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1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
ELC 231: Introduction to Language and LinguisticsWeek 11: Case Studies in Morphosyntax and S-Selection
Dr. Meagan Louie
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 1 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
Core Subdomains
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 2 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
Core Subdomains: Morphology-Syntax-Semantics
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 3 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
Core Subdomains: Morphology and Syntax
Morphosyntax: The study of how MORPHOLOGY and SYNTAXinteract (the morphology-syntax interface)
1 Different Types of Allomorphy(i) Phonologically-conditioned allomorphy X(ii) Lexically-conditioned allomorphy(iii) Syntactically-conditioned allomorphy
2 More Selectional Restrictions(i) C-Selection: (Lexical) Category Restriction X(ii) S-Selection: Semantic Restriction
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 4 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
REVIEW: Phonemes and Morphemes
.
Definition: PHONEMEA phoneme is the smallest unit of language that can be used todistinguish/contrast meaning
Although a phoneme can CONTRAST meaning,it doesn’t HAVE/CONTAIN meaning
Definition: MORPHEME
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has/containsmeaning - i.e., it is a systematic 〈form,meaning〉 mapping
Phoneme /s/ VS Morpheme 〈−s, plural ,[N-s]N〉M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 5 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
REVIEW: Phonemes and Morphemes
.
Phoneme/s/
VS
Morpheme〈−s, plural ,[N-s]N〉
Phonemes consistently change meaning, but not in a systematic wayMorphemes consistently change meaning in a systematic way
(i.e., via the MEANING encoded in the lexical entry)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 6 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Recall: Koasati Phonologically-Conditioned Allomorphy Odden 2005
A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has/containsmeaning - i.e., it is a systematic 〈form,meaning〉 mapping
....but there isn’t always the exact same phonological form:
a. [apah>tSa] shadow b. [amapah
>tSa] my shadow
c. [pa>tSokko:ka] chair d. [ampa
>tSokko:ka] my chair
e. [towa] onion f. [antowa] my oniong. [kasto] flea h. [aNkasto] my fleai. [baya:na] stomach j. [ambaya:na] my stomachk. [
>tSofkoni] bone l. [añ
>tSofkoni] my bone
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 7 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Recall: Koasati Phonologically-Conditioned Allomorphy Odden 2005
DEFINITIONSAlternation:
When a MORPHEME is pronounced differently in different contexts.
An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme.
The Koasati data shows phonologically-conditioned allomorphy:
1POSS Allomorph Distribution(i) [am-] before (i) vowels and (i) bilabial consonants(ii) [an-] before alveolar consonants(iii) [aN-] before velar consonants(iv) [añ-] before palatal-alveolar consonants
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 8 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Different Kinds of Allomorphy
DEFINITIONSAlternation:
When a MORPHEME is pronounced differently in different contexts.
An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme.
But there are several kinds of allomorphy:
(i) Phonologically-Conditioned:depends on phonological properties of nearby sounds X
(ii) Lexically-Conditioned:depends on lexical (sub)category of nearby morphemes
(iii) Syntactically-Conditioned:depends on syntactic position/category of nearby words/phrases
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 9 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy
DEFINITIONSAlternation:
When a MORPHEME is pronounced differently in different contexts.
An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme.
S
VP
NP
them
V
see
NP
I
S
VP
NP
me
V
see
NP
They
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 10 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy in English: PronounsWhen the English 1st person SG pronoun
(i) is sister to VP, its form is ‘I” [aj]
(ii) is sister to , its form is ‘me” [mi]
S
VP
NP
them
V
see
NP
I
S
VP
NP
me
V
see
NP
They
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 11 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy in English: PronounsWhen the English 3rd person PL pronoun
(i) is sister to VP, its form is ‘they” [Dej]
(ii) is sister to , its form is ‘them” [DEm]
S
VP
NP
me
V
see
NP
They
S
VP
NP
them
V
see
NP
I
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 12 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy in English: Many VS Much
When the quantifier ‘many/much’(i) is sister to a count noun, its form is ‘many” [mEni]
(ii) is sister to mass noun, its form is ‘much” [m2>tS]
a. so many peopleC b. *so much peopleCc. so many chairsC d. *so much chair(s)Ce. so many episodesC f. *so much episode(s)Cg. *so many furnitureM h. so much furnitureMi. *so many bloodM j. so much bloodM
k. *so many dramaM l. so much dramaM
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 13 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
1.1 Review: Allomorphy1.2 Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy1.3 Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Lexically-Conditioned Allomorphy in English: Few VS Little
When the quantifier ‘Few/little’(i) is sister to a count noun, its form is ‘few” [fju]
(ii) is sister to mass noun, its form is ‘little” [lItIl]
a. so few peopleC b. *so little peopleCc. so few chairsC d. *so little chair(s)Ce. so few episodesC f. *so little episode(s)Cg. *so few furnitureM h. so little furnitureMi. *so few bloodM j. so little bloodM
k. *so few dramaM l. so little dramaM
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 14 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Nouns Frantz 1991
Q: How do you form plural nouns in Blackfoot?
(1) ROOT PLURAL Glossa. imitáá b. imitáíksi dog(s)c. póós d. póósiksi cat(s)e. óóhkotok f. óóhkotokistsi stone(s)g. nínaa h. nínaaiksi man/meni. aakíí j. aakííksi woman/womenk. owáá l. owáístsi egg(s)m. míín n. míínistsi berry/berries
Do you see any allomorphy? How is it conditioned?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 15 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Nouns Frantz 1991
Q: How do you form noun phrases in Blackfoot?
(2) ROOT NP Glossa. imitáá b. oma imitááwa “that dog”c. póós d. omiksi póósiksi “those cats”e. óóhkotok f. omi óóhkotoki “that stone”g. nínaa h. omiksi nínaiksi “those men”i. aakíí j. oma aakííwa “that woman”k. owáá l. omistsi owáístsi “those eggs”)m. míín n. omi mííni “that berry”
Do you see any allomorphy? How is it conditioned?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 16 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs Frantz 1991
Q: In Blackfoot, how do you indicate1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person actors?
(3) Imperfective Form (á-) Translationa. nitaokskaPsi “I am running/I run“b. kitaokskaPsi “You are running/You run“c. aokskaPsiwa “She is running/She runs“d. nitajoPkaa “I am sleeping/I sleep“e. ajoPkaawa “She is sleeping/She sleeps“f. aikamosiwa “She is stealing/She steals (stuff)“g. nitaohpommaa “I am buying/I buy (stuff)“h. kitaooji “You are eating/You eat (stuff)“i. nitaihpiji “I am dancing/I dance“
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 17 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Transitive Verbs I Frantz 1991
Q: In Blackfoot, how do you indicate1st/2nd person acting on a 3rd person?
(4) Imperfective Form (á-) Translationa. nitainowa oma ninaa “I see that man.“b. kitainowa oma ninaa “You see that man.“c. ainojii oma ninaa “She sees that man.“d. kitainiPp omi owaai “You see that egg.“e. ainim omi miini “She sees that berry.“
Do you see any stem allomorphy? How is it conditioned?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 18 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Transitive Verbs I Frantz 1991
a. nitainowa oma ninaa
“I see that man.“b. kitainowa oma ninaa
“You see that man.“c. ainojii oma ninaa
“She sees that man.“d. kitainiPp omi owaai
“You see that egg.“e. ainim omi miini
“She sees that berry.“
Initial Hypothesis...
Form Meaning Distribution
inoini-wa-jii-Pp
-m
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 19 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Transitive Verbs II Frantz 1991
Q: In Blackfoot, how do you indicate1st/2nd person acting on a 3rd person?
Imperfective Form (á-) Translationa. nitaohpommatooPp omistsi miinistsi “I am buying those books.“b. nitaohpommata oma imitaa “I am buying that dog.“c. aohpommatsii omiksi poosiksi “She is buying those cats.“d. aohpommatoom omi iinani “She is buying that banana.“
Do you see any stem allomorphy? How is it conditioned?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 20 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Transitive Verbs III Frantz 1991
Q: In Blackfoot, how do you indicate1st/2nd person acting on a 3rd person?
Imperfective Form (á-) Translationa. nitaowatooPp omi iinan “I am eating that banana.“b. kitaowata oma nitowaki “You are eating that chicken.“c. nitaikamosatooPp omistsi owaistsi “I am stealing those eggs.“d. aikamosatsii omi poos “She is stealing that cat.“
Do you see any stem allomorphy? How is it conditioned?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 21 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
CASE STUDY: Blackfoot Transitive Verbs I-III Frantz 1991
1 In Blackfoot, how do you indicate(i) a 1st/2nd person acting on a 3rd person?(ii) a 3rd person acting on another 3rd person?
→What conditions the allomorphy?
2 The morphemes you identified in attach to stems/bases.What are the stem/base forms for “see,” “buy,” “eat” and “steal” ?
3 What do you think the roots for “see,” “buy,” “eat” and “steal” are?What morphemes attach to these roots?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 22 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
2.1 Blackfoot Nouns2.2 Blackfoot Intransitive Verbs2.2 Blackfoot Transitive Verbs
More Selectional Restrictions
What’s the difference between these stem forms for “eat” ?
(i) ooji
(ii) oowat
(iii) oowatoo
Lexically/Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy
VP
V
ooji
VP
NPINAN
omi mííni
V
oowatoo
VP
NPAN
oma nitowáki
V
oowat
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 23 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
More Selectional Restrictions
What’s the difference between these stem forms for “eat” ?
(i) ooji
(ii) oowat
(iii) oowatoo
Lexically/Syntactically-Conditioned Allomorphy
Alternative Analysis: Selectional restrictions!
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 24 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
Selectional Restrictions for Morphemes
. Observation: Some affixes only attach to certain lexical categories
(1) a. /naa-rak/ นารก
b. /naa-juu/ นาอย
c. /naa-mOON/ นามอง
d. /naa-khit/ นาคด
(2) a. */naa-hiw/ นาหว
b. */naa-rOOn/ นารอน
c. */naa-phet/ นาเผด
d. */naa-lek/ นาเลก
(3) a. */naa-phaasaa/ นาภาษา
b. */naa-mEEw/ นาแมว
c. */naa-naNs00/ นาหนงสอ
d. */naa->tChaa/ นาชา
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 25 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Selectional RestrictionMorphology: When an affix (suffix/prefix/etc.) must/can only
combine with certain kinds of STEMSi.e., stems of a certain lexical category or semantic nature
Selectional RestrictionSyntax: When a word must/can only
combine with certain kinds of CONSTITUENTS/PHRASESi.e., phrases of a certain lexical category or semantic nature
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 26 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
More Selectional Restrictions
What’s the difference between these stem forms for “eat” ?
Form Lexical Category Subcategory
ooji N/A N/Aoowat NPobject NPAN
oowatoo NPobject NPINAN
The stem [ooji] is intransitive- it doesn’t select for an object NP
The stems [oowat] and [oowatoo] are transitive- these select for different (sub)categories of NP
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 27 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
C-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Selectional RestrictionSyntax: When a word must/can only
combine with certain kinds of CONSTITUENTS/PHRASESi.e., phrases of a certain lexical category or semantic nature
S
VP
PP
for a book
V
looking
Aux
am
NP
I
*S
VP
NP
a book
V
looking
Aux
am
NP
I
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 28 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
C-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Selectional RestrictionSyntax: When a word must/can only
combine with certain kinds of CONSTITUENTS/PHRASESi.e., phrases of a certain lexical category or semantic nature
S
VP
NP
a book
V
seeking
Aux
am
NP
I
*S
VP
PP
for a book
V
seeking
Aux
am
NP
I
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 29 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Selectional RestrictionSyntax: When a word must/can only
combine with certain kinds of CONSTITUENTS/PHRASESi.e., phrases of a certain lexical category or semantic nature
S
VP
NP
two kilos
V
weighs
NP
That book
*S
VP
NP
a small dog
V
weighs
NP
That book
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 30 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Selectional RestrictionSyntax: When a word must/can only
combine with certain kinds of CONSTITUENTS/PHRASESi.e., phrases of a certain lexical category or semantic nature
S
VP
NP
20 dollars
V
costs
NP
That book
*S
VP
NP
that 20 dollar bill
V
costs
NP
That book
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 31 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Observation: The verbs “weigh” and “cost” select for NPs...but the NPs must refer to a measurement/extent;the NPs cannot refer to an object/individual
(4) Extent Arguments I
a. ?*The book weighs a small dog.
b. ?*My phone costs that $500 bill.
c. ?*I spent this book waiting.
(5) Extent Arguments II
a. The book weighs two kilos.
b. My phone costs $500.
c. I spent six hours waiting
→ This is a semantic selectional restriction(a restriction on the reference-conditions of the NP object)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 32 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Observation: Morphemes also have semantic selectional restrictions1
ADJ COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
a. strong stronger strongestb. old older oldestc. tall taller tallestd. strange stranger strangeste. annual *annualer *annualestf. online *onliner *onlinestg. entire *entirer *entirest
→ Degree modifiers -er/-est only attach to gradable adjectives
1The comparative and superlative morphemes in English also have phonologicalrestrictions related to the number of syllables that I’m not discussing here.
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 33 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS: Gradability
Gradable Adjectivesrefer to properties that can be true to different degreeseg., Taylor Swift is tall, but she’s not as tall as Yao Ming
→ Individuals fall on a scale with different degrees:
−− |1 −−|2 −−|3 −−|4 −−|5 −−|6 −−|7 −−|8 −−|9 →
Non-Gradable Adjectivesrefer to properties that, when true, are equally trueeg., Christmas and Halloween are both annual events
| − − −−−−−−−−− | − −−−−−−−−−−−− |
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 34 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS: Gradability
Non-Gradable Adjectivesrefer to properties that, when true, are equally trueeg., Christmas and Halloween are both annual events
| − − −−−−−−−−− | − −−−−−−−−−−−− |
JannualK = { c, h, n, ... }(c= Christmas, h = Halloween, n = New Years, ...)
→ Individuals either belong to the set JannualK, or don’t(eg., o= Olympics doesn’t belong to the set)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 35 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS: Gradability (Kennedy 1999)
Gradable Adjectivesrefer to properties that can be true to different degreeseg., Taylor Swift is tall, but she’s not as tall as Yao Ming
−|1.4 − |1.5 − |1.6 − |1.7 − |1.8 − |1.9 − |2.0 − |2.1 − |2.2 − |2.3 →
JtallK ={ 〈t, d1.75〉, 〈l , d2.03〉, 〈y , d2.29〉, ... }
→ Individuals are paired with a degree on the scale(t= Taylor Swift, l = Lebron James, y = Yao Ming, ...)
...if the degree is high enough, the individuals belong to the set JtallK
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 36 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS: Degree Semantics
Discussion Question:What is the difference between these degree expressions in Thai?
เหมอน กบ/กน [m00anR kapL/kanM]
เทา กบ/กน [thaoF kapL/kanM]
พอ ๆ กบ/กน [phOOM phOOM kapL/kanM]
คลาย กบ/กน [khlaajH kapL/kanM]
Different truth-conditions? Different selectional restrictions?
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 37 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Observation: Morphemes also have semantic selectional restrictions
VERB PROGRESSIVE ASPECT SIMPLE ASPECT
a. run She is running She runsHAB
b. eat She is eating an apple She eats an appleHAB
c. recognize *She is recognizing me She recognizes meHAB
d. find *She is finding a dog She finds a dogHAB
e. know *She is knowing me She knows mef. have *She is having a brotherPROSP She has a brotherg. like *She is liking a singer She likes a singer
→ The progressive cannot attach to ACHIEVEMENT or STATIVE verbs
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 38 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
S-SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Vendler 1957: Verbs/VPs fall into different aspectual classes
VERB CLASS Examples
Statives know, have, like, ...Activities run, walk, sleep, drink water, eat apples, ...Accomplishments read the book, eat an apple, run a marathon, sink,...Achievements recognize, find, reach the top, ...(Semelfactives) jump, knock, sneeze, ...
→ These verb classes are referred to as lexical aspect;like the difference between gradable/non-gradable adjectives,
the differences are semantically-defined (more next week)
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 39 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
3.1 MORPHOLOGY: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.2 SYNTAX: Category-Restrictions (C-Selection)3.3 SYNTAX: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)3.4 MORPHOLOGY: Semantic-Restrictions (S-Selection)
Next Time: Case Study in Semantics
1 Homework: A5: Semantics and Pragmatics Problem Set
2 Instagram Homework: Design Feature (your choice) OR give anexample of a semantic selectional restriction
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 40 / 41
1 Different Types of Allomorphy2 Case Study: Blackfoot Allomorphy
3 More Selectional RestrictionsReferences
References I
Frantz, Donald G. 1991. Blackfoot Grammar. Toronto, Canada: University ofToronto Press.
Hayes, Bruce. 2011. Introductory phonology, vol. 32. John Wiley & Sons.
Kennedy, Christopher. 1999. Projecting the adjective: The syntax andsemantics of gradability and comparison. Routledge.
Odden, David Arnold. 2005. Introducing Phonology. Cambridge universitypress.
Vendler, Zeno. 1957. Verbs and Times. The Philosophical Review 66(2).143–160.
M. Louie ELC 231: Language and Linguistics 41 / 41