Engineers and Architects of Hawaii

Honolulu HI, Feb. 26, 2016

by

Katherine McKenzie

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Electric Vehicle Transportation and

Power Grid Integration

hawaiiindependent.net

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute • Organized Research Unit in the School of Ocean and Earth

Science and Technology

• Established by the Legislature in 2007

• HNEI leads many significant public-private partnerships

focused on the development, testing & evaluation of

emerging energy technologies to reduce Hawaii’s

dependence on fossil fuels

Programs:

o Alternate fuels

o Renewable generation

o Fuel cells & batteries

o Energy efficiency &

Transportation

o Grid management &

enabling technologies

HNEI is partnering with the Florida Solar Energy

Center on a US DOT program to transform the

country’s transportation network into a fully

integrated ‘smart’ EV deployment coupled with a

‘smart’ electric grid.

HNEI’s focus is the technical and economic

benefits and challenges of EVs on an electric grid

characterized by high penetration of intermittent

renewable energy.

http://evtc.fsec.ucf.edu/

4

• EV Energy Impacts: Reduction of net petroleum use and

emissions

• Optimization of EV battery durability under grid operations

• EV Interaction at the Electrical Circuit (Neighborhood) Level

• Effect of EVs on Power System Expansion and Operation

• Economic Impacts of Electric Vehicle Adoption

HNEI Battery lab

Hawaii EVTC Projects

5

EV Adoption in Hawaii

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

To

tal

EV

s O

n-R

oad

*

An

nu

al

EV

Sale

s Low (Total) Ref (Total) High (Total) Low Ref High

*Includes 6% scrappage rate beginning in 2020.

Factors Affecting EV Adoption: A Literature Review and EV Forecast for Hawaii, Coffman, M. Bernstein, P.

Wee, S. University of Hawaii, Economic Research Organization, March 2015.

6

EV Integration on the Grid

• Well qualified team with Hawaii experience

• Models, procedures, and data vetted by broad range of stakeholders (HPUC,

DBEDT, HECO Companies, energy developers and independent energy experts)

• Potential, cost effective pathways to 40% wind plus solar identified

• Requires substantial changes to generator and grid operations including more

flexible gen fleet, deeper turn-down, faster ramping, and baseload cycling

• Utility implementing changes to accommodate intermittent renewables

• “Advanced” mitigations needed for higher penetrations

• Load shifting (usage and storage), demand response, new reserves (storage and

controllable renewables, resource forecasting, and new technologies)

• Capacity reliability, transient stability and power quality must be addressed -

ongoing

7

Renewables/Grid Integration Modeling

Data &

Scenarios

Dispatch &

Cost

8

• Average plug-in EV gets 30 kWh/100mi

• 11,000 miles traveled per year

• Average of 23.4 MPG for all light duty vehicles in the

US

• 121,288 EVs on Oahu by 2040 and 266,412 by 2045

with EIA high oil price

EV Energy Impacts Analysis:

Assumptions

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38.0

39.0

40.0

41.0

42.0

43.0

44.0

45.0

46.0

PSIP +5% Load PSIP+100MW +5% Load PSIP+200MW +5% Load

EV Mileage on Oahu in MPGe for PSIP

Scenarios:

5% Load = 122,121 EVs

Electricity mix from grid

(MPGe)

Curtailed Energy,

balance thermal

generation (MPGe)

10

40.3

40.9

41.7

41.0

42.3

44.2

40.0

40.5

41.0

41.5

42.0

42.5

43.0

43.5

44.0

44.5

PSIP +10% Load PSIP+10%+100MW PSIP+10%+200MW

EV Mileage on Oahu in MPGe for PSIP Scenarios:

10% Load = 243,939 EVs

Electricity

mix from grid

(MPGe)

Curtailed

Energy,

balance

thermal

generation

(MPGe)

11

528

539

550

515

520

525

530

535

540

545

550

555

PSIP +5% Load PSIP+100MW +5%

Load

PSIP+200MW +5%

Load

Em

issi

on

Sa

vin

gs

(CO

2 M

M l

b)

EV Emission Savings Compared

with Gasoline Vehicles (23.4 MPG):

• 2 to 5 MPG – what it would take for similar fuel savings

by reducing Oahu’s entire passenger vehicle fleet’s fuel

economy

• 39% and 62% reduction in curtailed wind and solar

energy when 5% load and 10% loads are added to the

PSIP grid, but curtailed energy only 2.4% and 4.2%

• Beyond ~40% renewables on Oahu, EVs can be

especially helpful to reduce daytime curtailment of PV,

but significant infrastructure development is needed for

workplace charging

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EV Analysis – Further Results

MAHALO

For more information, contact:

Katherine McKenzie

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

Tel: (808) 956-5337

E-mail: kamckenz@hawaii.edu

Website: www.hnei.hawaii.edu