By Frederic BeanGIRO Inc. – Maker of HASTUS

Electric buses:Impact on scheduling and operations

Charging technologies

Typical considerations

Scheduling electric-buses scenarios

Conclusion

Overview

Charging technologies: Pantograph

Picture credit: www.siemens.com/press

Source: techxplore.com

Charging technologies: Induction

Charging technologies: Battery swapping

Diesel► Range: 400 miles► Refueling: 0h05 once a day, at depot ► Avg public transport daily mileage per bus: ≈ 135 miles

Electric bus

Electric buses vs diesel

Recharge Location Charge time Range (miles)

Slow At depot 2h00–8h00 75-160

Fast End of lines (terminals)0h05–0h10/hr in service; 4h00 at night

24-40

Very fast (tethering)

Within trips 0h06/hr 2–3

Might require more electric buses than diesel for same service

Electric-bus scheduling concerns

In-service time Off-service time(DH, pulls, layover)

Extraoff-service timeDiesel:Electric:

Charging time

Travel time to/from a charging station

(if necessary)

Autonomy (range)• Modelling battery capacity and consumption rate

Charging duration• Modelling for different battery technologies

Charging location• Modelling for different charging modes

Battery lifespan• Avoiding fast charging outside “safe” interval

Scheduling considerations with e-buses

Diesel buses vehicle schedule

Scheduling diesel vs electric buses

Electric buses vehicle schedule

Scheduling diesel vs electric buses

How many vehicle tasks can be operated without changes?• Assuming charging at depot only

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

# o

f ve

hic

les

Hours

Electric buses?

Diesel buses

Possible if enough:• Autonomy to cover either peak• Charging time between peaks

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

1h45 2h152h00 3h45

Hours

Electric buses?

Diesel buses

Possible if enough:• Autonomy to cover either peak• Charging time between peaks

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

Autonomy: needs at least 3h45 (i.e. 40–50 miles)• Assuming average speed of 10–15 mph

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

# o

f ve

hic

les

Hours

5h 5h15Possible if enough:• Autonomy to cover either peak• Charging time between peaks

Electric buses?

Diesel buses

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

Autonomy: needs at least 3h45 (i.e. 40–50 miles)• Assuming average speed of 10–15 mph

Charging time: must be at most 5h00

Most manufacturers can deliver these specs

Leading to a fleet composed of…

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

35%

65%

35% electric-vehicle fleetwithout modifying schedules

Case 1: Scheduling electric buses now

Can you operate the same service with even more electric buses, without increasing the total fleet size?• Assuming:

‐ Charging at depot only ‐ Autonomy of 75 miles‐ Charging time of 2h30

Case 2: Scheduling electric buses next

# o

f ve

hic

les

Hours

When battery is charged,get back operating in-service trips

Case 2: Scheduling electric buses next

2h30 (charging)

Can you operate the same service with even more electric buses, without increasing the total fleet size?• Yes, by optimizing blocks using rules that ensure:

‐ They all return to depot before running out of charge

‐ Some recharge during off-peak times, such that next blockcan be operated

‐ No increase in total fleet size

We were able to produce a solution with…

…50% electric buses

Case 2: Scheduling electric buses next

Can you operate with an all-electric bus fleet?• Yes, by optimizing blocks using rules that ensure:

‐ They all return to depot before running out of charge

‐ They all recharge such that next block can be operated

‐ No restrictions regarding total fleet size

We were able to produce an all-electric solution with…

…only 9% more buses

Case 3: Scheduling electric buses then

Electric-bus technology is happening now

It brings with it special considerations

You can gradually introduce electric buses into your fleet• Now: fair e-bus ratios achieved without scheduling changes• Next: good e-bus ratios with minimal scheduling changes• Then: 100% e-bus ratio with limited fleet-size increment

Advanced scheduling tools can help you achieve the transition

Presentation Take-Aways

Thank you! Any questions?

Frederic BeanSenior Account Manager,Public Transport SoftwareGIRO Inc., maker of HASTUS

info@giro.ca+1 514.383.0404

/company/GIRO