Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Dynamic ... · Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Applications Very conservative sensitivity at 1.55mV/cm Several

Dr. Ed Generazio

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Langley Research Center

Hampton, Virginia

Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Dynamic Applications

2017 Research Award for Innovation

.

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003221 2020-01-14T15:52:46+00:00Z

Background • NDE historically has focused technology development in propagating wave phenomena:

• X-ray, ultrasonic, microwave, thermal, terahertz, and eddy

current • Little attention to the field of electrostatics and emanating

electric fields.

• Interest in evaluating the integrity of wire insulation in aircraft and aerospace systems

• This work is based on the original electric field sensor (e-Sensor) work disclosed by Generazio (2002).

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Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Applications

3


Structure

Floating gate design

4



ea ea

Dielectric constant, relative permittivity, e

Electric susceptibility,

c = 1- e

e = 1 vacuum

Conductor

eb > ea

eb < ea

5

eb eb


Human Hands Asbestos Rabbit Fur Glass, Mica Human Hair Nylon, Wool Lead Silk Aluminum Paper Cotton Steel Wood Amber Hard Rubber Mylar Nickel, Copper Silver, Brass Gold, Platinum Polyester, Celluloid Saran Wrap Polyurethane Polypropylene Vinyl, Silicon Teflon Silicon Rubber

POSITIVE charge

NEGATIVE charge

Triboelectric affinity

+

-

NEUTRAL

6


• Low dielectric constant/Low electric susceptibility

• Non-conductor • Neutral triboelectric affinity

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Catch 22 • Want to select the best materials for constructing an electric

field measurement system, however, the actual electrical properties vary or are unknown in configuration to be used.

• Insulation on wiring • Wire diameters • Circuit elements • Support materials

• Don’t know actual electrical properties until tested

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An Example, “e - Sensor” Antenna Configuration for Wiring Inspection

e - Sensor

Damaged insulation

Electrical equipotential surfaces (V1, V2, V3, V4) are distorted due to damaged or aged insulation. Some

antenna elements are no longer parallel to the electrical equipotential surfaces and now are exposed to an

increase in potential.

The electric field, E, at any point is given by , where V is the electrical potential

New Insulation Damaged Insulation

V4

V2

V1 V3

V1

V4

V2

V1 V3

Equipotential surfaces

e - Sensor

-

V = E


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“e - Sensor” Data from Prototype

e - Sensor LEDs are

dimmed proportionately

by the presence of the

spatially varying electric

potential existing around

statically charged

insulated wire.

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Wire passing through

e - Sensor prototype

e - Sensor


2nd Prototype

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12


13 13


Acquisition point

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shoulders

waist

chest

knee

calf

Ed Generazio’s

1st electric field image of a human, 10/23/2012

Electrical potential image of a human in a uniform electric field

Electric Potential Image of Human Using Electric Field Imaging (2016) US 9279719 B2 & Quasi-Static Electric Field Generator (2016) US20160049885A1

• First images identify rich areas of improvement.

• Imaging volumetric dielectric properties of structures

36”

1/4/2012

Image Processing


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http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=09279719&IDKey=F3A37966E622 &HomeUrl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1%3DPTO2%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26u%3D/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.htm%26r%3D1%26p%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26d%3DPTXT%26S1%3D9279719%26OS%3D9279719%26RS%3D9279719

http://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20160049885&IDKey=060D8679B1DA&HomeUrl=http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1%3DPTO2%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26p%3D1%26u%3D/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26co1%3DAND%26d%3DPG01%26s1%3Dgenerazio%26OS%3Dgenerazio%26RS%3Dgenerazio




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Generazio, E. R., Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Applications, Materials Evaluation, November 2015, pgs. 1479 - 1489 17

𝐸 𝑋𝑖 ,𝑌𝑖 ,𝑍𝑖 ≈ − 𝑉 𝑋𝑖+1, 𝑌𝑖 , 𝑍𝑖 − 𝑉 𝑋𝑖 ,𝑌𝑖 ,𝑍𝑖

𝑋𝑖+1−𝑋𝑖 𝑖 +

𝑉 𝑋𝑖 , 𝑌𝑖+1 , 𝑍𝑖 − 𝑉 𝑋𝑖 , 𝑌𝑖 ,𝑍𝑖

𝑌𝑖+1−𝑌𝑖 𝑗

+ 𝑉 𝑋𝑖 , 𝑌𝑖 , 𝑍𝑖+1 − 𝑉 𝑋𝑖 , 𝑌𝑖 , 𝑍𝑖

𝑍𝑖+1−𝑍𝑖 𝑘


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19


Electric Potential Image


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Electric Potential Images


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Characterization by Charge Tunneling, Injection,

and Distribution

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V- V+

V- V+

V-

++++++++++

---------

----------

++++++++++

----------

+++++++++

+ + + +

+

- - - -

-

Applied Electric Field

Initial Polarization Due to Bound Surface Charges at t = 0.0

Residual Charge Due to Charge Buildup at t1 = t + Dt > 0.0

Initial Displacement Fields Due to Bound Surface Charges at t = 0.0

V+

i0 i1

i2

i3

i4

i5 i6

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Figure 1

c d

b a

Non-conducting container

Container wall, outside surface

Container wall, inside surface

Suspect object in container

- - -

-

- - -

-

-

-

------

------

++++

++++

Suspect object in container

Electrode Electrode

Figure 1

Bound and Unbound

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Ed Generazio February 8, 2015

e-Sensor data write test bed system – identifying organic memory parameters

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Figure 7

a

c

b

d

Electrode

Adjustable Height

Electrode supports

Array support

Potential Control

Resistors

Conducting strips

Electrode wires

Data Storage Panel

Hinges

Storage Panel Mounting Bracket

Adjustable Height

Electrode supports

Array support

Array support

Array support

Data Storage Panel

Electrode

Electrode

After

Erasure

McMaster Label

on back side

reveals new

inspection

technology for

hidden objects. Data writes

without using

a triboelectric

process

Ed Generazio February 9, 2015

EFI image of Electrical Potential of Data Stored by Charge Distribution on PTFE

25

a b

Data Read

12” 12”

Electric Potential Images

Ed Generazio February 19, 2015 Ed Generazio February 19, 2015

Back side of data storage panel

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Figure 10

a b


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Very conservative sensitivity at 1.55mV/cm Several orders of magnitude by FET selection, components, filtering, structural design, etc.

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Ephemeral e-Sensor

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Equilibrium electrical potential

Equilibrium electrical potential

Ele

ctri

cal P

ote

nti

al (

- V

)

Position on X-Axis

Ele

ctri

cal P

ote

nti

al (

-V

)

Position on X-Axis

Non-rotating sensor

Rotating sensor

Typical Measured Ephemeral Sensor Response in the Presence of a Charged Axially Symmetric Object

X-Axis

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Solid State Ephemeral e-Sensor

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38

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ergFET Yields Symmetric Electrostatic Potential and Image Representation

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40

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2D EFI

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0 0.88 Time (seconds)

Measuredvoltage,

V

Strobe starts discharging (flashes)

sensor A

sensor B

Individual element sensor responses due to changes in strobe circuit electrical potentials

Strobe electrical components are activated

(charged)

Strobe components discharged

Strobe components

charging

t0 t0+Dt


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46 46


e-Sensor Linear Array Scan - Electrical Potential Image

~ 26 Hz AC waveforms observed

HV source on left side; RC circuit on right side (front surfaces 4” from e-Sensors) @ 12 VDC

Response of 16 e-Sensors


Shaded region (low potential generated @12 VDC ) is overlapping with

objects’ locations

Ripples in image are due to low frequency AC

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e-Sensor Linear Array Scan - Electrical Potential Image of Hidden Active Circuit




Shaded region (low potential generated @12 VDC ) is overlapping with

objects’ locations

Ripples in image are due to low frequency AC

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Horizontal banding is due inadequate sensor-to-sensor calibration

AC signals from imaged sources

~ 9”

~ 36”

e-Sensor Linear Array Scan - Electrical Potential Image



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Electric Field Imaging of Plasmas

By Jafet.vixle at English Wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4581325

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By Jafet.vixle at English Wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4581325

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2D Electric Field Imaging of Combustion Electric Starting Lighter

August 15, 2016

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Electric Potential Image of Ignited Lighter

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Electric Field Imaging (EFI) of Ion Gun Plasma

August 16, 2016


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2D e-Sensor Array & Ion Gun

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Electric Potential Image of Operating Ion Gun

Region of Lowest Potential

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Phonon-Electric Field Imaging (EFI)

Real-time 2D EFI Array System

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Phonon Assisted Dipole Creation

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3D Electric Field Imaging (EFI)

&

Electric Field Imaging Eye

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Electric Field Imaging Eye

• NASA Programs and Commercial space industry • Electrostatic discharge (ESD) mitigation and control requirements • Damaged materials characterization requirements • Component operations and integrity • Remote active circuit characterization. • Tether and insulation quality control • Lightening Prediction • Vehicle and component charging requirements • Design and construction of unique electronic sensors • Systems and human health monitoring in space • Astronaut EVA safety

• The Nation • Intrusion detection • US perimeter security • Transportation security- personnel and baggage inspection • Personnel identification and access • Electronic signature requirements • National power grid integrity • Crime scene forensics • Molecular memory • Medical – non-contact EKG and EMG (electromyography)

Anticipated Benefits

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• Electric Field Imaging (2016) US 9279719 B2

• Quasi-Static Electric Field Generator (2016) US20160049885A1

• Ephemeral Electric Potential and Electric Field Sensor (2015) US20150137825

• Solid State Ephemeral Electric Potential and Electric Field Sensor, Serial Number: 15/177,798 (2016)

• Dynamic Multidimensional Electric Potential and Electric Field Quantitative Measurement System and Method , US Serial Number: 62/357,407 (2016)

• Solid State Ephemeral Electric Potential and Electric Field Sensor, US Serial Number: 15/177798 (2016)

• Dynamic Multidimensional Electric Potential and Electric Field Quantitative Measurement System and Method, US Serial Number: 62/357,407 (2016)

• LAR-19005-1 Electric Field Imaging Eye, Provisional Patent Application (2017)

• LAR-19007-1 Method for Phonon Assisted Creation and Annihilation of Subsurface Electric Dipoles, Provisional Patent Application (2017)

Q & A Patent Activities

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For EFI technology listing and licensing opportunities:

Jesse Midgett, Technology Transfer Specialist [email protected] 757-342-5569

https://technology.nasa.gov/patent/LAR-TOPS-116

[email protected]


mailto:[email protected]












Documents

Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Dynamic ... · Electric Potential and Electric Field Imaging with Applications Very conservative sensitivity at 1.55mV/cm Several