27
Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17

Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Electric Current and Resistance

Chapter 17

Page 2: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Batteries

Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode.

Anode and cathode are different types of metal which react with the electrolyte (solution) inside the battery.

Anode is the positive side and cathode is the negative side.

Chemical energy transforms to electrical energy.

Page 3: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Batteries

The battery is capable of maintaining a difference in potential energy.

Any device that can maintain a potential difference is called a power supply.

Batteries create DC (direct current) because charge flows in one direction.

Page 4: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Terminal Voltage vs. Emf

Emf stands for electromotive force but it is NOT a force but a voltage!

Emf gives the potential difference across a battery when nothing is connected (no current flows) – this is a maximum voltage

When current flows through the battery, the battery provides some internal resistance that slightly reduces this Emf

Terminal voltage is the ‘operating voltage’ of a battery.

Normally Emf and terminal voltage are essentially the same.

V = Emf - IR

Page 5: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Emf

A ‘non-ideal’ battery has a large internal resistance.

Page 6: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Circuit Symbols Learn the basic

symbols for creating electric circuits!

A circuit is a complete loop through which current can flow.

Page 7: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Practice

Use the appropriate symbols to sketch a complete circuit containing two 6 V batteries in series wired to two identical capacitors in parallel, followed by two resisters in series.

Page 8: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Current

Static electricity (chapters 15, 16) refers to charges that are not moving.

Electric current refers to charges that flow.

Electric current tells how much charge flows per second

I = q/t [Coulomb/sec] = [Ampere] = [A]

Page 9: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Current Electric current give

the charge flowing past a particular area per second.

Though it is electrons that actually flow, current is defined as the flow of positive charge.

Page 10: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Example

Suppose there is a steady current of 0.50 A in a flashlight bulb lasting for 2.0 minutes. How much charge passes through the bulb in this time? How many electrons does this represent?

Page 11: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Drift Velocity

Electrons in a wire don’t ‘flow’ in the same manner as water in a pipe.

In the absence of a potential difference, V, the electrons in a conductor move randomly at high speeds, making many collisions with atoms.

When a potential difference is applied, this random motion changes: electrons begin to drift in the direction of the voltage.

Page 12: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Drift Velocity Electrons move

opposite the direction of the electric field.

When voltage is applied, their random motion becomes slightly less random…

Page 13: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Homework

# 10 - 13, 21 - 24 page 586

Also # 1 – 7, 15 - 19 if not already done

Page 14: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Current flows less easily through thinner wires than through thicker wires.

Materials that resist the flow of electric current are caller resistors.

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electricity.

For a given voltage difference, current will be smaller if the resistance of a material is higher.

R = V/I

Page 15: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Resistance and Ohm’s Law

R = V/I [Volt/Amp] = [Ohm] = [Ω]

V = IR is Ohm’s Law

If you know the total resistance in a circuit powered by a particular voltage, you can find the current.

Page 16: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Example

Any room in the house that is exposed to water and electrical voltage can present hazards. For example, suppose a person steps out of a shower and inadvertently touches an exposed 120 V wire (frayed end of the hairdryer) with a wet finger. When wet, the human body has a resistance of only 300Ω. Find the current in the person’s body.

Page 17: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Factors Influencing Resistance

Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of a wire and directly proportional to length:

R = ρ L/A where ρ is the materials resistivity

Page 18: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Resistivity

The resistivity, ρ, of a material may increase with temperature.

ρ=ρ0(1+αΔT) where α = temperature coefficient of resistivity

R = R0(1+αΔT)

Page 19: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Resistivities

Page 20: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Example

A platinum wire has a resistance of 0.5 Ω at zero degrees Celsius. It is placed in a water bath where its resistance rises to 0.6 Ω. Find the temperature of the water bath.

Page 21: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Superconductivity Resistance increases as temperature

increases. Therefore resistance decreases as

temperature decreases… Superconductivity occurs when the

resistance is exactly zero. Temperatures near 100K produce

superconductivity (very difficult to achieve outside of a lab environment)

Page 22: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Electric Power

Power = Work/time = V·q/t = V·I = [J/C][C/s]

[Watt] P = VI The power provided by a battery as it

pushes charge through a potential difference P = VI.

This formula is valid as long as voltage and current are constant over time.

Page 23: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Power

Power is also used (dissipated) by each resistor in the circuit (resistors turn energy into heat)

P = VI = (IR)I = I2R P = VI = V(V/R) = V2/R

Page 24: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Example

Consider two appliances that operate at the same voltage. Appliance A has a higher power rating than Appliance B. a) How does the resistance of A compare with the resistance of B?

Page 25: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Example

A computer system includes a monitor with a power requirement of 200 W, whereas a countertop broiler/ toaster oven is rated at 1500 W. Calculate the resistance of each if they are designed to run at 120 V?

Page 26: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Summary

V = IR Ohm’s Law P = VI Power P = I2R = V2/R

If power rating is higher, resistance is lower for appliances operating at the same voltage.

Page 27: Electric Current and Resistance Chapter 17. Batteries Batteries create a difference in potential [J/C] between two leads called the anode and the cathode

Homework

Read Examples 17.7 and 17.8 on pages 582 – 582

Do # 27 – 29, 36, 38, 42, 44, 48, 52, 62, 63, 66, 68, 72, 73, 78, 79 Chapter 17.