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7/31/2019 Electric Revision (1)
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Current flow versus Electron
flowConventional
current flows
this way.
Electrons
flow this
way.
7/31/2019 Electric Revision (1)
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What formula relates
Charge, Current and Time?A current of 1 Ampere is flowing when 1 Coulomb of charge
flows past a point in a circuit in 1 second.
Charge = current x time
(C) (A) (s)
If a current of 5 A is flowing then 5 C of charge pass a point in1 second.
In general, if a steady current I (amperes) flows for time t(seconds) the charge Q (coulombs) passing any point isgiven by
Q = I x t
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Worked example
A current of 150 mA flows around a circuit for
1minute. How much electrical charge flows past a point in the circuit in this time?
Solution
Substituting into Q = It
gives Q = 0.15 A x 60 s= 12 C
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1. Convert the following currents into amperes:
a) 400 mA b) 1500 mA.
Ans. = a) 400 mA = 0.4 A b) 1500 mA = 1.5 A
2. What charge is delivered if a current of 6A flows for 10
seconds?
Ans. = 60 C
3. What charge is delivered if a current of 300 mA flows
for 1 minute(60 seconds)?
Ans. = 18 C
For you to do!!
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What is Ohm’s Law?The voltage dropped across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it, provided the temperature remains constant.
Voltage (V) = Current (A) x resistance (Ω)
V = I x R
What is the formula for Ohm’s law?
7/31/2019 Electric Revision (1)
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Worked example on Ohm’s Law2 A
8 Ω
V = ?
V IxR== 2A x 8
= 16 V
Ω
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Ammeters and Voltmeters
Ammeters measure current and are placed in seriesin a circuit.
Voltmeters measure voltage and are placedVoltmeters measure voltage and are placed
in parallel in a circuit.in parallel in a circuit.
A
V
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Rules for
Resistors in SERIES
R Total = + + R R R1 2 3
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Examples on Resistors in Series
6 Ω 9 Ω
Ans. = 15 Ω
4Ω 6 Ω 3 Ω
Ans. = 13 Ω
No. 1
No. 2
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Rules for
Resistors in PARALLEL1 1 1
R
1
R R R
This formula is shortened to
R R R
R R
oduct
Sum
Total 1 2 3
Total1 2
1 2
= + +
=+
=Pr
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Examples on Resistors in Parallel6 Ω
12 Ω
Ans. = 3 Ω
6 Ω
Ans. = 6 Ω
12 Ω
No. 1
No. 2
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For you to do!!!!
16 Ω
6 Ω
16 Ω
Ans. = 14 Ω
No. 3
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Ans. = 9 Ω
Ans. = 6 Ω
6 Ω6 Ω
12 Ω
10 Ω
3 Ω
10 Ω 2 Ω
2 Ω
No. 4
No. 5
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Rules for SERIES CIRCUITS
• Same current but ……
• split voltage between them.
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18 V
6 V 6 V 6 V
?
Equal resistors share the
voltage between them!!
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Rules for PARALLEL
CIRCUITS
• Same voltage but ……
• split current between them.
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? A
? A
4 A? A
Equal
resistors
What will be the currents flowing
through each ammeter?
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Electrical Power
E.g. A study lamp is rated at 60 W, 240 V.
How much current is the bulb carrying?
Solution
60 W = 240 V * Current
60 W
Current = ----------- = 0.25 A
240 V
ElectricalElectrical Power = Potential difference * currentPower = Potential difference * currentWatts Volts AmpsWatts Volts Amps
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A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing
an a.c. voltage.
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Structure of Transformer
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Circuit Symbol for Transformer
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How Transformer works
Laminated soft
iron core
Primary coil Secondary coil
Input voltage
(a.c.)
Output voltage
(a.c.)
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All transformers have three parts:
1. Primary coil – the incoming voltage V p
(voltage across primary coil) is connected
across this coil.
2. Secondary coil – this provides the outputvoltage V
s(voltage across the secondary coil)
to the external circuit.
3. Laminated iron core – this links the two coilsmagnetically.
Notice that there is no electrical connection between the two coils,
which are constructed using insulated wire.
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Two Types of Transformer
A step-up transformer increases the voltage -
there are more turns on the secondary than on the
primary.
A step-down transformer decreases the voltage
- there are fewer turns on the secondary than on
the primary.
To step up the voltage by a factor of 10, there
must be 10 times as many turns on the secondary
coil as on the primary. The turns ratio tells us
the factor by which the voltage will be changed.
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Formula for Transformer
voltage across the primary coil
voltage across the secondary coil
number of turns on primary
number of turns on secondary
V
V
N
N
p
s
p
s
=
=
Where V p
= primary voltage
Vs = secondary voltage
N p= Number of turns in primary coil
Ns= Number of turns in a secondary coil.
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Worked example No. 1
The diagram shows a transformer. Calculate the
voltage across the secondary coil of this transformer.
Step-up transformer!
7/31/2019 Electric Revision (1)
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Solution
VV
N N
Substituti ng
12V
180540
Crossmulti plying
180. V 12 x 540
V12 x 540
180V 36 V
P
S
P
S
S
S
S
S
=
=
=
∴ =
∴ =
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Worked example No. 2A transformer which has 1380 turns in its primary coil is to be used to
convert the mains voltage of 230 V to operate a 6 V bulb. How many
turns should the secondary coil of this transformer have?
VP = 230 V
NP = 1380VS = 6 V
NS = ?
Obviously, a Step-down transformer!!
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Solution
V
V
N
N
Substituti ng
230
6
1380
NCrossmulti plying
2300. N 6 x 13800
N
6 x 1380
230 N 36 turns
P
S
P
S
S
S
S
S
=
=
=
∴ =
∴ =