long distances most

economically and safely as possible.

THE ELECTRICAL GRID

The electrical grid involves many generation plants. The grid has to be an economical

and reliable system, which has reduced the need for additional stand-by generating

units. Also, the grid system is more reliable in satisfying the peak load, which takes place for several hours at particular times of the day. The grid system allows power

plants to work as a team. Switching and transmission substations connect the

generators of the power plant to the transmission lines. Fig. 1-15 shows the

components and the layout of these substations, which are found in the backyard of

the power plant. This power plant substation is called switchyard.

Fig. 1-15 Layout of Substation in the backyard of the power plant

VOLTAGE LEVELS

Voltage levels for transmission network are 380 kV, 230 kV, 115 kV and 69 kV.

Electric power is generated at a voltage level of 13.8 kV. A step-up power

transformer is used to raise the generation voltage up to the transmission voltage.

To protect the system against any failure, nearly all circuits are connected to the

system through circuit breakers that may trip open automatically on fault occurrence.





INFORMATION SHEET


SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION

This is the part of the system through which the power finally reaches the most

largest load customers, except for the industries and other larger-load consumers.

Secondary distribution feeders are mainly the Underground Cable (UG) between

the Low Voltage (LV) panel and the Minipillar (MP).

INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS

Small industrial customers are served directly by the primary feeders, or possibly

from the sub-transmission system. Large industrial customers are fed directly from

the sub-transmission system, and very large industrial customers may be served

from the transmission system.

1.8 LOAD

The amount of electrical power needed or demanded by the user at any particular

moment of time is usually referred to as Load. The load can vary a great deal from

hour to hour, from day to day and from one part of the year to another part. For

example, in the evening more power is used for lighting and cooking. On holidays,

less power is used by industry and in very hot weather power is used more for airconditioning, ..etc.

Before installing generators, it is necessary to know how much electricity is likely to

be needed by the user, as in the following example. If the maximum predicted load (or

estimated peak demand) for electrical power by the village is taken as 10 MW, the

generating capacity of the power plant MUST not be less than 10 MW.

SUMMARY

Electrical power network includes generation plants (steam, gas and combined),

transmission substations and distribution substations to transfer the power from

generating plants to the (residential, industrial and commercial).

Diesel engine, gas and steam turbines are the more commonly used prime

movers for the generation of electrical power.

Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses diesel fuel instead of

gasoline.

The major disadvantage of gas turbine is low efficiency of around 25-35%.



INFORMATION SHEET


Steam power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven.

Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine, which drives an

electrical generator.

The distribution substations include two types - primary distribution and

secondary distribution.

Sub-transmission usually is designated as part of the system between the

transmission and the distribution systems.



29

LESSON 2

MAIN COMPONENTS OFELECTRICAL POWER

SYSTEMS



30



LESSON OVERVIEW

TSC-GC07 Electrical Power System for Non-Technical Empolyees,Textbook 31

LESSON 2

MAIN COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

OVERVIEW

This lesson familiarizes the participants with the main mechanical and electrical

components in generation, transmission and distribution systems.

OBJECTIVES


Recognize the main electrical and mechanical components:

PART I MAIN MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

- Major components of the steam turbine

- Major components of gas turbine

- Major components of combined cycle

PART II MAIN ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

Power system components

- Generation components

- Transmission components

- Instrumentation & monitoring systems

- Power system protection

-

Power system communication- Distribution system





INFORMATION SHEET


PART I MAIN MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

2.1 STEAM POWER PLANT MAJOR COMPONENTS

BOILER

Once water is inside the boiler or steam generator, the process of adding the latent

heat of vaporization or enthalpy is underway and the boiler transfers energy to the

water by the chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel (natural gas, solar, coal

and nuclear).

The efficiency of this conversion is around 90 %.

BOILER COMPONENTS

Fig. 2-1 Boiler Furnace Components

Referring to Fig. 2-1:

- Furnace

- Economizer

- Down comers

- Water wall (up riser)

- Drum

- Superheater



INFORMATION SHEET


STEAM TURBINE

The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to work

satisfactorily and safely, as shown in Fig. 2-2. The steam turbine generator being

rotating equipment generally has a heavy, large diameter shaft. The shaft, therefore,requires not only support but also has to be kept in position while running. To

minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number of bearings.

Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between the shaft and the

bearing surface and to limit the heat generated.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF STEAM TURBINE

- Turbine nozzle

-

Turbine blades- Turbine casing

- Turbine rotor

- Bearings

- Turning gear

- Atmospheric relief diaphragm

Fig. 2-2 Steam Turbine Components



INFORMATION SHEET


CONDENSER

The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water

circulates through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters

the shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over thetubes, as shown in the Fig. 2-3. Such condensers use vacuum pumps for continuous

removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum.

Fig. 2-3 Surface Condenser

FIN-FAN COOLERS

two types of fin-fan cooler designs are generally used: Forced Draft and Induced

Draft, as shown in Fig. 2-4.

Fig. 2-4 Draft Fin-Fan Coolers



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-5 and table 2-1 show the main circulating flows in greater detail.

DESCRIPTIONITEM

Boiler Circulating Pump1

Boiler Furnace2Burners3

Water Walls4

Super heater No.15

Super heater No.26

Super heater No.37

Super heater No.38

Steam Supply To Hp Turbine9

Re heater No.110

Exhaust Steam From Hp Turbine11

Economizer12

Exhaust Outlet13

Air Inlet14

High Pressure (Hp) Turbine15

Intermediate Pressure (IP) Turbine16

Low Pressure (LP) Turbines17Generator18

Lead Box19

23kv To Transformer20

Condensate/Boiler Feed water To Boiler22

Water Box (Sea Water)23

Steam Supply To IP Turbine24

Gas Recirculation25

Condenser26

Condenser Hot Well27

Table 2-1



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-5 Main Circulating Flows in Greater Detail





INFORMATION SHEET


COMPRESSOR

The Compressor consists of rotating blades and stationary vanes. Air is compressed as

it flows axially along the shaft. This allows greater efficiency and higher pressure

ratios by multi-stage construction. A stage of compression consists of one row ofrotating blades followed by a row of stationary vanes. Axial flow compressor, as

shown in Fig. 2-7, is the most common type of compressor used in gas turbine power

plant engines.

The Function of axial flow compressor is to furnish high pressure air to the

combustion chamber for production of hot gases necessary to operate the turbine.

Only a portion of compressor air is used for combustion. The compressor also serves

as a source of cooling air for turbine nozzles, turbine wheels, transition pieces,

bearings and other portions of hot gas path. The air, which continuously discharges

from the compressor, will occupy a smaller volume at the compressor discharge than

at the outlet. Due to heating during compression, the air temperature will increase

several hundred degrees Fahrenheit.

Fig. 2-7 Axial Compressor

COMBUSTOR

Referring to Fig 2-8 for GE type and 2-9 for ABB type, the combustor mixes the

compressed air with fuel and burns the mixture to provide a hot expanding gas. Each

combustion chamber assembly is made up of combustion can (liner), a fuel nozzle,

and a transition piece.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig 2-8 Combustor (GE Type)

Fig 2-9 Combustor (ABB Type)

GAS TURBINE

The three-stage turbine section is the area in which energy in the form of high

temperature pressurizes.

Turbine Rotor: The turbine rotor assembly, shown in Fig. 2-10, consists of the

forward and aft turbine wheel shafts and the first, second and third stage turbine wheel

assemblies with spacers and turbine buckets. Concentricity control is achieved with

mating rabbets on the turbine wheels, wheel shafts, and spacers. The wheels are held

together with through bolts mating up with bolting flanges on the wheel shafts and

spacers. Selective positioning of rotor members is performed to minimize balancecorrections.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-10 Turbine Rotor Assembly

Turbine Stator: The turbine casing and the exhaust frame constitute the major

portion of the turbine stator structure. The turbine nozzles, shrouds, and turbine

exhaust diffuser are internally supported by these components.

2.3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF COMBINED CYCLE

Fig. 2-11 illustrates the major components of combined cycle.

1.

Condenser

2. Steam turbine

3. Gas turbine

4. HRSG (Fig. 2-12 and Fig. 2-13)

5. Pump

6. Electric generator





INFORMATION SHEET


2.4 INSTRUMENTATION&MONITORING SYSTEMS

Instruments in the power plants are devices that measure mechanical variables such as

flow, temperature, level or pressure. These variables are used by transmitters to

change into electronic signals for the measuring instruments displaying the units orindicating the reading on pointer scales (see Fig. 2-14, 2-15, 2-16 and 2-17).

Instruments include various related devices, which can be as simple as valves and

transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Instruments often comprise control systems

of various processes. The process control is one of the main branches of applied

instrumentation.

Fig. 2-14 Pressure Instrumentation Equipment

Fig. 2-15 Non-contact Ultrasonic Sensor



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-16 Level Transmitters

Fig. 2-17 Temperature Instrumentation Equipments



INFORMATION SHEET


PART II MAIN ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

2.5 POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The power system is divided into three parts; power plant, transmission system anddistribution system, as shown in Fig. 2-18.

Fig. 2-18 Single Line Diagram for Power System Network

2.6 GENERATION COMPONENTS

GENERATOR

The generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is

based on the principle of "electromagnetic induction" that if an electric conductor, like

a copper wire, is moved through a magnetic field, an electric current will flow (be

induced) in the conductor, as shown in Fig. 2-19. So the mechanical energy of the

moving wire is converted into the electric energy of the current collected from the

generator winding.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy





INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-19 Electrical Generator in steam power plant

POWER TRANSFORMER

The power transformer is used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors (coils). It steps up the voltage in order to

decrease current and power losses when transferring the power to long distance

locations. AC current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the

transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding,

That induces an AC voltage in the secondary winding. If a load is connected to the

secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy

will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load (see

Fig. 2-20)..

Fig. 2-20 Power Transformer


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_coupling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_coupling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network




INFORMATION SHEET


DISCONNECTORS AND EARTH SWITCHES

Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to open or close a circuit

when there is no current flowing through them (Fig. 2-21). They are used to isolate a

part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or an underground line so thatmaintenance can be safely conducted.

Disconnect switches are used to complete a connection to or isolate the following:

1- Two energized transmission or distribution lines.

2- Transmission or distribution lines from substation equipment.

3- Substation equipment.

4- A distribution feeder circuit and a branch circuit.

Disconnect switches are frequently used to isolate a line or an apparatus, such as a

transformer. To complete maintenance work in most circumstances, it is necessary to

test the equipment for high voltage and, if proved de-energized to ground it before the

maintenance work is performed.

Fig. 2-21 Disconnected Switches

2.7 TRANSMISSION COMPONENTS

TRANSMISSION LINES

A transmission line provides the means to transfer high voltage electric power fromone place to another carrying on towers by suspension insulators. Transmission lines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit



INFORMATION SHEET


are used in the form of isolated strip lines made basically from copper with some

alloys like aluminum, as shown in Fig. 2-22.

Fig. 2-22 Overhead Transmission Line

BUS BAR

A bus bar is a device that connects high voltage feeder to multiple feeders in order to

distribute power in many directions, as shown in Fig. 2-23 and Fig.2-24. It can be

found indoor or outdoor. The bus bar structure is made of copper and depends on the power capacity.

Fig. 2-23 69KV High Voltage Bus Bar Substation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripline

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripline



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-24 220KV GIS High Voltage Bus Bar Substation

UNDERGROUND CABLES

The underground cable provides the means to transfer high voltage electric power

from one place to another through the network but transmission burying under earth

surface. It is made of strong bundle of copper conductors surrounded by a thick layer

of a suitable insulating jacket impregnated with supporting material (Fig. 2-25).

Fig. 2-25 High Voltage Underground Cables

DC SYSTEMS

DC systems provide DC power that can be stored in rechargeable batteries to feed

protection & control equipment, alarms, communications, fire fighting, data systems

and instrumentations. DC systems include Station Battery Chargers that convert AC

power into DC power to be stored in battery banks, as shown in Fig 2-26 and 2-27.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-26 Station Battery Chargers

Fig. 2-27 Station Battery Bank

2.8 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Power system protection is used to protect power system equipment against faults and

abnormal conditions through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the

electrical network (Fig. 2-28). The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the

power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst

leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation. Power system protection

also responds to malfunctions in controls, alarms and annunciations keeping a log of

the emergency events. Protection equipment always need DC source to operate all

functions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_(electricity)





INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-28 Power System Protection

Protection system consists of three main function blocks, which are:

- Sensing elements block (current transformer & voltage transformer).

- Decision elements block (protective relays).

- Action elements block (circuit breaker).

CURRENT & VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

Current and voltage transformers act as the sensing elements block, which transduce

the current and voltage signals for the protective relays to continue the protection

process, as shown in Fig. 2-29 and 2-30.

Fig. 2-29 Different Types of Current Transformer



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-30 Different Types of Voltage Transformer

PROTECTIVE RELAYS

Protective relays act as the decision elements block, verifying and analyzing the

current and voltage signals to decide if there is a fault or not (see Fig. 2-31). Under the

fault condition, a trip signal activates the circuit breaker.

Fig. 2-31 Different Types of Protective Relays

CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch to be operated either manually or automatically.

It is designed to protect power system from damage caused by overload or short

circuit. Its basic function is to receive fault signal from protection and interrupting

power flow, immediately. Unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker can be reset to resume

normal operation. Circuit breakers have many types according to their arc quenchingcapabilities in arc chambers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrent



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)












INFORMATION SHEET


from the power system to control center to help in making suitable decisions and fast

actions in emergency cases. It may use wireless, telephone, power line carrier (PLC),

microwave or fiber optics as medium of communication (Fig. 2-34 and Fig. 2-35).

Fig. 2-34 Fiber Optics Communication Panel

Fig. 2-35 Communication System



INFORMATION SHEET


2.9 POWER DISPATCHING

OBJECTIVES OF POWER DISPATCHING

1.

To ensure that the system is operated in a safe and efficient manner. This involvesthe current operation of switching programs and accurate logging of all operations.

2. To take all reasonable precautions to ensure continuity of supply and maintain the

stability of the system.

3. To ensure compliance with SEC safety rules at all times.

In order to achieve these objectives the Power Dispatching (control center) must:

a. Keep an overall view of the Network and ensure accurate updating of the system

operation diagram as operations are carried out.

b. Authorize all switching, earthing and clearances.

c. Ensure that accurate records are kept of 'times of issues of instructions for

switching' and the 'time of completion of operations by Network Operators'.

d. Coordinate switching between the different areas.

2.10 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The distribution system is fed through grid stations. They are of a large capacity and

supply power to a large area through many primary feeders. Each primary feeder is

supplying several distribution substations Fig. 2-36.

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION

The primary distribution voltage is obtained from a step-down transformer existing

inside the grid station. The primary distribution voltage is then distributed to different

customers. The grid station could be indoor (a grid station connected to loads at 13.8

kV) or outdoor. Primary distribution lines connect power to the grid station anddistribution substation either overhead or underground.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

Distribution Substations are those substations, which are located nearest to the load.

The outgoing feeder from the Grid Station feeds the distribution substation at 13.8 kV

or 34.5 kV from Grid Station and reduces to a level suitable for distribution at 230V,

and/or 127 V.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-36 Distribution System Diagram

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

There are many types of substations used in primary distribution such as, UnitSubstation, Package substation, Room substation, Pole mounted transformer, Platform

mounted transformer and Pad mounted transformer.

POLE MOUNTED TRANSFORMERS-PMT (OUTDOOR)

Fig. 2-37 shows Pole mounted transformer. In this type, the high tension is supplied to

the transformers by overhead lines.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-37 Pole Mounted Transformer

PLATFORM MOUNTED TRANSFORMER

Fig. 2-38 shows platform mounted transformer. The high tension is supplied to the

transformer either by overhead lines or by underground cables from Ring Main Unit

(RMU).

Fig. 2-38 Platform Mounted Transformer

UNIT SUBSTATION

Unit substations, as shown in Fig. 2-39, consist of a 13.8 kV/LV distribution

transformer with an integral LV distribution panel. Unit substations are used to supplyLV network in residential and commercial areas. The advantage of unit substations is



INFORMATION SHEET


its compact size, which makes it easier to obtain sites for installation (2X 5.5 M) and

easier to find a point to provide the LV network with short LV feeders.

Fig. 2-39 Unit Substation

PACKAGE SUBSTATION

The ring main unit (RMU), transformer, and secondary voltage distribution cabinet

form one unit, as shown in Fig. 2-40.

Fig. 2-40 Package Substation

ROOM TYPE SUBSTATION

The main equipments installed in a room-type substation are the transformer, ring

main unit, LV panel, and HV/LV cables. The transformer at room type is a ground-

mounted (500/1000/1500 kVA). RMU is ground-mounted with two 400 amp ring

switches. LV distribution panel at 1600 A feeds eight outgoing feeders, 400 amperes

each, as shown in Fig. 2-41.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-41 Room Substation

OIL SWITCH

An oil switch is a high-voltage switch whose contacts are opened and closed in oil.The switch is actually immersed in an oil bath contained in a steel tank. The reason for

placing high-voltage switches in oil is that the oil will break the circuit when the

switch is opened. With high voltages, a separation of the switch

contacts does not always break the current flow because an electric arc forms between

the contacts. If the contacts are opened in oil, it will quench the arc. Furthermore, if an

arc should form in the oil, it will evaporate part of the oil because of the high

temperature and will partially fill the interrupters surrounding the switch contacts with

vaporized oil. This vapor develops a pressure in the interrupters which assists inquenching or breaking the arc by elongating the arc (Fig. 2-42).

Fig. 2-42 Oil Switch



INFORMATION SHEET


SF6 RING MAIN UNIT (RMU)

The Ring Main Unit is a standard piece of switchgear in distribution systems

comprising of switches for switching power cable rings and of switches in series with

fuses for the protection of distribution transformers. Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 ring mainunit is fully insulated in SF6 gas that is used as insulating and switching medium, as

shown in Fig. 2-43.

Fig. 2-43 SF6 Ring Main Unit

It is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc extinguishing properties. The

dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is more than that of electric

oil. The gas insulated units are insensitive to environmental influences, e.g. humidity,

dirt, dust etc. It has a compact self-supporting metal-clad structure and it is

maintenance free. This gas is now being very widely used in electrical equipment such

as high voltage circuit-breakers.

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

The distribution transformer is used to convert electrical energy of higher voltage

(usually 13.8 KV) to a lower voltage (380/220/127V) with an identical frequency

before and after the transformation. The application of the product is mainly within

suburban areas, public supply authorities and industrial customers. With a given

secondary voltage, the distribution transformer is usually the last in the chain of

electrical energy supply to households and industrial enterprises, as shown in Fig. 2-44.



INFORMATION SHEET


Fig. 2-44 Transformer core and windings

LV PANEL

LV panel 1600 A is one of the main components of SEC distribution network. LV

panel receives incoming cables from the transformer. The outgoing secondary from

LV panel can feed 7 minipillars for the transformer capacity 500kVA and 12

minipillars for the transformer capacity 1000kVA (Fig. 2-45).

Fig. 2-45 LV Panel

MINIPILLARS

The Minipillar is one of the major components of SEC LV Distribution networks.

Minipillars are installed outdoors to receive incoming cables from the LV panels. The



INFORMATION SHEET


minipillars are capable of accepting up to two 4 × 300 mm2 Aluminum cables and

feed five customers by 4 × 70 mm2 Aluminum service cables, as shown in Fig. 2-46.

Fig. 2-46 Minipillar

METER CLASSIFICATIONS

The electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is used and its unit of

measurement is Watt (W), while the unit of measuring electrical energy is Watt-Hour

(WH). The instrument used to measure the electrical energy is Watt-Hour meter,

which measures the total electrical energy during specific time as kilo-Watt-Hour

(kWH).

METER TYPES

WHOLE CURRENT (WC) METERS

Used for low voltage customer, which has load not exceeding 150 ampere.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT) METERS

Used for customer, with loads exceeding 150 ampere.

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (CT&PT) METERS

Used for customer with loads from medium voltage 13.8 kV and above.

WATTHOUR METERS

The WH meter is an instrument that is used to measure electrical energy. The (kWH)meter is an instrument that is used to measure electric energy, which is sold by SEC,



INFORMATION SHEET


as shown in Fig. 2-47. Its function is to provide an accurate record of the electric

energy. kWH meters measure the amount of electric energy passing through various

parts of the generating, transmission and distribution systems.

Fig. 2-47 Low Voltage Watt-hour Meter

DISTRIBUTION OVERHEAD LINES

Overhead lines (OH) can be made of copper or aluminum conductors strung on steel

poles using insulators. Steel poles are used for carrying conductors between power

sending and receiving ends in distribution networks. Steel poles are widely used for

OH distribution lines (LV, 13.8kV and 34.5kV,69kV), In some cases, Steel poles are

carrying some of the distribution line equipment, e.g., Transformers, Fuse Cutouts,

Voltage Regulators, etc..

UNDERGROUND CABLES (LINES)

The cables are normally buried directly in ground, in trenches. Sometimes, the cable is

placed in ducts as in cases of road crossings. Cables used for primary distribution have

three cores with aluminum or copper conductors. They are mostly insulated either by

XLPE (Cross Linked Polyethylene) or by PILC (Paper Insulated Lead Covered), as inold cables. In addition, underground cables are protectively armored or sheathed to

protect against moisture, gases and acids that exist in the ground and also to protect

against any mechanical damage.

Power cables are used to conduct electrical power from one point to another in the

electrical circuit. Power cables connect the various components of electrical power

systems such as transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear, etc, to each other as

specified in the system design plan.



INFORMATION SHEET


SUMMARY

- The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has a heavy, large

diameter shaft.

-

The Function of axial flow compressor in gas turbine is to furnish high pressure airto the combustion chamber for production of hot gases necessary to operate the

turbine.

- Instruments in the power plants are devices that measure mechanical variables

such as flow, temperature, level or pressure.

- The power system is divided into three parts: power plant, transmission system and

distribution system.

- The Generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

- The Power transformer is used to step up the voltage in order to decrease the

current and power losses when transferring the power to long distance locations.

- The Underground cable provides the means to transfer high voltage electric power

from one place to another through the network under earth surface.

-

The power system protection is used to protect power system equipment against

faults and abnormal conditions through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest

of the electrical network.

- The circuit breaker is designed to protect power system from damage that may

have been caused by overload or short circuit.

-

The distribution system is fed through grid stations.

- Steel poles are widely used for OH distribution lines (LV, 13.8kV and 34.5kV,

69kV).















65

LESSON 3

INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING PROGRAM(ITP) CRAFTS



66



LESSON OVERVIEW


LESSON 3

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROGRAM (ITP) CRAFTS

OVERVIEW

This lesson familiarizes the participants with different crafts of industrial training

program (ITP) in generation, transmission and distribution sectors.

OBJECTIVES


Identify and familiarize with:

I-ELECTRICAL SPECIALIZATIONS

- Power Plants Electrical Maintenance (Power Plant Electrician)

-

Electrical Network Operation (Network Operator)

- Electrical Distribution Network Maintenance (Distribution Electrician)

- Overhead Line Maintenance (Lineman)

- Electric Power Cables (Cableman)

- Substation Electrical Maintenance (Power Service Electrician):

-

Power System Protection And Control (Relayman)

- Instrumentation And Control (Instrumentation Technician)

- SCADA

- Telecommunications

II-MECHANICAL SPECIALIZATIONS

- Power Plant Mechanical Maintenance

-

Welding And Machining- Water Treatment Plant Operation

- Diesel Power Plant Operation

- Gas Power Plant Operation

- Steam Power Plant Operation

- Industrial Drafting



68



INFORMATION SHEET


I-ELECTRICAL SPECIALIZATIONS

POWER PLANTS ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE (PPE)

This program aims to prepare and qualify the trainee to perform maintenance and

repair for the electrical power plant equipment, such as motors, MV & LV

switchgears, electrical systems, fire fighting systems and other auxiliary systems.it

also aims to qualify him to check generators and exciter circuits and to be able to

verify electrical installation works of the power plant.

MAIN DUTIES

Performing routine electrical maintenance of all electrical equipment in power

plant.

Maintaining test and measuring equipment.

Carrying out maintenance activities related to major overhaul on Generators

Battery discharge testing.

Generator Bearing Insulation testing & shaft voltage/current detection &

monitoring.

Following the procedure of electrical equipment during Minor & Major

Inspections. Following the plant lighting system and low voltage distribution panel.

Following the workshop equipment.

Following the overhead gantry cranes.

Following the main generator and exciter.

ELECTRICAL NETWORK OPERATION (NWO)

This program aims to prepare and qualify the trainee to perform pre-commissioningtests in the transmission and distribution networks tripping and be able to isolate the

electrical equipment to let maintenance technicians perform their duties, pertaining to

isolating the faulty parts, equipment schematic reading, hold tags, work permits and

clearances, switching and grounding procedures and re-energizing the power,

checking the equipment and monitoring loads, in a completely safe atmosphere.

MAIN DUTIES FOR DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION (NWO)

Operation of transmission/ distribution network equipment.



INFORMATION SHEET


Operation of overhead transmission/ distribution lines.

Operation of underground transmission equipment / lines.

Inspection of transmission substations.

De-energizing / Re-energizing of transmission equipment.

Reading and recording of indicating meters and gauges. Management of forced distribution outages.

Recording and resetting of relay targets.

Issue and cancellation of work permit.

Site inspection and work supervision

Operation of underground distribution equipment / lines

Inspection of distribution substations / grid stations

De-energizing / Re-energizing of distribution equipment

Recommendation for corrective action / system improvement

Preparation of weekly shutdown schedule / work program (s)

Coordination with other unit for rectification / repair

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MAINTENANCE

(EDM)

This program aims to prepare and qualify the trainee to install and maintain electrical

energy counters, to do the monthly periodical maintenance, repairing, installation and

inspection to the transformers, switchgears and the main & auxiliary distribution

boards, LV circuits switching, and to troubleshoot low voltage circuits, joints and

terminals of MV & LV cables.

MAIN DUTIES

Operation of LV equipment.

Installing / commission requested customer service.

Maintain requested customer service. Maintenance of LV and MV system.

Testing MV/LV cable and equipment.

Maintains documents and records.

Load readings.

Usage of test / measuring equipment.

Inspecting / monitor contractor work.

Troubleshooting customer complaints.



INFORMATION SHEET


OVERHEAD LINE MAINTENANCE (OHL)

This program is aimed to supply the trainee with knowledge and hand skills in the

installations of transmission line network equipment for HV, MV & LV, arranging

with the associated network, also doing the routine maintenance procedure, checkingall T.Ls equipment and towers, also training to climb the wooden and T.L towers,

using hydraulic and mechanical equipment, and using drilling equipment in the

installation and maintenance of TLs, also washing and insulators T.L equipment for

transmission and distribution networks.

MAIN DUTIES

Maintenance and repair of power lines

Power line insulating and substation washing

Inspection of Power Transmission lines

Using of test equipment

Coordinating with Power Control Center (PCC) Network operator

Preparing lists of materials and tools required for jobs

Maintaining documents and records according to standard procedures

Reading diagrams and blue prints

Complying with safety procedures and requirements

ELECTRIC POWER CABLES (EPC)

This program aims to supply the trainee with knowledge and hand skills in the

working of inspection and maintenance of cables for MV & LV, doing joints for the

HV cables from 15kV up to 69 kV in different cases like creating new networks and

joining with the associated networks, and doing cable testing, grounding and the

routine maintenance procedure for all types of cables.

MAIN DUTIES

Installation and splicing of cables

Testing and Inspection of cables network

Maintenance and Repair of cable network

Using of test equipment

Coordinating with Power Control Center (PCC) Network operator

Preparing lists of materials and tools required for jobs Maintaining documents and records according to standard procedures



INFORMATION SHEET


SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE (SSM)

This program aims to prepare and qualify the trainee to maintaine the substation and

its equipment such as power transformers, switchgears, disconnected switches, bus

bars, insulators, motor control, power supply and other equipment. It also aims toqualify the trainee to remove faults and do the necessary in this regard.

MAIN DUTIES

Inspection, functional checks, maintenance, testing and commissioning of

transmission substation equipment.

Troubleshooting, repairing and restoring substation equipment to service.

Interface activities with Power Control Center (PCC).

Replacing/changing substation equipment.

Maintenance and use of test equipment.

Maintenance of substation auxiliary and station service equipment.

Preparing lists of spare parts, materials and tools required.

Driving and Operating Heavy Equipment.

Commission newly constructed substations / substation additions.

Supervising/training subordinate staff.

Maintaining documents and records according to standard procedures.

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND CONTROL (PSP)

This program is designed to qualify the trainee to be able to install, maintain and test

the protection devices (relays) and inspect, connect and test the current and voltage

transformers, read electrical drawings and use them to indicate and remove the fault

from the control and operation circuits for all HV & MV equipment, measure

instrument calibration & recorders and do all tests for electrical equipment.

MAIN DUTIES

Maintaining all types of relays.

Maintaining pilot relaying equipment.

Maintaining automatic voltage regulator relays.

Maintaining transducers.

Maintaining Watt-Hour and VAR-Hour meters.

Maintaining indicating meters. Maintaining fault recorders.



INFORMATION SHEET


Maintaining annunciator systems.

Maintaining instrument transformers.

Repairing battery chargers.

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL (INC)

This program is designed to qualify the trainee to be able to inspect and troubleshoot

and calibrate control and protection equipment which is used in power plants to

monitor the liquid levels, flow rate, temperature, different pressures in the tubes and

tanks, vibration equipment, calibration for control valves and operation and calibration

for measuring instruments & recorders.

MAIN DUTIES

Performing preventive maintenance checks, test, calibrate, troubleshoot, and make

critical adjustments to all field instruments.

Performing preventive maintenance, troubleshooting, turbine vibration and turbine

speed measuring instruments.

Performing commissioning tests on all types of instrumentation and control

schemes.

Performing wiring termination for different instruments at hazardous and non

hazardous locations.

Performing soldering and de-soldering for electronic components and integrated

circuits.

SCADA (SCD)

This program aims to familiarize the trainee with the electronic components such as

semiconductors, logic and digital circuits, printed circuit boards, soldering for

electronic components, and with the basic technical concepts used in SCADA

systems. it also familiarizes the trinee with in-depth study of microprocessor

applications.

MAIN DUTIES

Operation and Maintenance of Instruments.

Operation and Maintenance of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs).

Operation and Maintenance of Auxiliary Equipment. Preventive Maintenance- Routine Checks/Inspections of SCADA Systems.



INFORMATION SHEET


(Installing/Modifying/Replacing required SCADA Equipment.

Maintenance of SCADA Services for in-house.

Operation and Maintenance of Master Stations.

Software Configuration of SCADA RTUs and Communication Protocols

Supervising/Training Subordinate Staff.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS (TCM)

This program aims to familiarize the trainee with the electronic components such as

semiconductors, logic and digital circuits, printed circuit boards, soldering for

electronic components, familiarization with the basic technical concepts used in

telecommunications, how to check them, troubleshoot and repair them. It also

familiarizes the trinee with in-depth study of microprocessor applications.

MAIN DUTIES

Maintenance of Test Equipment.

Functional checks, routine inspection and maintenance of Communications

Switching Networks.

Monitoring and commissioning of Communication Switching Networks.

Functional checks, routine inspection and maintenace of Communications Carrier

Networks.

Monitoring and commissioning of Communication Carrier Networks.

Functional checks, routine inspection and maintenance of Communications Carrier

Cable Links.

II-MECHANICAL SPECIALIZATIONS

POWER PLANT MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE (PPM)

This program is designed to qualify the trainee to be able to perform routine and

preventive maintenance, disassembly, repair, replacement, re-assembly and

reinstallation, of various types of mechanical equipment including all rotating

equipment and auxiliary equipment in a power plant.

MAIN DUTIES

Maintaining Manually Operated Valves. Maintaining Machine Alignment.





INFORMATION SHEET


DIESEL POWER PLANT OPERATION (DPO)

This program aims to prepare and qualify the trainee to perform start-up/shutdown and

normal running of diesel plants, operate mechanical and electrical components used ina Diesel power plant, monitor operating conditions (lube oil system, water system, air-

cooling system), make adjustments either at the control board or within the plant to

ensure safe operations and trip and isolate the equipment to let maintenance

technicians do their duties safely by isolating the faulty parts.

GAS POWER PLANT OPERATION (GPO)

This program is aimed to prepare and qualify the trainee to perform start-up/shutdown

and normal running of gas turbine plants, operate mechanical and electrical

components used in a gas turbine power plant, monitor operating conditions, make

adjustments either at the Display Panel or within the plant to ensure safe operations

and trip and isolate the equipment to let maintenance technicians perform their duties

safely by isolating the faulty parts.

STEAM POWER PLANT OPERATION (SPO)

This program is aimed to prepare and qualify the trainee to perform start-up/shutdown

and normal running of steam power plants, acquire sufficient operational knowledge

about auxiliary systems, mechanical and electrical main components used in a steam

power plant, monitor operating conditions, make adjustments either at the Display

Panel or within the plant to ensure safe operations, trip and isolate the equipment to let

maintenance technicians perform their duties safely by isolating the faulty parts.

MAIN DUTIES (GPO, SPO and DPO)

Responsible for monitoring and controlling power plant generating units & its

associated auxiliary equipment and operating conditions round the clock to ensure

continuous, safe and cost effective power generation.

Start-up or shut-down of assigned balance of plant (BOP) equipment according to

approved operating procedure and general instructions.

Shift duties with responsibility for physically inspecting the operating status,

mechanical and electrical conditions of assigned balance of plant (BOP) equipment

Physical inspections of the assigned balance of plant (BOP) equipment to ensurethat the plant is functioning at optimum operating performance.



INFORMATION SHEET


Checking on the mechanical and electrical conditions of equipment.

Operate all turbine systems including air, cooling water, lube oil, fuel gas/ lube oil,

AC and DC power panels and batteries.

Taking appropriate corrective action when necessary and report all conditions to

the Control Room Operator / Supervisor. Operating the equipment in accordance with the manufacture's specifications.

Responding to emergency or upset conditions taking necessary shut down or

adjustment action to restore stable operating conditions as directed.

Supporting operator to troubleshoots and correct operations problems in the

assigned equipment.

INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING (DRF)

This program aims to supply the trainees with basic knowledge and skills on free hand

lettering and sketching. In addition, they will be able to understand the standard

symbols, drafting basics and use computer aided drafting soft ware.



INFORMATION SHEET


SUMMARY

WHERE:

G : Generation SectorPT : Power Transmission Sector

MDNO : Main Distribution Network Operations Department

DS : Distribution Sector

GS : General Services

Department Served

Training ProgramGPTMDNODSGS

1-Power Plants Electrical MaintenanceX-------- 2-Electrical Network Operation--XX----

3-Electrical Distribution Network Maintenance------X--

4-Overhead Line Maintenance--XXX--

5-Electric Power CablesXXX--

6-Substation Electrical MaintenanceXXX----

7-Power System Protection and ControlXXX----

8-Instrumentation and ControlX--------

9-SCADA--X------

10-Telecommunications--------X

11-Power Plant Mechanical MaintenanceX--------

12-Welding and MachiningX--------

13-Water Treatment Plant OperationX--------

14-Diesel Power Plant OperationX--------

15-Gas Power Plant OperationX--------

16-Steam Power Plant OperationX--------

17-Industrial DraftingXXXXX

18-AC & Refrigeration MaintenanceXXXXX



BOOK EDITION


FOR NON-TECHNICAL EMPLOYEESTextbook/Workbook

SPECIAL SHORT COURSE (TSC-GC07)

March 2010

Curriculum Development Division (CDD)Training Services Department (TSD)

Curriculum Developer : ELECTRICAL&MECHANICAL GROUPS

Technical Reviewer (Electrical) : FAROUK BESESO / MOHAMMED K. ABU-ROB

Technical Reviewer (Mechanical) : RIYAD AL-DROBI

Documents

Electrical Power System for Non Technical Employees