1

FEBRUARY 2020

ELECTRIC CAR DRIVERSDEMANDS, DESIRES & DREAMS

EUROPEAN EDITION

2

Founded in 2010 out of a passion for advancing transportation, Volta

has mastered the art and science of developing cutting-edge electric

vehicle charging networks. Volta is accelerating the electric vehicle

movement by providing seamless, simple, and free charging experiences.

Thoughtfully located along the paths of our busy lives, Volta chargers

are the most used in the industry. With the support of forward-thinking

brand partners, Volta delivers free charging solutions to real estate

owners, power to the electric vehicle community and impactful brand

stories to everyone.

www.voltacharging.com

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (“CATL”) is

a global leader in the development and manufacturing of lithium-ion

power and energy storage batteries, with businesses covering R&D,

manufacturing and sales in battery systems for new energy vehicles

and energy storage systems. In 2018, the company’s sales reached

21.31 GWh worldwide, which was leading in the world (according to

SNE Research).

www.catlbattery.com

Report Sponsors

2

Table of Contents

4

6

10

19

26

33

44

51

55

1. Executive Summary

2. Survey Populations

3. The Electric Cars People Plan to Buy Next

4. EV Models that EV Owners Considered But Didn't Buy

6. Top EV Benef its, Range Adequacy, Driving & Charging Frequency

7. EV Ownership & Rooftop Solar In Europe

5. The Vehicle Classes, Range & Features in High Demand

9. Conclusions

8. New vs. Used vs. Leasing

3

””

One of the things I love about your writing

is that you really care about getting the details

right, and you really understand things well,

which is awesome.

Elon Musk

Talking to CleanTechnica Director and report author

Zach Shahan on a Tesla conference call

6

Survey Populations

2.

7

For this year’s EV driver surveys and reports,

aside from simply collecting aggregated European

data, we collected data from 4 European

countries directly. Those countries were the

Netherlands, Norway, Germany, and France.

The surveys were even conducted in the native

languages of these countries. Surveys of Tesla

owners and non-Tesla fully electric vehicle owners

were conducted separately in order to better

understand which findings are the same and

which different for the rather different types of

EV owners.

Whereas we published another report focused on

results from North America and the UK, this report

is focused on the findings of these 4 countries.

We collected data from EV owners in two ways.

We published the surveys on CleanTechnica and

collected some data from different owner groups

(Tesla owners and non-Tesla EV owners) in each

country individually. We also paid Survey Monkey

to do professional, random sample surveys in

each country (one survey in each of these four

European countries). The findings will be reported

separately — alongside each other — in this

report.

Importantly, though, the random sample surveys

included people who owned or leased plug-in

hybrids, whereas our direct survey findings only

included results from people with a fully electric

vehicle. The charts for the surveys administered

through CleanTechnica.com and specific EV

groups are labeled "CleanTechnica Reader

Surveys" whereas the charts for the surveys

administered through SurveyMonkey's paid

outreach are labeled "Random Sample Surveys."

The largest portion of respondents indicated

they had two or more vehicles in the household.

However, approximately 30–50% of respondents

indicated they were living in one-vehicle

households. That contrasted with around 15–17%

one-vehicle households among US & Canadian

respondents and 21–38% among UK respondents.

8

NORWAY

FRANCE

GERMANY

NETHERLANDSBEV DRIVERS TESLA DRIVERS

How many fully motorized vehicles are there in your household? (Electric cars, petrol / diesel powered vehicles, etc.)

0%

0%

0%

10%

7%

19%

6%

6%

47%

42%

56%

44%

40%

51%

25%

41%

3%

0%

0%

3%

BEV DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

9

BEV & PHEV DRIVERS – RANDOM SAMPLE SURVEYS

43%

38%

14%

3%

2%

How many fully motorized vehicles are there in your household? (Electric cars, petrol / diesel powered vehicles, etc.)

NON-TESLA BEV DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

TESLA DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

TOTAL

49%

10%

41%

0%

0%

39%

9%

48%

2%

2%

10

The Electric Cars People Plan to Buy Next

3.

11

What do you think your next EV model will be?

Tesla Model Y Tesla Model Y

Tesla Model S Other

Polestar 2

VW ID Buzz

Other

Tesla Model 3

Skoda e-Citigo

Tesla Roadster

Tesla Model 3 VW ID.3 (aka ID Neo)

Tesla Roadster

Hyundai Kona EV

Tesla Model S

Hyundai Kona EV

VW ID Crozz

I will not buy another car

Tesla Model X Tesla Model X

Tesla Cybertruck

BMW i4

Nissan LEAF

I will not buy another car

39% 55%

8%

3%

3%

3%

24% 8%

8%

5%

5%

3%

3%

3%

5%

3%

3%

3%

3%

5%

3%

3%

3%

3%

BEV DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

NETHERLANDS NORWAY

Probably the most interesting question we ask in

these surveys is one of the simplest: “What do you

think your next EV model will be?” It is particularly

interesting because it gives us a strong sense of

where the market is headed, and combined with

answers to some other questions (see the next

chapter), it also tells us a bit about which features

and specs matter the most to EV buyers.

Dutch EV owners told us they were most likely to

buy a Tesla Model Y next, while the Tesla Model

3 was the second most common answer, flipping

the responses of survey respondents in the US,

Canada, and UK. The vast majority of German EV

owners expected to buy a Tesla next, primarily

the Model 3 or Model Y, in that order. Responses

in France were similar except that there was also

strong demand for the Audi A3 e-tron among the

random sampled survey respondents who drive

a mixture of fully electric and plug-in hybrid

vehicles. Among EV enthusiasts we directly

surveyed, the vast majority of Norwegian EV

owners planned to buy a Model Y next. The

random sample survey showed less lopsided

results, but the Model Y was still the winner,

followed by the Model X.

12

What do you think your next EV model will be?

Tesla Model 3

Tesla Model S

Tesla Model Y

Tesla Model X

I will not buy another car

46%

13%

7%

27%

7%

TOTAL

Tesla Model 3

Tesla Model S

Tesla Model Y

Hyundai Ioniq EV

Tesla Roadster

Peugeot Partner EV

Nissan LEAF

Other

Renault Zoe

34%

28%

14%

7%

3%

3%

3%

3%

3%

Tesla Model Y Tesla Model Y

Hyundai Kona EV Tesla Model X

Tesla Model S Tesla Model S

Renault Zoe Renault Zoe

Tesla Model 3 Tesla Model 3

VW ID.3 (aka ID Neo) Tesla Roadster

BMW i4 I will not buy another car

Skoda e-Citigo Polestar 2

Skoda e-Citigo VW ID Buzz

Hyundai Ioniq EV Hyundai Ioniq EV

Other Other

Nissan LEAF BMW i5

Tesla Model X Tesla Cybertruck

I will not buy another car VW ID Crozz

Tesla Roadster

31% 43%

22% 22%

11%

7% 5%

9%

4%

7% 4%

2% 1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

2%

2%

2%

7% 4%

2% 2%

2%

2%

2%

2%

TESLA DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

NON-TESLA BEV DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

GERMANY FRANCE

BEV DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

13

What do you think your next EV model will be?

BEV & PHEV DRIVERS – RANDOM SAMPLE SURVEYS

Tesla Model Y

Audi A3 e-tron

Other

Tesla Model X

I will not buy another car

Tesla Model 3

Audi e-tron

Tesla Model S

Audi Q7 e-tron

BMW i5

Tesla Cybertruck

BMW 330e

BMW 225xe

BMW 530e

BMW 740e

Ford Focus Electric

Hyundai Ioniq EV

Jaguar I-PACE

Kia Soul EV

Mercedes-Benz EQC

Mercedes-Benz GLE550e

Mercedes-Benz S500e

Nissan LEAF

Opel Ampera-e

Polestar 2

Toyota Prius Prime/PHEV

Volvo V90 PHEV

Volvo XC90 PHEV

VW e-Golf

VW Golf GTE

VW ID Crozz

VW ID.3 (aka ID Neo)

VW Passat GTE

Audi Q4 e-tron

BMW i3

BMW i4

BMW i8

Kia Niro EV

Renault Zoe

Hyundai Kona EV

10%

11%

11%

5%

4%

2%

2%

2%

2%

2%

2%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

5%

5%

3%

3%

4%

4%

Almost across the board, Dutch, German, French,

and Norwegian drivers reported that their next

vehicle would be a fully electric vehicle. Combined,

that was the case for approximately 90% of

respondents in our surveys of EV enthusiasts. In

the random sample surveys of BEV and PHEV

drivers, the results changed to 65–70%.

19

EV Models that EV Owners Considered But Didn't Buy

4.

24

The EV drivers didn’t only cross-shop other

electric vehicles. In another first for 2019, we

asked if the respondents considered buying

a non-electric vehicle (“fuel vehicle”). Basically the

same as the findings in the UK and North America,

respondents we directly surveyed in these

European countries considered buying a gasoline

Did you compare with a fuel vehicle when buying/leasing the EV?

NORWAY

28% Yes

26% Yes

No 82%

No 72%

No 74%

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

33% Yes

49% Yes

No 67%

No 51%

FRANCE

vehicle approximately 18–33% of the time.

Among randomly sampled survey respondents

who drive BEVs and PHEVs, the percentages

were much higher — 42–56% of them, depending

on country, compared the EV they bought with

a fossil fuel vehicle.

BEV DRIVERS – CLEANTECHNICA READER SURVEYS

18% Yes

BEV & PHEV DRIVERS – RANDOM SAMPLE SURVEYS

57

2018

The EV Safety

Advantage

2018

Electric Car Drivers:

Demands, Desires

& Dreams

2019

Chevron's Fig Leaf.

A Case Study of

Carbon Engineering's

Direct Air Capture Plan

2019

Electric Car Drivers

Demands, Desires

& Dreams

USA, Canada & UK

2018

Blockchain — An

Innovation Enabler

for Clean Technology

2018

The State of Public

& Private Electric

Vehicle Charging

Infrastructure,

and the Landscape

Looking Forward

1 MAY 20192019

CHEVRON’S FIG LEAFA CASE STUDY OF CARBON ENGINEERING’S DIRECT AIR CAPTURE PLAN

Author Michael BarnardPreface Mark Z. Jacobson

1DECEMBER 2019

ELECTRIC CAR DRIVERSDEMANDS, DESIRES & DREAMS

Previous Reports