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1
Research, Development and Standardization of Electric Vehicle in China
Liu MinghuiChina FAW Co., Ltd R&D Center
Sept. 20th 2011
2
Contents
Electric Vehicle Research & Development in ChinaElectric Vehicle Research & Development in China11
Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAWElectric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW22
Standardization of China Electric VehicleStandardization of China Electric Vehicle33
3
Contents
Electric Vehicle Research & Development in ChinaElectric Vehicle Research & Development in China11
Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAWElectric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW22
Standardization of China Electric VehicleStandardization of China Electric Vehicle33
1.1 Driving Force of Electric Vehicle in China — shortage of Oil Resources
Fuel consumption of automobile in China is forecasted to increase to 350-450 million tons by 2020.For sustainable development of the Chinese automotive industry, low carbon technology must be adopted to
cover the 150 million tons shortage of automotive fuels
Notes: Data before 2009 sourced from VDA
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2020
Total consumption of oil in China (100 million tons)
20012000
2.25 2.32.49
2.72
3.173.3
3.52 3.66 3.733.92
4.55Fuel consumed by automobile in China (100 million tons)
Total automotive fuel
supply in China
According to 50% of
oil consumptio
n by automobile
in the western
countries
·Forecast of automotive fuel
consumption trend in C
hina
3.75
150 million tons
shortage of fuel for
automobile
Dependency on oil imports exceeds 52%, which goes beyond world energy security warning level
Forecast for 2020 in different scenarios (as
per the current fuel consumption level)
Conservative: annual
demand 25 m
illion units
General: annual dem
and 30 m
illion units
Optim
istic: annual demand 40 m
illion units
3.51
4.56
2.3
3.75
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
184160
130?95?
Actual 2008
Target 2015
Target 2020
Target 2025
-29%
137.5
Target 2015
155168
-43%
Actual 2006
216
101
-46%
Actual 2006
Target 2016
Target 2025
1.1 Driving Force of Electric Vehicle in China — CO2 Emission
To reduce greenhouse gas pollution in the next decade, stringent CO2 emission regulations have been developed for passenger cars in the world;
Low carbon will be a new and the most challenging regulation constraint for Chinese automotive industry in the next decade.
CO2 Decrease
CO2g/km
Year
Country
116
Target 2020
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
8.0L/184g
2010 7.7L/177g
0.9% 0.0% 0.0%
93.5% ( 7.7L/100km ) 5.7%
20254.1L/95g
32% ( 5. 8L/100km) 4% 50% ( 4L/100km ) 14%
2020 5.6L/130g14.4%( 6.7L/100km) 61.1% ( 5.8L/100km ) 3.5% 15.0%
(5.3L/100km) 6%
6.9L/159g
0.2% 0.0%
79.4% ( 7.1L/100km, 8% down from model 2010 level) 19.4%(6.5L/100km)
1.0%
2008
Fuel consumption/CO2
L/100km g/km
95.3% ( 8.0L/100km )
3.8% 0.9%
Gasoline (PFI) Gasoline (GDI) Other Fuels HEV/PHEV EV
2015
6.2L/143g42.3% 56.5% ( 5.8L/100km, 13% down from PFI model level)
0.2% 0.0%1.0%
(6.7L/100km, 12% down from 2010 level)
Year
In order to meet the CO2 regulation , there should be about at least 21.0% electric vehicle (including HEV/PHEV and EV) launched every year in China from 2020;
China automotive industry will face electric vehicle industry restructuring in the next five to fifteen years.
1.2 Analysis of Development Trend of Electric Vehicle in China
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
7
Relevant policies
Development Policy of Automotive Industry
China Medium and Long Term Energy Conservation Plan
Limit of Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars
10 key energy saving projects of China Medium and Long Term Energy Conservation Plan
The new 11th Five-Year Plan
Guidelines
National Guideline on Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and Technology Development
Rules on the Production Admission Management of New Energy Automobiles
Catalogue of industry restructuring guideline (version 2007)
Comprehensive energy-saving & emission reduction work program
Adjustment of fuel tax and consumption tax for passenger car
Plan on Adjusting and Revitalizing the Auto Industry
Plan on Adjusting and Revitalizing the Auto Industry
Demonstration & popularization plan of energy saving and new energy vehicles
Rules on admission management of new energy vehicle manufacturers and products
1.3 Relevant Policies Regarding Electric Vehicle in China
Many polices encouraging development of electric vehicles have been enacted by the Chinese government since 2004
Notice on trial of subsidy for individuals who buy new energy vehicles
Industry Development Plan of Automobile and New Energy Vehicles
Development Plan of Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Industry of the 12th Five-Year Plan
The 12th Five-Year Plan of Strategic Emerging Industry Development has classified electric vehicle as a strategic emerging industry
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092009 20112010
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
Vehicle Product
Fuel Cell Vehicle Drive System Platform
Hybrid VehicleDrive System Platform
Pure Electric Vehicle Drive System Platform
Fuel cell, Battery, Super capacitor
E-motor, Transmission, Engine
New materials, new components, generic technology, Infrastructure related technologies
Testing, Standard, Policies, Demonstration, Financing, Intellectual Property, Technical Information
Development
Drive SystemIntegration
Key Components
Basis Study
Policy Platform
-- 2001-- -- 2009 -- After 2015-- 2012 --R&D Prod. Demo. Prod. Growth
1.4 Projects Led by MOSTProjects Led by MOST——““863863”” R&DR&D
There are four phases for electric vehicle in China
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
1.4 Projects led by MOST Projects led by MOST — “Ten Cities, Thousand VehicleTen Cities, Thousand Vehicle”” Demo DrivingDemo Driving
1
2
3
4
5 678
910 11
1213
Motor Power Rate
Fuel eff. (%)BSG 10-20% 20-30% 30-100%
HV
5-10%4
— — —
10-20% 28 32 —
20-30% — 32 36 42
30-40% — — 42 45
>40% — — — 50
EV 100% — — — 60
FC-EV 100% — — — 250
Unit: 1K RMB11. NanChang12. KunMing13. ShenZhen14. TianJin15. HaiKou16. ZhengZhou17. XiaMen18. SuZhou19. TangShan20. GuangZhou
1. BeiJing2. ChangChun3. DaLian4. JiNan5. HeFei6. ShangHai7. HangZhou8. WuHan9. ChongQing10. ChangSha
21. ShenYang22. ChengDu23. HuHeHaoTe24. NanTong25. XiangFan
2425
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Pilot cities(more than “Ten Cities”): Subsidy level
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
1.5 China Electric Vehicle Industry Alliance — “TOP 10” Alliance Sponsored by the Auto Industry
Electric Vehicle Industry Alliance (TOP10)Founded on July 11th 2009
General strategy of auto development
Pay attention to both traditional energy vehicles and
electric vehicles
Development strategy of electric vehicles
Carrying out joint action, focusing priorities and
seeking innovative development
Action outline
“Program of Joint Action of Electric Vehicle
Development ”
General strategy of auto development
Pay attention to both traditional energy vehicles and
electric vehicles
Development strategy of electric vehicles
Carrying out joint action, focusing priorities and
seeking innovative development
Action outline
“Program of Joint Action of Electric Vehicle
Development ”
Jointly research and develop electric vehicle, including key assemblies and components, etcJointly develop standard for electric vehicle and components
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
11
1.5 China Electric Vehicle Industry Alliance — State-Owned Enterprise Electric Vehicle Industry Alliance
Recharging & service
commission
Battery commission
EV and electric drive commission
State-owned Enterprise Electric Vehicle Alliance (20 state-owned enterprises)Founded on August 18th 2010
Purpose: Cooperation, self-disciplined, win-win, innovation, development;Principle: voluntary, equality, cooperation, mutual benefit;Mission: Promote development of core technology of electric vehicle, and foster a group of
enterprises with strong market competitiveness
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
HEV or EV HEV EVFeatures BSG ISG Parallel Fully / Plug-In R-E BEV
Configuration
Fuel Efficiency (%) ~ 3-5 ~ 10-15 ~ 20-50 ﹥40 100
FAW
SAIC
Dongfeng
GAIGBAIHCChang’an
Chery
BYD
1.6 Status of Electric Vehicle Research and Development of Major Automakers in China
Diversified technology roadmap is adopted by China automakers in their electric vehicle productsThe majority of products are still in the stage of product development or pilot production for Demo.
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
1.7 Conclusion
Under pressure of oil shortage and CO2 emission, the Chinese government has classified electric vehicle as a strategic emerging industry and enacted a lot of policies to encourage development of electric vehicle, also some Electric Vehicle Industry Alliances are founded.
The Chinese automakers adopted their own technology roadmaps with diversified technological plans.
The majority of products are still in the stage of product development or pilot production for Demo.
A lot of researches have been made by the Chinese government and automotive industry regarding electric vehicle standard.
Under pressure of oil shortage and CO2 emission, the Chinese government has classified electric vehicle as a strategic emerging industry and enacted a lot of policies to encourage development of electric vehicle, also some Electric Vehicle Industry Alliances are founded.
The Chinese automakers adopted their own technology roadmaps with diversified technological plans.
The majority of products are still in the stage of product development or pilot production for Demo.
A lot of researches have been made by the Chinese government and automotive industry regarding electric vehicle standard.
1. Electric Vehicle Research and Development in China
14
Contents
Electric Vehicle Research & Development in ChinaElectric Vehicle Research & Development in China11
Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAWElectric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW22
Standardization of China Electric VehicleStandardization of China Electric Vehicle33
15
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
2.1 FAW’s Low Carbon Emission Enterprise Strategy — “Blueway”
Promote both low carbon technologies for traditional powertrain and new energy vehicles
Fully improve low carbon emission and energy saving technology for
traditional powertrain vehicle
Vigorously promote new energy vehicle technology
16
FAW’s overall technology strategy for new energy vehicle is “economically feasible, technically available and environmentally compatible ”
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
Economically feasible, technically available and environmentally compatible
Passenger car
2.1 FAW’s Low Carbon Emission Enterprise Strategy — “Blueway”
17
HEVHEV
PHEVPHEV R-ER-E
EVEV FC-EVFC-EV
HEV:Hybrid electric vehiclePHEV:Plug-in hybrid vehicleR-E:Range-extended electric vehicleEV:Electric vehicleFC-EV:Fuel cell electric vehicle
2.2 FAW Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap
CO2 OrientationBased on Maturity of Battery Technology Key components in-house Society, Family and Automobiles
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
18
Technology road map HEV/PHEV HEV/PHEV RE EV FCEV
Configuration
Function
Idle start-stop √ √ - - -
Electric drive √ √ √ √ √
Driving generation √ √ - √ √
Engine and motor drive √ √ - - √
Brake energy recovery √ √ √ √ √
External charge (-) / √ (-) / √ √ √ √
Low carbon emission level >35% / >50% >35% / >50% 60% >100% 100%
Develop electric vehicle technologies aiming to meet vehicle CO2 emission targets.
2.2 FAW Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap — CO2 Orientation
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
19
Develop corresponding new energy vehicles gradually based on the maturity of battery technology and cost acceptability
Low Powertrain electrification High
EV
FC-EV
PHEV
Full Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Mat
urity
of b
atte
ry te
chno
logy
2.2 FAW Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap — Based on Maturity of Battery Technology
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
2.2 FAW Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap — Key Components In-house
Develop core technologies and key components
2010 2015 2020 2025
Electricdrive system
Energy storage system
Sw & Control
Vehicle integrationSystem from Tier 1FAW Vehicle
Integration
System integration
Sw & Control development
Component developmentKey components developmentPilot production
Productionproduction from system to key
components
System integrationSystem productionPack & BMS
development
Components developmentCell development
Pilot production begins
productionBe involved in cell
business
FAW development
Vehicle IntegrationSystem from Tier 1FAW Vehicle
Integration
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
21
Integration of society, family and automobiles is the comprehensive solution for the future low carbon emission society.
PHEV/EV is the ultimate trend for the development of automobiles.
SocietyEfficient usage of renewable energySmart transportation systemSmart grid
SocietyEfficient usage of renewable energySmart transportation systemSmart grid
FamilyHome regenerative energy power generation Home energy storage systemSmart home power management
FamilyHome regenerative energy power generation Home energy storage systemSmart home power management
AutomobileBalanced home power usageBalanced power gridSmart power charge and feed control
AutomobileBalanced home power usageBalanced power gridSmart power charge and feed control
2.2 FAW Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap — Society, Family and Automobiles
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
EV
PHEV
Water Energy
Wind Energy Nuclear Energy
Grid
Bio-Energy
Grid
Home
Residential area
Solar Battery
battery
Public charging station
Home charging terminal
HEMS
HongQiHongQi series HEV carseries HEV car
BesturnBesturn Full Hybrid CarFull Hybrid CarC Sample C Sample
BesturnBesturn Full Hybrid Car Full Hybrid Car B Sample B Sample
22
HongQiHongQi Full Hybrid Car Full Hybrid Car A SampleA Sample
1998-2000 2002-2005 2006-2008 2009-2013
Beginning from basic research, FAW spent 10 years to develop Hybird cars based on B-class car
2.3 FAW Hybrid Car —— R&D Progress
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
23
FAW two-motor full hybrid system FAW-TMHTM
2.3 FAW Hybrid Car —— Technical Innovation in Besturn B70 HEV
FAW two-motor full hybrid system FAW-TMHTM: it features all hybrid functions, and could be a type with plug-in
Item Parameter
CarLength/ Width/ High (mm) 4705/1782/1465
Curb Weight (kg) 1520
Assy.
Engine CA4GA5HL4 1.5L
Transmission 5AMT
E- Motor PMSM 40kW
Battery Pack 300 V / 5.3Ah/Lithium
Performance
Acceleration Performance (s)(0-100 km/h) 10.5
NEDC Fuel Consumption (L/100km) 5.9
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
Pilot Production
Low volume production line has been set up
Processes such as assembling of assys, body, vehicle and
EOL etc.
Demo Driving
In 2008, demo driving during Beijing Olympic Games
In 2009, demo driving at Dalian Davos Forum
In 2011, “Ten Cities, Thousand Vehicle” demo driving in
Chang Chun
Pilot Assembly Line
2.3 FAW Hybrid Car —— Besturn B70HEV (Pilot Production and Demo Driving)
Demo Driving
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
2525
Performance prototype
Type approval prototype
Volume production vehicle
2002-2003 2004-2006 2007-2008 2009-2012
2.4 FAW Hybrid Bus —— R&D Progress
Beginning from basic research, FAW spent totally 10 years to develop hybrid bus based on 10~12m long city bus
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
Function prototype
Item Parameter
Bus
Length/ Width/ Height (mm) 11995X2546X3200
Curb Weight (kg) 12050
Assy.
Engine 162 kW @ 2500 rpm
Automatic Manultransmission 5AMT
E-Motor 90 kW @ 3600 rpm
Battery Pack 336 V / 40 Ah NiMH
Performance
0-50km/h Acceleration
Performance (s)<30
City fuel consumption
(L/100km)<30(oil saving >25%)
2.4 FAW Hybrid Bus —— The 1st Generation 12m Hybrid City Bus
Launched in small volume in 2009, volume production began in 2010
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
Totally 482 hybrid buses have been launched in Dalian, Changchun and Kunming, etc.
In 2008, demo driving in Beijing Olympic GamesIn 2009, demo driving at Dalian Davos ForumIn 2009, “Ten Cities, Thousand Vehicle” demo driving in Dalian, Changchun and Kunming
In 2008, demo driving in Beijing Olympic GamesIn 2009, demo driving at Dalian Davos ForumIn 2009, “Ten Cities, Thousand Vehicle” demo driving in Dalian, Changchun and Kunming
2.4 FAW Hybrid Bus —— The 1st Generation 12m Hybrid Bus
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
28
Item Parameter
CarL/W/H/mm 4050/1789/1600
Curb Weight /kg 1460
Assy.E- Motor 230Nm/75kW
Battery 336V / 70Ah Lithium
Function Slow charge(6~8h), fast charge 30min(80%SOC)
Performance
Acceleration Performance/s
(0-100 km/h)< 13
NEDC Power ConsumptionkWh/100km
<13
Pure Electric Driving Range
(NEDC)/km
160
(It can satisfy 98% of customers’ demand)
2.5 Other R&D Activities— A0 Class EV Car
Aiming for volume production, develop specific chassis, body and vehicle platform suitable for electric car .
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
High Voltage CAN Bus
HCUGear Box
E-Motor
MCUINV BATT BMS
Item Parameter
BusLength (mm) 11900
Curb Weight (kg) 11300(+1500)
Assy.E-Motor 80 / 150kW
Battery 384V / 360Ah
Function
Normal Charging 6~8h
Electric drive, Regenerative Braking
Perfor-mance
Max. Speed (km/h) 80
0-50km/h acceleration
performance (s)25
Cursing range in city condition (km) >120
2.5 Other R&D Activities—12m EV Bus
Aiming for volume production , develop new powertrain platform suitable for electric city bus
2. Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW
30
Contents
Electric Vehicle Research & Development in ChinaElectric Vehicle Research & Development in China11
Electric Vehicle Research & Development by FAWElectric Vehicle Research & Development by FAW22
Standardization of Chinese Electric VehicleStandardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle33
31
Working group for E-drive system
Working group for battery system and
application
Sub Technical Committee of Electric Vehicle
SAC/TC114/SC27
Working group for fuel-cell electric
vehicle
Working group for hybrid
electric vehicle
Technical Committee of SAC
SAC TC114
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
3.1 Organization for Chinese Electric Vehicle Standardization
Study and set standards for electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle
Study and set Study and set standards for electric standards for electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehiclevehicle
Study and set standards regarding battery’s dimension, safety, cycle life, test procedure etc.
Study and set standards regarding battery management system, communication protocol, charging interface and charging station etc.
Study and set standards Study and set standards regarding batteryregarding battery’’s s dimension, safety, cycle life, dimension, safety, cycle life, test procedure etc. test procedure etc.
Study and set standards Study and set standards regarding battery regarding battery management system, management system, communication protocol, communication protocol, charging interface and charging interface and charging station etc.charging station etc.
Study and set standards for E-drive system
Study and set Study and set standards for Estandards for E--drive drive systemsystem
Study and set standards for fuel cell vehicle, system and component
Study and set Study and set standards for fuel cell standards for fuel cell vehicle, system and vehicle, system and componentcomponent
ISO TC22/SC21IEC TC69
World forum for coordination of
vehicle regulations UN/WP29
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
3.2 Architecture of Chinese Electric Vehicle Standardization
Corresponding standards are established in line with the diversified electric vehicle technologies
Architecture of electric vehicle standardization
Vehicle
EV
Charging relatedKey components
HEV FCEVEnergy storage system
E-drive system
On-board charging system
Charging interface
DC/DC
33
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
3.3 Status of China EV Standardization
Electric Vehicle standard system has been set up after nearly fifteen years of studyThere are small amount of equivalent or modified international standards which have been
adopted in China, most standards have been developed independently according to China’s actual conditions and Electric Vehicle roadmap.
With new electric vehicle technologies and solutions emerging constantly, there are totally 47 standards to be set or revised in the period of 2011-2015.
404
3
12
7
4
7
12
Qty. of standards
have been set
GB/T
GB/T
GB/TGB/T
GB/T+QC/T
GB/T+QC/T
GB/T
GB/T
Standardfeature
Qty. of standards to
be set or revised
Standard type
47Total5Charging port
2On-board charge systemCharging-
related
2DC/DC4E-drive system
5Energy storage
systemKey component
13Fuel cell vehicle
4Hybrid vehicle
12Electric vehicleVehicle
3.4 Discussion on China Electric Vehicle Standardization — Defination of PHEV and Related
ECER101: Dav=25km ; How about in China ?
How to assess energy consumption of external charging vehicles
Definition & classification standard of PHEV
Currently, subsidy is offered according to size of battery energy in China
Relevant classification standard needs to be developed for PHEV as basis of subsidy
Range Extender:
Vehicle performance requirement in CD mode
Vehicle performance requirement in CS mode
Fuel economy assessment method of external charging vehicles
(2)
(1)
Method
C = (Dovc·C1 + Dav·C2)/(Dovc + Dav)E = (Dovc·E1 + Dav·E4) / (Dovc + Dav)
Fuel ConsumptionElectric Energy Consumption
E = (De·E1 + Dav·E4) / (De + Dav) C = (De•C1 + Dav•C2)/(De + Dav)
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
Battery Charging
Battery fast switch
There are some arguments between power net
and auto industry about Either battery charging or
fast switch shall be chosen, the issue itself should
be resolved by standardization.
Currently, both Europe and Japan already have
unified charging interface standards, however,
China has no such mandatory standards released
yet.
3.4 Discussion on China Electric Vehicle Standardization — Charging or Fast Switching
Modular battery will be favorable for battery manufacturers to improve product quality and reduce cost.
However, due to some restraints of personalized passenger car such as limited packaging space and load requirements, vehicle design will be hard to achieve with modular battery.
Taxi and city bus with modular battery will be beneficial to the promotion of battery’s mass production and centralized management when battery is in use.
Standards to be developed: module specification, module interfaces etc.
3.4 Discussion on China Electric Vehicle standardization — Cell and module related standards
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
37
3. Standardization of Chinese Electric Vehicle
Electric vehicle is one of the most important solution for oil shortage and CO2 emission in china, the Chinese government and automakers have made it as the most important development direction, the EV market will grow up rapidly and EV standardization will be a major challenge.
The majority of products are still in the stage of product development or pilot production for Demo, standardization of Chinese electric vehicle is developing and does not mature enough, therefore, China should keep close cooperation with relevant international organizations in standardization and contribute its own efforts.
The technological roadmap for China electric vehicle has its own unique features, and relevant standards have particularity.
3.5 Conclusion
38
Thank You for your attention !