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Electric Shock Therapy. Good or bad?. Katie Robinson. History. Traces back to Hippocrates Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist. Julius Wagner- Jauregg. Austria. 1917. Noticed patients that survive high fevers become more sane - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Electric Shock TherapyGood or bad?
Katie Robinson
HistoryTraces back to Hippocrates
Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane
Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist
Austria
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1917Noticed patients that survive high fevers
become more sane Injected 9 chronic paresis patients with
malariaFour completely recovered, two improved
Performed complicated treatment on 275 people at risk for paresis
83% of people did not develop paresis
Awarded Nobel Prize in 1927 for his work
Berlin, Germany
Manfred J. Sakel
1927Working as an internist at Lichterfelde
Hospital for Mental Diseases Injected morphine addict with insulinCaused an artificial coma – showed
improvement mentally
Overdose of insulin cause convulsions
Improved technique became “Sakel’s Technique”
Significant for psychiatry – first effective treatment for schizophrenia
Survey - 1939American
Psychiatric Association
1757 schizophrenic patients
11.00%
26.50%
26.00%
Improvement
Immediate & CompleteLargleySome
Pennsylvania Hospital performed survey
63% improved immediately
42% improved within two years
More studies found results were temporary
Budapest
Ladislaus von Meduna
1933Unaware of Sakel’s discoveries
Experimented on animals first
Metrazol induced convulsions
110 people – 50% improved, some cured
Violent seizures – spine fractures in 42% of patients
Ugo Cerletti
Previously studied epileptics
Worked with Lucio Bini and L. B. Kalinowski
Tested electric shocks on mice
Vast improvement in patients
10-20 shocks on alternating days
Caused memory loss and distorted memory of shock
1970’sUsed on unruly patients
Unstrapped and unmedicated
Now
General anesthesia and muscle relaxers
Typical number of shocks: 6-12
Electrodes place on the head
Side effectsMemory loss – short & long term
Studies shown memories can be retrieved
Some patients still have memory loss
Study in July 2007 – some cognitive problems
Concerns about effects on brain structure
Inconclusive studies
Famous peopleWho have received electric shock therapy
Ernest Hemingway (writer)– committed suicide
Silvia Path (poet) – committed suicide
Robert Lowell (poet)
Lou Reed (rock star)