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Electrical Energy and Capacitance Concept of potential difference and
potential Potential and potential energy for
point charges Potentials and charged conductors
Equipotential surfaces to capacitance
Clicker question I If the distance between two negative
charges is decreased by a factor of 3, the resultant force between the two charges changes by what factor?
A. Decreases to 1/9B. Decreases to 1/3C. Increases by 9D. Increases by 3
A question A suspended object A is attracted to a
neutral wall. It is also attracted to a positively charged object B. Which of the following is true?
A. The object A is unchargedB. It has a positive chargeC. It has a negative chargeD. It may be either charged positively or
negativelyE. It may be either charged or uncharged
Polarization Forces
A charge near a neutral object can move other charges. Like charges move away and unlike move front. All resulting in a net attraction.
A weak force
-q
-Q
-Q
-Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
Chapter 16:Lecture IIWe have talked about Electric Potentials.
V = U/q =
Scalar (not a vector)Adds like numbers.
i i
i
r
qk
||
-q1
q2
q3
-q4
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
qkV
F
E
U
V
qFE /
qUV /
x
UFx
The Electron Volt The electron volt (eV) is defined as the
energy that an electron gains when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 V Electrons in normal atoms have energies of
10’s of eV Excited electrons have energies of 1000’s of
eV High energy gamma rays have energies of
millions of eV 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
Equipotential Surfaces An equipotential surface is a
surface on which all points are at the same potential No work is required to move a charge
at a constant speed on an equipotential surface
The electric field at every point on an equipotential surface is perpendicular to the surface
Equipotentials and Electric Fields Lines – Positive Charge
The equipotentials for a point charge are a family of spheres centered on the point charge
The field lines are perpendicular to the electric potential at all points
Equipotentials and Electric Fields Lines – Dipole Equipotential lines
are shown in blue Electric field lines
are shown in gold The field lines are
perpendicular to the equipotential lines at all points
Application – Electrostatic Precipitator It is used to remove
particulate matter from combustion gases
Reduces air pollution Can eliminate
approximately 90% by mass of the ash and dust from smoke
Recovers metal oxides from the stack
Application – Electrostatic Air Cleaner Used in homes to reduce the
discomfort of allergy sufferers It uses many of the same
principles as the electrostatic precipitator
Application – Xerographic Copiers The process of xerography is used
for making photocopies Uses photoconductive materials
A photoconductive material is a poor conductor of electricity in the dark but becomes a good electric conductor when exposed to light
The Xerographic Process
Application – Laser Printer The steps for producing a document on
a laser printer is similar to the steps in the xerographic process Steps a, c, and d are the same The major difference is the way the image
forms on the selenium-coated drum A rotating mirror inside the printer causes the
beam of the laser to sweep across the selenium-coated drum
The electrical signals form the desired letter in positive charges on the selenium-coated drum
Toner is applied and the process continues as in the xerographic process
Capacitance A capacitor is a device used in a
variety of electric circuits The capacitance, C, of a capacitor
is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the charge on either conductor (plate) to the magnitude of the potential difference between the conductors (plates)
Capacitance, cont
Units: Farad (F) 1 F = 1 C / V A Farad is very large
Often will see µF or pF
V is the potential difference across a circuit element or device
V represents the actual potential due to a given charge at a given location
V
QC
Parallel-Plate Capacitor The capacitance of a device
depends on the geometric arrangement of the conductors
For a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are separated by air:
d
AC o
Parallel-Plate Capacitor, Example
The capacitor consists of two parallel plates
Each have area A They are separated by a
distance d The plates carry equal and
opposite charges When connected to the
battery, charge is pulled off one plate and transferred to the other plate
The transfer stops when DVcap = DVbattery
Electric Field in a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
The electric field between the plates is uniform
Near the center Nonuniform near the
edges The field may be
taken as constant throughout the region between the plates