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8/19/2019 Ekonomi-The Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian
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XD@EB IA JIMXBMXZ
^DGB IA XKXEB k
D^^PIQDE ^DGB kk
EBGDEK_DXKIM ^DGB kkk
DJCMIWEBHGFBMX kv
XD@EB IA JIMXBMXZ vk
EKZX IA XD@EB kx
EKZX IA GPD^L kx
EKZX IA D^^BMHKJBZ x
D@ZXPDJX (Km Bmgeksl) xk
D@ZXPDJX (Km Kmhimbskdm) xkk
JLD^XBP K KMXPIHRJXKIM 4
4.4. @djcgriumh ia tlb Ztuhy 4
4.0. ^ri`ebf Khbmtkakjdtkim 1
4.:. ^ri`ebf Airfuedtkim 7
4.8. ^ri`ebf Ekfktdtkim 7
4.2. Pbsbdrjl I`objtkvbs <
4.1. Pbsbdrjl Jimtrk`utkim ;4.7. Hbakmktkim ia Xbrfs ;
JLD^XBP KK PBQKBW IA PBEDXBH EKXBPDXRPB 44
0.4. Xlbirbtkjde Ardfbwirc 44
0.4.4. Kmtbrmdtkimde Xrdhb Xlbiry 44
0.4.0. D`sieutb Dhvdmtdgb Xlbiry 40
0.4.:. Jifpdrdtkvb Dhvdmtdgb Xlbiry 4:
0.4.8. Lbjcsbr ‚ Ilekm Xlbiry 48
0.4.2. Hbfdmh Xlbiry 48
0.4.2.4. Jldmgb km Hbfdmh 48
0.4.2.0. Bedstkjkty ia Hbfdmh 47
0.4.2.:. Hbfdmh ia Bxpirt 4;
0.0. Ektbrdturb Pbvkbw 4;
0.:. Lypitlbsks Airfuedtkim 0>
vk
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JLD^XBP KKK PBZBDPJL FBXLIH 00
:.4. Pbsbdrjl Fbtlih 00:.0. Pbsbdrjl Zu`objt 00
:.:. Pbsbdrjl Zbttkmg 00
:.8. Hdtd Ziurjb 0:
:.2. Pbsbdrjl Qdrkd`ebs 0:
:.1. Xbjlmkqub ia Hdtd Dmdeysks 08
:.7. Dmdeysks Fbtlih 08
:.7.4. Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst 08
:.7.4.4. Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst 02
:.7.4.0. Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst 01
:.7.4.:. Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst 07
:.7.0. X ‚ Ztdtkstkj Xbst 0<
:.7.:. A ‚ Ztdtkstkj Xbst 0;
:.7.8. Jibaakjkbmt ia Hbtbrfkmdtkim :>
JLD^XBP KQ PBZBDPJL AKMHKMGZ DMH HKZJRZZKIM :4
8.4. Pbsbdrjl Hbsjrkptkim :4
8.4.4. Jliiskmg Pbgrbsskim Fihbe :0
8.0. Pbsbdrjl Akmhkmgs ::
8.0.4. Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet Dmdeysks ::8.0.0. Ztdtkstkjde Pbsuet Dmdeysks :8
8.0.0.4 X Xbst Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet :8
8.0.0.4.4. X Xbst im ^rkjb ia Xbd :1
8.0.0.4.0. X Xbst im Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ :1
8.0.0.4.:. X Xbst im Bxjldmgb rdtb :7
8.0.0.0. A Xbst Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet :7
8.0.:. Giihmbss ia Akt (P 0) :;
8.0.8. Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst :;
8.0.8.4. Fuetkjieekmbdrkty :;
8.0.8.0. Dutijirrbedtkim 8>
8.0.8.:. Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty 80
8.:. Pbsbdrjl Hksjusskim 88
8.:.4. Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ 88
8.:.0. ^rkjb ia Xbd 88
8.:.:. Bxjldmgb rdtb 82
vkk
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JLD^XBP Q JIMJERZKIM DMH KF^EKJDXKIM 87
2.4. Jimjeuskims 872.0. Kfpekjdtkims 8;
@K@EKIGPD^L[ 2>
D^^BMHK\ 20
vkkk
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EKZX IA XD@EB
4.4. Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm Bxpirt ia Xbd. 1
8.4. FWH Xbst Pbsuet. :0
8.0. IEZ Pbsuet. :88.:. Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia X- Ztdtkstkj dmh X- Xd`eb. :2
8.8. Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia A-Ztdtkstkj dmh A-Xd`eb. :;
8.2. Jirrbedtkim Fdtrkx Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Pbsuet. 8>8.1. EF Xbst Pbsuet. 84
8.7. Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia ή0 jifputbh dmh χ
0 Xd`eb. 84
8.
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EKZX IA D^^BMHKJBZ
4.
Hdtd I`sbrvdtkim. 200. FWH Xbst. 2:
:. IEZ Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet 28
8. Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst. 282. Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst 22
1. Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst 21
7. Bedstkjkty 27
x
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JLD^XBP K
KMXPIHRJXKIM
4.4 @djcgriumh ia tlb Ztuhy
Xlb rbedtkim `btwbbm kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb dmh bjimifkj griwtl dttrdjts d eit
ia dttbmtkims. Kt ldppbms wlbm km tlb kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb d jiumtry jdm gbt tlb
dhvdmtdgb arif bxpirt tldt kmjrbdsbs dm bxpirt iutput dmh hbjrbdsbs tlb kfpirts.
Km tlks fihbrm hdy, Kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb bspbjkdeey bxpirt ks d siurjb ti kmjrbdsb tlb
jiumtry‛s bjimifkj griwtl. Dmitlbr adjt ks tldt tlb jiumtrkbs ldvkmg lkgl bxpirt
griwtl drb kmjekmbh ti bmoiy tlb lkgl bjimifkj griwtl dmh tlb itlbr wdy driumh.
Air tlb bxdfpeb ks sbvbrde Dskdm jiumtrkbs sujl ds Xdkwdm dmh Ziutl Cirbd ldvb
sliwm tldt tlbkr bxpirt bxpdmskim strdtbgy wlkjl jdm `ust up tlbkr bjimifkj
griwtl dmh kmjifb hkstrk`utkim.
Km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb tlbiry, d jiumtry lds d jifpdrdtkvb dhvdmtdgb km
prihujtkim. Kt fbdms tldt tlb jiumtry imey prihujbs jiffihkty tldt lds sfdee
d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb eiss dmh tlby kfpirt giih tldt lds grbdtbr d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb
eiss.
Xlb kmtbrmdtkimde trdhkmg jiueh `b?
d.
Xlb bxjldmgb ia giih dmh sbrvkjbs
`. Xlb fivbfbmt ia rdw fdtbrkde km bdjl jiumtry
j. Xlb bxjldmgkmg dmh bxpdmhkmg `itl tlb giihs dmh sbrvkjbs jdm
kmjrbdsb tlb bjimifkj hbvbeipfbmt.
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0
Kmhimbskd ks d jiumtry tldt lds vdrkius mdturde rbsiurjbs dmh imb ia
tlbf ks fkmkmg rbsiurjb. Wktl tlb rkjlmbss ia fkmkmg rbsiurjbs, Kmhimbskd sliueh
ldvb dhvdmtdgbs km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb. Zkmjb jieimkdeksf brd, Kmhimbskdm‛s kmjifb
wds i`tdkmbh arif spkjbs dmh desi arif ike dmh gds fkmkmg. Dmh, kt jimtkmubh
umtke 4;‛s tldt bxpirt ia ike dmh gds sbjtir `bjdfb kfpirtdmt air Kmhimbskdm
kmjifb. Km 4; tlbrb wbrb imey 1 kmvbstfbmt jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts im ike
dmh gds sbjtir. Xlks kmjrbdsbh arif 4;;; tldt Kmhimbskdm givbrmfbmt imey skgmbh
8 jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts. Ka kt ks jifpdrbh wktl tlb jimhktkim `bairb tlb jrksks, tlb
muf`br ia jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts skgmbh `y tlb givbrmfbmt hbjrbdsbh skgmkakjdmtey.
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Km 4;;1 givbrmfbmt skgmbh 48 ike bxpeirdtkims jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts. Imb ybdr
edtbr km 4;;7 tlbrb wds d hiu`eb kmjrbdsb im tlb jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmt kmti 0<
dgrbbfbmts. Km 4;;< tlb muf`br ia jimtrdjts skgmbh `y tlb givbrmfbmt hbjrbdsbh
kmti 02 dgrbbfbmts.
Xlbrb drb sifb rbdsims tldt fdcb ike dmh gds airbkgm kmvbstirs km
Kmhimbskd hbjrbdsb. Akrst, tlbrb ks d jifpbtktkim wktl itlbr Dskdm jiumtrkbs, air
bxdfpeb Jdf`ihkd, Qkbtmdf, Fydmfdr btj. Zbjimh, tlb airbkgm kmvbstir stkee
wirrkbh d`iut tlb Kmhimbskdm givbrmfbmt std`kekty, edw bmairjbfbmt dmh desi
sdabty jimhktkim air tlbkr dssbts.
@bjdusb ia tlb hbjrbdsb km ike dmh gds sbjtir, Kmhimbskdm givbrmfbmt
sliueh fdcb dttbmtkim im wldt jiffihkty tldt jdm jldmgb tlb hifkmdtkim ia ike
dmh gds sbjtir. Imb ia tlb giih sbjtirs tldt jdm hifkmdtb tlb bxpirt ks tbd.
Kmhimbskd ks imb ia `kg tbd prihujbrs km tlb wireh, `ut tlb pisktkim
ia Kmhimbskd ks stkee umhbr Kmhkd, Jlkmd, Zrkedmcd, dmh Cbmyd km tlb muf`br ia
bxpirt vieufbs. Xlb edrgbst tbd prihujbr ks Jlkmd dmh Kmhkd wlkjl jdm prihujb
>> timbs ia tbd dmh .>>> timbs ia tbd km 0>>>. Xlbrb drb : ckmhs ia tbd km
tlb wireh3 grbbm tbd, `edjc tbd dmh iieimg tbd. Grbbm tbd ks umabrfbmtbh tbd, `edjc
tbd ks 4>>% abrfbmtbh dmh iieimg ks sbfk-abrfbmtbh tbd (driumh 0>- 2>%
abrfbmtbh).
Xbd wlkjl lds tlb Edtkm mdfb ia Jdfbekd Zkmbmsks wlkjl stkee Jdfbekdm
adfkey, gbmbrdeey griws km tlb tripkjde jekfdtb km tlb ebmgtl `btwbbm 0>>- 0>>>
fbtbr wktl tlb tbfpbrdturb 48- 02 hbgrbb Jbeskus. Xbd jdm griw up ti ; fbtbr air
Jlkmd tbd dmh Odvd tbd, dmh air Dssdfkjd tbd jdm griw up ti 40 ti 0> fbtbr.
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Liwbvbr, ti fdcb kt bdskbr km pkjckmg tlb giih yiumgbr tkp ia ebda, tlb tbd trbb lds
ti `b jut wlbm kt griws up ti 4 fbtbr
@bjdusb tbd lds `bjifb pedmts air trdhkmg, si tbd ks hkvkhbh kmti sbvbrde
ckmhs. Kt jifbs arif tlb futdtkim ia itlbr tbd spbjkbs, dmh tlb kmaeubmjb arif edmh
dmh jekfdtb, wlkjl jdm prihujb hkaabrbmt ldrvbsts. Rp ti tlb prbsbmt tkfb km tlb
wireh, tlbrb drb dpprixkfdtbey 4.2>> ckmhs ia tbd arif 02 hkaabrbmt jiumtrkbs.
Liwbvbr tlb `dskj ia tbd imey lds : prifkmbmt ckmhs.
Xbd lds `bbm pdrt ia tlb wdy ia ekab km Kmhimbskd air firb tldm 0>> ybdrs.
Xlb Hutjl aiumhbh tlb tbd trdhb km Kmhimbskd km tlb 47>>s. Zktudtbh km tlb Ziutl
Jlkmd Zbd dmh tlb ^djkakj Ijbdm, Kmhimbskd airfbh dm ksedmh jldkm strbtjlkmg
arif Fdedyskd ti ^dpud Mbw Gukmbd. Odvd dmh Zufdtrd, twi ia tlb edrgbst
ksedmhs, wbrb tlb fdkm griwkmg drbds. Xlb kmhustry wbmt kmti hbjekmb datbr tlb 0mh
Wireh Wdr3 tbd bstdtbs wbrb km vbry piir jimhktkim. Wrbjcbh adjtirkbs dmh tbd
`uslbs tldt ldh rbvbrtbh ti tlbkr wkeh stdtb wbrb oust twi ia tlb pri`ebfs, adjbh `y
tlb jiumtry.
@y 4;>> lbjtdrbs
umhbr tbd juetkvdtkim, wktl 1>,>>> ia tlbsb wbrb eijdtbh km Odvd. Km 0>>8,
Kmhimbskd bxpirtbh ivbr ;>> timbs ia tbd, djjiumtkmg air ivbr 1% ia wireh
bxpirts.
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2
Datbr sbvbrde baairts dmh kmvbstfbmts, tbd bxpirts arif Kmhimbskd `bgdm ti
fdcb tlbkr prbsbmjb trdhbh km tlb tbd fdrcbt. Zkmjb tlbm, jimstdmt kfprivbfbmt
dmh fihbrmkzdtkim ia tbd prihujtkim dmh rbpedmtkmg ia ieh bstdtbs ldvb jimtkmubh
umtke tihdy. Kmhimbskdm tbd hkaabrs arif itlbr tbd prihujkmg jiumtrkbs km rbspbjt ti
eijdtkim, sike, dmh tlb jekfdtb wlbrb tlb tbd bstdtbs drb aiumh. Xbds tlbrb drb
pedmtbh km tlb lkgledmhs wlbrb viejdmkj sike dmh tripkjde jekfdtb drb prbhifkmdmt.
Xlb fdkm prihujt ks tlb `edjc tbd dmh d`iut % ia prihujtkim ks bxpirtbh.. Xlb
Pbsbdrjl Kmstktutb air Xbd dmh Jkmjlimd km Gdf`umg, Wbst Odvd, lds d vktde
rbspimsk`kekty ti kmjrbdsb tbd prihujtkim dmh ti kfprivb kts qudekty. Xi-hdtb,
sbvbrde jeimbs ldvb `bbm kmvbmtbh tldt drb firb suktd`eb ti tlb sike, jekfdtb dmh
air fihbrm tbd prijbsskmg km Kmhimbskd. Bxpirt qudekty tbd ks sieh fdkmey tlriugl
dujtkim km Odcdrtd. Xlb Oikmt Fdrcbtkmg Iaakjb ir Cdmtir ^bfdsdrdm @brsdfd
(C^@ jimhujts tlb dujtkim). Xbds arif Kmhimbskd drb ekglt dmh aedvirsifb. Fist
drb sieh air `ebmhkmg purpisbs ds tlks prihujbs giih akmdmjkde rbwdrhs tlriugl
airbkgm bxjldmgb air tlb jiumtry. Km rbjbmt ybdrs, liwbvbr, kt lds `bjifb pissk`eb
ti `uy Kmhimbskdm tbd ds d spbjkdety. Kt ks bxtrbfbey rbarbslkmg tdcbm wktliut fkec?
gdrmkslbh wktl ebfim, kt fdcbs dm khbde hrkmc air tlb akgurb-jimsjkius.
^bipeb km tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif drb tlb `kggbst tbd hrkmcbr km tlb wireh.
Xlby jdm akmksl 412 fkeekim jup ia tbd pbr hdy ir 1>.0 `keekim ia tbd pbr ybdr. @ut
tbd jimsufptkim lds adeebm `y :>% km Bmgedmh km tlb edst tbm ybdrs, brihbh
kmjrbdskmgey `y jieds dmh trbmhy bmbrgy hrkmcs, djjirhkmg ti d rbjbmt stuhy.
Wlkest tlb dvbrdgb Bmgeksl pbrsim jimsufbh 81 grdfs ia tbd bdjl wbbc km 4;
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Pkglt cmiw tlb `kggbst tbd kfpirtbr arif Kmhimbskd ks Rmktbh Ckmghif, km
0>>0 tlb vieufb ia tbd kfpirt ks 4:.7 (>>>/FXim). Rmktbh Ckmghif `bjdfb tlb
`kggbst tbd kfpirtbr skmjb 4;;;. @bairb tldt tlb `kggbst tbd kfpirtbr arif
Kmhimbskd ks ^dckstdm. Air tlb hbtdke ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt hbstkmdtkim jdm `b
sbbm arif tlb td`eb `beiw?
Xd`eb 4.4
Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm Bxpirt ia Xbd
4;;< ‚ 0>>0>>>/FXim
Jiumtry 4;;< 4;;; 0>>> 0>>4 0>>0
Zkmgdpirb >.2 :.7 4.7 0.7 4.1
^dckstdm 7.; 44.0 44.8 ;.0 ;.4
Dustrdekd 4.; 8.8 8.7 8.; 8.2
RZD 2.4
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`btwbbm jiumtry tldt ldvkmg kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb. Xlb wrktbr wdmts ti akmh iut wlbm
tlb jldmgbs km tlb adjtirs wiueh daabjt im tlb qudmtkty ia hbfdmh. Air bxdfpeb ka
tlbrb ks dm kmjrbdsb km prkjb ia giih ks tlks jldmgb wiueh daabjt im qudmtkty
hbfdmh ia tbd bxpirt9 Lipbaueey tlks rbsbdrjl jdm dmswbr tlb qubstkim wldt ckmh
ia adjtirs tldt wkee daabjt im qudmtkty hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.
4.: ^ri`ebf Airfuedtkim
Kmhimbskdm bxpirtbh tbd ti fdmy jiumtrkbs dee ivbr tlb wireh air bxdfpeb
ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif, tlb Rmktbh Ztdtbs, dmh Odpdm. Arif tlb bxpedmdtkim ia tkteb
d`ivb, tlb wrktbr jdm airfuedtb wldt ckmh ia adjtirs tldt jdm daabjt tlb hbfdmh ia
Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt. Xlby drb?
4. Hibs tlb prkjb ia tbd daabjt tlb Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt9
0.
Hibs tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s GH^ daabjt tlb Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt9
:.
Hi bxjldmgb rdtbs km `itl jiumtrkbs (km tlks jdsb Kmhimbskd dmh tlb
Rmktbh Ckmghif) daabjt Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt9
4.8 ^ri`ebf Ekfktdtkim
Xi fdcb tlb dmdeysks bdskbr tlb wrktbr fdcbs ekfktdtkim im tlb pri`ebfs
kmti tlrbb adjtirs vdrkd`ebs tldt daabjt tlb hbfdmh ia tbd bxpirt arif Kmhimbskd.
Xlb adjtirs vdrkd`ebs drb?
T6A(^,GH^,Bxj)
Wlbrb?
T 6 Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti Odpdm (tim)
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<
^ 6 ^rkjb ia tbd (RZ $/cg)
GH^ 6 tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (@keekims ia Buri)
Bxj 6 Bxjldmgb rdtb (₨/ Pp)
4.2 Pbsbdrjl I`objtkvbs
Xlks rbsbdrjl i`objtkvb ks ti dmdeyzb adjtirs daabjtkmg vdeub ia Kmhimbskdm
tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif `y uskmg rbgrbsskim dmdeysks si tldt tlb
jimtrk`utkim arif bdjl kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl jdm `b
khbmtkakbh.
Xlb i`objtkvbs drb?
4. Xi tbst tlb lypitlbsks tldt bxpedkms tlb rbedtkim `btwbbm vdrkd`ebs
usbh km tlb rbsbdrjl.
d.
Xi dmdeyzb tlb kfpdjt ia prkjb jimjbrm ti Kmhimbskdm tbd
bxpirt.
`.
Xi dmdeyzb tlb kfpdjt ia tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s GH^ rbde
jimjbrm ti Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.
j. Xi dmdeyzb tlb kfpdjt ia bxjldmgb rdtb ^iumh Ztbrekmg ti
Pupkdl jimjbrm ti Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.
0. Xi dppey tlb tlbiry tldt ks derbdhy djjbptbh kmti sjkbmtkakj
rbsbdrjl.
:. Xi akmh iut tlb jimhktkim ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.
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;
4.1 Pbsbdrjl Jimtrk`utkim
d.
Air tlb wrktbr, tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb ippirtumkty ti dppey tlb cmiwebhgb dmh
tlbiry prbvkiusey stuhkbh.
`.
Xi stuhy aurtlbr d`iut tlb cmiwebhgb d`iut kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb dmh kts
rbedtkim wktl jiumtry bjimifkj griwtl.
j. Xi gkvb itlbr rbsbdrjlbr tbfpirdry hdtd dmh drgufbmt d`iut Kmhimbskdm
tbd bxpirt
h. Ds dhhktkimde kmairfdtkim ti tbd jiffihkty si kt jdm kmjrbdsb tlb
givbrmfbmt `dedmjb ia trdhb.
4.7
Hbakmktkims ia Xbrfs
Km tlks rbsbdrjl tlb wrktbr wkee sbdrjl wldt adjtirs daabjtkmg Kmhimbskdm tbd
bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif. Xlb wrktbr usbs tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskd‛s bxpirt
ia tbd ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif ds tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb. Air tlb kmhbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb tlb wrktbr usbs Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^, prkjb ia tbd dmh bxjldmgb rdtb
`btwbbm Rmktbh Ckmghif ^iumh stbrekmg dmh Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl.
Xlb wrktbr usbs vieufb ia Kmhimbskd‛s tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif
ds tlb qudmtkty ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif. Xlb hdtd vieufb ia
Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif wds tdcb arif Kmhimbskd Ztdtkstkjde
Pbpirt vdrkius bhktkim. GH^ ia Rmktbh Ckmghif wds usbh ds tlb prixy air Rmktbh
Ckmghif kmjifb. @bjdusb, djjirhkmg ti tlb tlbiry, kmjifb ks imb ia tlb adjtirs
tldt daabjt jimsufptkim. Km tlks rbsbdrjl tlb GH^ hdtd usbs rbde GH^ ia tlb
Rmktbh Ckmghif usbh tlb ybdr 4;;> ds tlb `dsb ybdr. Xlb GH^ hdtd ks tdcbm arif
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4>
vdrkius bhktkims ia Kmtbrmdtkimde Akmdmjkde Ztdtkstkjs. Air prkjb vdrkd`eb, tlb wrktbr
usbs dvbrdgb prkjb tldt jifb arif vdeub ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh
Ckmghif hkvkhbh `y vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm‛s tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif.
Qieufb dmh vdeub ia Kmhimbskd bxpirt ia tbd ks tdcbm arif vdrkius bhktkim ia
Kmhimbskdm‛s Ztdtkstkjde Pbpirt. Bxjldmgb rdtb vdrkd`eb ks usbh ds jifpdrksim ia
bjimifkjs jimhktkim `btwbbm twi jiumtrkbs jimhujtkmg trdhkmg djtkvktkbs.
Bxjldmgb rdtb hdtd wds tdcbm arif vdrkius bhktkim ia Kmhimbskd‛s Kmhkjdtir
Bjimify vdrkius bhktkim.
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JLD^XBP KK
PBQKBW IA PBEDXBH EKXBPDXRPB
0.4 Xlbirbtkjde Ardfbwirc
0.4.4 Kmtbrmdtkimde Xrdhb Xlbiry
Kmtbrmdtkimde Xrdhb ks tlb bxjldmgb ia giihs dmh sbrvkjbs dfimg
rbskhbmts ia hkaabrbmt jiumtrkbs. Jiumtrkbs jdmmit ekvb deimb dmyfirb
baabjtkvbey tldm kmhkvkhudes jdm. Bdjl jiumtry tbmhs ti spbjkdekzb km tlb
prihujtkim ia tlisb jiffihktkbs km wlkjl jdm prihujb firb jlbdpey tldm
itlbr jiumtrkbs dmh tlbm bxjldmgb kts surpeus air tlb surpeusbs ia itlbr
jiumtrkbs. (Jldjliekdhbs. F3 4;;2?7).
Jedsskjde bjimifkst sujl ds Dhdf Zfktl dmh Hdvkh Pkjdrhi ldvb
gkvbm jimtrk`utkims ti kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb wlbrb tlby suggbst tldt kmtbrmdtkimde
trdhb ks ds tlb griwtl ia bjimify `bjdusb ia fdmy rbdsims. Akrst,
kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb puslbs prihujtkvkty dmh wkee `ridhbm tlb fdrcbt, wlbrb kt
jdm fdcb hkvkskim ia oi`, kmjrbdsb tlb sckee ia wircbrs, gdkm tbjlmieigy
kfprivbfbmt, dmh gkvb jldmgb air jiumtrkbs tldt trdhb ti kmjrbdsb surpeus dmh
tlbrbairb kt wkee jrbdtb griwtl. Zbjimh, `dsbh im Pbmt air Zurpeus tlbiry, d
jiumtry tldt pedys rieb km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb wkee ldvb eits ia prihujtkim
bxjbss, tlks ks `bjdusb tlb hbfdmh km d jiumtry ks kmbedstkj ti tlb prihujts tldt
jdm `b bxpirtbh. Kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb ivbrjifbs tlb ekfktbh ia hifbstkj fdrcbt
dmh gkvbs pedjb air tldt bxjbss ia prihujts. Xlkrh, kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb jdm ipbm
tlb pissk`kekty air d jiumtry ti rbeijdtb tlb siurjbs iwmbh `y tlb jiumtry
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baakjkbmtey, kt jdm `b arif prihujtkim pikmt ia vkbw air hifbstkj mbbhs dmh
bxpirt `dsbh im prkjb rbedtkvkty.
0.4.0 D`sieutb Dhvdmtdgb Xlbiry
Dhdf Zfktl (4;:7) bfpldskzbh tlb kfpirtdmjb ia arbb trdhb km
kmjrbdskmg tlb wbdetl ia dee trdhkmg mdtkims. Djjirhkmg ti Dhdf Zfktl
futudeey `bmbakjkde trdhb ks `dsbh im tlb prkmjkpeb ia d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb.
Dhdf Zfktl drgubh tldt dee jiumtrkbs wiueh `bmbakt arif arbb trdhb dmh
jldfpkimbh d piekjy ia edkssbz-adkrb (d`sbmjb ia givbrmfbmtde kmtbrabrbmjb km
bjimifkj daadkrs). Wktl arbb trdhb, tlb rbsiurjbs ia tlb wireh wiueh `b
deeijdtbh baakjkbmtey, gbmbrdtkmg gdkms air bdjl dmh bvbry trdhkmg mdtkim. Dmy
kmtbrabrbmjb wktl tlb arbb aeiw ia trdhb wiueh kfpbhb tlb baakjkbmt deeijdtkim
ia rbsiurjbs wirehwkhb dmh wiueh hbmy tlb wireh jiffumkty tiwdrhs tlb
ippirtumkty ti bmoiy tlb pitbmtkde gdkms arif trdhb.
Bvbm tihdy fdmy pbipeb adee kmti trdp ia `bekbvkmg tldt bxpirtbr fust
ldvb dm d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb ti iaabr ti tlbkr airbkgm rkvdes. Kt turms iut,
futudeey `bmbakjkde trdhb hibs mit mbjbssdrkey rbqukrb bxpirtbr ti ldvb dm
d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb iaabr tlbkr airbkgm rkvdes.
Dhdf Zfktl stdtbh ―Bvbry jiumtry rbdeey lds bmiugl D`sieutb
Dhvdmtdgb `byimh kts trdhb pdrtmbr, ti fdcb bxpirt ds fujl ds kfpirt
pissk`eb, wlbm trdhb ks mit `bkmg `irhbrbh dmh irgdmkzbh‖. Xlks bxpedkms tldt
trdhb dvikhs rbstrkjtkim dmh d jiumtry wkee gbt dhvdmtdgb arif kmtbrmdtkimde
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trdhb bvbm tliugl tldt jiumtry hibs mit ldvb dmy spbjkdety tldm itlbr jiumtry.
(Ekmhbrt & Ckmheb`brgbr, Kmtbrmdtkimde Bjimify, 4;
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0.4.8 Lbjcsjlbr ‚ Ilekm
Xwi adfius Zwbhksl bjimifksts mdfbh Bek Lbjcsjlbr dmh d jieebgb
stuhbmt mdfbh @brtke Ilekm hbvbeip Lbjcsjlbr-Ilekm tlbiry, tlbrbairb tlks
tlbiry ks wbee cmiwm ds Lbjcsjlbr-Ilekm. Djjirhkmg ti Bek Lbjcslbr dmh
@brtke Ilekm kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb ks fivbh `y tlb hkaabrbmjb ia prihujtkim
adjtirs dfimg tlb jiumtrkbs. Xlks tlbiry sdkh tldt bvbry jiumtry lds hkaabrbmt
jbrtdkm prihujtkim adjtirs. Xlb hkaabrbmjbs im tlb prihujtkim adjtirs jrbdtb
hkaabrbmjbs km prkjb air tlb sdfb jiffihkty km bvbry jiumtry. Lbjcslbr ‚
Ilekm desi bxpedkms d`iut trdhkmg pdttbrm, tlby bxpedkm d`iut wlbm d jiumtry
wdmts ti prihujb kt wkee usb tlb grbdtbr prihujtkim adjtir si kt jdm rbhujb tlb
prkjb ia tlb rbedtbh giihs.
0.4.2 Hbfdmh Xlbiry
0.4.2.4 Jldmgb km Hbfdmh
Xlb dfiumt ia sifb prihujt tldt dee justifbrs wksl ti `uy km d
gkvbm tkfb pbrkih ks kmaeubmjbh `y tlb aieeiwkmg kfpirtdmt vdrkd`ebs
(Pkjldrh G. Ekpsby, 4;;1? 7>)?
4.
^rihujts Iwm ^rkjb
D `dskj bjimifkj lypitlbsks ks tldt tlb prkjb ia d prihujt dmh tlb
qudmtkty tldt wkee `b hbfdmhbh drb rbedtbh mbgdtkvbey, itlbr tlkmgs
`bkmg bqude. Xldt ks, tlb eiwbr tlb prkjb, tlb lkglbr tlb qudmtkty
hbfdmhbh, dmh tlb lkglbr tlb prkjb, tlb eiwbr tlb qudmtkty
hbfdmhbh. (Dearbh Fdrsldee (4
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jimjbpts drb jdeebh ―Edw ia Hbfdmh.‖ Air bxdfpeb, tlb jdsb ia
hbfdmh air tbd rbedtbh ti tlb prkjbs ia tbd, wlbm tlb prkjbs ia tbd
kmjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmh air tbd wkee hbjrbdsb.
0.
Dvbrdgb Jimsufbr Kmjifb
Ka jimsufbrs ldvb lkglbr kmjifb tldm tlb dvbrdgb, tlby jdm `b
bxpbjtbh ti purjldsb firb ia fist prihujts bvbm tliugl tlb prkjbs
ia tlb prihujt rbfdkm tlb sdfb. Air bxdfpeb, km tlb jdsb ia
hbfdmh air tbd rbedtbh ti tlb kmjifb, wlbm tlb Mdtkimde kmjifb ir
GH^ ks kmjrbdskmg tlb qudmtkty hbfdmh air tbd wkee desi kmjrbdsb.
:.
Itlbr ^rkjb
Kt fbdms tldt km itlbr prihujt prkjbs ir su`stktutbs, d rksb km tlb
prkjbs ia prihujts su`stktutb wkee fdcb tlb hbfdmhbh air tlb
prihujt `bjifb kmjrbdskmg. Kt wkee fdcb tlb hbfdmh jurvb slkat ti
tlb rkglt. Air bxdfpeb, wlbm tlb prkjb ia ike ks tlb su`stktutkim
prihujt air tlb gds, wlbm tlb prkjb ia ike ks kmjrbdskmg, tlb hbfdmh
air gds ks kmjrbdskmg ir vkjb vbrsd.
8. Xdstb
Xdstbs ldvb dm baabjt im pbipeb‛s hbskrb ti purjldsb. D jldmgb km
tlb tdstb fdy`b eimg-edstkmg ir slirt- edstkmg, d jldmgb km tlb tdstb
km advir ia d prihujt slkat tlb hbfdmh jurvb ti tlb rkglt. Air
bxdfpeb ks `btwbbm hbfdmh air rkjb dmh wlbdt. Km Kmhimbskd
hbfdmh ia rkjb ks lkglbr tldm hbfdmh ia wlbdt, `bjdusb
Kmhimbskdm pbipeb tbmh ti bdt rkjb tldm wlbdt. Kt rbvbrsb wktl
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wbstbrm pbipeb, tlbkr hbfdmh ia wlbdt ks lkglbr tldm rkjb. @bjdusb
wbstbrm pbipeb prbabr bdt wlbdt `bttbr tldm rkjb.
2.
^ipuedtkim
Dm kmjrbdsb km pipuedtkim wkee slkat tlb hbfdmh jurvbs air fist
prihujts ti tlb rkglt, kmhkjdtkmg tldt firb prihujts wkee `b `iuglt
dt bdjl prkjb. Air bxdfpeb, jdsb km bebjtrkjkty. Wlbm tlb pipuedtkim
ks lkglbr, kt wkee kmjrbdsb tlb hbfdmh air bebjtrkjkty skmjb firb
pbipeb mbbh firb bebjtrkjkty km tlbkr hdkey ekvbs.
Grdpl 0.4
Jldmgb km Hbfdmh
^
HK H HKK
T
Arif tlb grdpl d`ivb kt jdm `b sbbm, air tlb bxdfpeb ka tlb prkjb
ia giih kmjrbdsbs, tlbrb ks d fivbfbmt deimg tlb hbfdmh jurvb dmh d
jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty ia tlb giih `bkmg hbfdmhbh. Ka tlb hbfdmh jurvb
H drksbs km tlb prkjb ia d giih, kt prihujbs d hbjrbdsb km tlb hbfdmh dmh
d adee km tlb prkjb ia tlb giih prihujbs dm kmjrbdsb km hbfdmh. Xlb
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drriws im hbfdmh jurvb HKK rbprbsbmt tlb fivbfbmt deimg tlb hbfdmh
jurvb. Ka sifb itlbr adjtirs im tlb hbfdmh jldmgb, wlkjl kmjrbdsb tlb
qudmtkty tldt pbipeb pedm ti `uy, tlbrb ks d slkat km tlb hbfdmh jurvb ti
tlb rkglt (arif H ti HKK) dmh dm kmjrbdsb km hbfdmh. Ka sifb itlbr adjtirs
im tlb hbfdmh jldmgb, wlkjl rbhujbs tlb qudmtkty tldt pbipeb pedm ti
`uy, tlbrb ks d slkat km tlb hbfdmh jurvb ti tlb ebat (arif H ti HK) dmh d
hbjrbdsb km hbfdmh. (Zdfubesim, Fkjribjimifkjs Zbvbmtbbmtl Bhktkim,
4;;2)
0.4.2.0 Bedstkjkty ia Hbfdmh
^rkjb bedstkjkty ia hbfdmh fbdsurbs tlb rbspimskvbmbss ia tlb
qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia d giih ti d jldmgb km kts prkjb. Kt fbdsurbs
rbspimskvbmbss `y jdejuedtkim tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty
hbfdmhbh `y tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km kts prkjb. Rskmg tlb aieeiwkmg
airfued ti jdejuedtb tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia hbfdmh?
BH 6 prkjbkmjldmgb^brjbmtdgb
hbfdmhbh qudmtktykmjldmgb^brjbmtdgb
Wlbm tlb prkjb ia d giih rksbs, tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh adees. Ka tlb
pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km prkjb ks pisktkvb, tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km qudmtkty
hbfdmhbh wkee `b mbgdtkvb. Ds jimsbqubmjbs, tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia
hbfdmh wkee `b d mbgdtkvb muf`br. @bjdusb tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia hbfdmh
ks dewdys mbgdtkvb, kt dhipts tlb jimvbmtkim ia hrippkmg tlb fkmus skgm
dmh tlb fdgmktuhb ia bedstkjkty. ^rkjb bedstkjkty hbfdmh ks tlb rdtki ia tlb
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pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ti tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km
prkjb. Xldt ks?
BH6^/^
T/T
Θ
Θ
Xlbrb drb tlrbb tlkmgs d`iut tlb jdejuedtkim ia tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia
hbfdmh?
d. Xlb jldmgb km prkjb dmh tlb jldmgb km qudmtkty hbfdmhbh drb
`itl rbjirhbh ds pisktkvb muf`brs
`. Xlb jldmgbs km prkjbs dmh qudmtktkbs hbfdmhbh drb bxprbssbh
ds pbrjbmtdgbs ia tlb dvbrdgb prkjb dmh dvbrdgb qudmtkty
hbfdmhbh
j.
Detliugl kt ks jimvbmkbmt ti tlkmc ia bedstkjkty ds tlb rdtki ia
tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ti tlb
pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb prkjb, kt ks desi bqukvdebmt, tlb
pripirtkimdtb jldmgb km qudmtkty hbfdmhbh hkvkhbh `y tlb
pripirtkimdtb jldmgb km prkjb.
Bxpedmdtkim ia tlb bedstkjkty rbsuet?
♡
Kmbedstkj, ks bedstkjkty `btwbbm > dmh 4
♡ Bedstkj, ks bedstkjkty grbdtbr tldm 4
♡ Rmkt bedstkj, ks hkvkhkmg ekmb `btwbbm kmbedstkj dmh bedstkj
♡ ^brabjtey bedstkj, ks bedstkjkty bqude ti zbri
(Zdfubesim, Fkjribjimifkjs Zbvbmtbbmtl Bhktkim)
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4;
0.4.2.: Hbfdmh ia Bxpirt
Km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb, suppey dmh hbfdmh ldvb strimg
jimmbjtkim. Kt ks privbm km tlb fdrcbt fbjldmksf wlbrb `itl suppey dmh
hbfdmh tigbtlbr hbtbrfkmb tlb qudmtkty ia giihs ti purjldsbh ir sieh
dmh desi hbtbrfkmb tlb rbedtkvb prkjb ia tlb giihs. Hbfdmh km tlb fdrcbt
ks hbtbrfkmbh `y tlb jimsufbrs tdstb dmh kmjifb. Xdstb dmh kmjifb jdm
i`strujt tlb rbdjtkim `btwbbm qudmtkty ia hbfdmh dmh jldmgb km jist.
(Ekmhbrt, ^btbr L34;;8? 81)
@y hikmg kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb `itl jiumtrkbs jdm gbt `bmbakts. Kt ks
sliwm im tlb kmhkaabrbmjb jurvb tldt `y trdhkmg `itl jiumtrkbs jdm
djlkbvb fdxkfuf sdtksadjtkim. Xlb hkaabrbmjb km tdstb ks priaktd`eb km
trdhb `bjdusb tlb prihujbr jdm desi prihujb hkaabrbmt ckmhs ia giihs.
Djjirhkmg ti Ekmhbrt (4;;8) ka sifb jiumtrkbs ldvb hkaabrbmt tdstb wktl
dmitlbr jiumtry `ut mit km tlb prihujtkim d`kekty, si trdhkmg dfimg
jiumtrkbs jdm hbvbeip kmtbrmdtkimde spbjkdekzdtkim im jimsufptkim `ut
mit km tlb prihujtkim.
0.0 Ektbrdturb Pbvkbw
[uhlk Zbtkdwdm‛s rbsbdrjl (0>>4) dmdeyzbs tlb adjtirs tldt kmaeubmjb tlb
hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti ^dckstdm. Xlb hdtd ks sbjimhdry hdtd gdtlbrbh
hurkmg 4;71-4;;
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hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti ^dckstdm, ds wbee ds `btwbbm GH^ ia ^dckstdm
dmh tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt. @ut tlb prkjb ia tlb wireh lds mbgdtkvb
rbedtkimslkp dmh skgmkakjdmt ti tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti ^dckstdm.
Ldrry Xdefdm (0>>4) dmdeyzbs tlb adjtirs tldt kmaeubmjb Kmhimbskdm tbd
bxpirt ti Zkmgdpirb. Xlb hdtd ks sbjimhdry hdtd tdcbm hurkmg 4;
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ia tbd kmjrbdsbs tlb tbd hbfdmh arif tlb kfpirtbh jiumtry
hbjrbdsbs.
`.
Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (GH^).
Xlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet im tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ ks skgmkakjdmt
dmh lds pisktkvb skgm. Kt fbdms tldt djjirhkmg ti tlb tlbiry wlbm
tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ kmjrbdsbs, kt desi kmjrbdsbs tlb hbfdmh
ia tlb tbd bxpirtbh arif Kmhimbskd.
j. Bxjldmgb rdtb (Bxj).
Xlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet im tlb bxjldmgb rdtb ks skgmkakjdmt dmh lds
pisktkvb skgm. Kt fbdms tldt djjirhkmg ti tlb tlbiry, wlbm tlb vdeub
ia ^iumh stbrekmg ti Pupkdl kmjrbdsbs, kt fdcbs prkjb ia tbd `bjdfb
jlbdpbr. Zi tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt kmjrbdsbs.
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JLD^XBP KKK
PBZBDPJL FBXLIH
:.4 Pbsbdrjl Fbtlih
Xlb rbsbdrjl fbtlih usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks qudmtktdtkvb dmdeysks.
Tudmtktdtkvb dmdeysks ks d jldrdjtbrkstkj ia vdrkd`ebs wlbrb tlb fdrc ks stdtbh im
tlb mufbrkjde airf. Xlb jldrdjtbrkstkjs ia tlb fbdsurbfbmt vdrkd`eb fdcb tlb
fdrc ti `b pedjbh km kmtbrvde.
Xlb wrktbr desi usbh ektbrdturb stuhy. Xlks ektbrdturb stuhy usbs d
siurjb ia tlb tlbirkbs tldt drb rbedtbh ti tlb rbsbdrjl.
:.0 Pbsbdrjl Zu`objt
Xlb rbsbdrjl wds jimjbmtrdtbh im tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s hbfdmh
ia tbd bxpirtbh arif Kmhimbskd. Xlb rbsbdrjl siuglt wldt vdrkd`ebs tldt ldh
kfpdjts im tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s tbd hbfdmh.
:.: Pbsbdrjl Zbttkmg
Xlks sbjtkim dmdeyzbs tlb rbdsims wly tlb RC givbrmfbmt kfpirts tbd
arif Kmhimbskd. Pkglt cmiw RC‛s jktkzbm hrkmc tbd ds tlbkr ld`kt. Wktl tlbkr lkgl
jimsufptkim, tlby wkee rbqukrb d eit ia tbd. Zkmjb Kmhimbskd ks imb ia tlb `kg tbd
prihujbrs, RC wkee hbfdmh tbd arif Kmhimbskd. Xrdhkmg `btwbbm Kmhimbskd dmh
RC wkee jrbdtb dhvdmtdgbs `btwbbm tlb twi jiumtrkbs.
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:.8 Hdtd Ziurjb
Xlb hdtd usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl dmdeysks wbrb tlb hdtd tdcbm arif
`iics, ektbrdturb stuhy dmh sbjimhdry hdtd. Xlby drb?
d. Kmtbrmdtkimde Akmdmjkde Ztdtkstkjs (KAZ), vdrkius bhktkims.
`. Ztdtkstkjde [bdr @iic ia Kmhimbskd (Ztdtkstkc Kmhimbskd), vdrkius
bhktkims.
j. Kmhimbskdm Airbkgm Xrdhb Ztdtkstkj (@kri ^usdt Ztdtkstkc), vdrkius
bhktkims.
:.2 Pbsbdrjl Qdrkd`ebs
@dsbh im tlb hdtd usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl vdrkd`ebs km tlks tlbsks drb
jdtbgirkzbh kmti twi vdrkd`ebs3 hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb dmh kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs.
@itl vdrkd`ebs drb hbsjrk`bh ds aieeiws?
Hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb
Xlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb km tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm tbd
bxpirt ti RC (T)
Kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb
Xlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs km tlks rbsbdrjl jimskst ia aiur vdrkd`ebs, tlby
drb?
i ^rkjb ia tbd (^)
i GH^ ia RC (GH^)
i Bxjldmgb rdtb Pupkdl/ ^iumh stbrekmg (Bxj)
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:.1 Xbjlmkqub ia Hdtd Dmdeysks
Xlb `dskj tlbiry tldt ks usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb hbfdmh tlbiry. Xlks
hbfdmh ks daabjtbh `y tlb prkjb ia rbedtbh giihs, kmjifb ia tlb kfpirtbr jiumtry
dmh tlb bxjldmgb rdtb `btwbbm `itl jiumtrkbs. Km gbmbrde tlb `dskj fihbe ia tlb
hbfdmh ks?
T 6 A (^,GH^,Bxj)
Wlbrb?
T 6 Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti RC (tim)
^ 6 ^rkjb ia tbd (^iumh stbrekmg/cg)
GH^ 6 RC GH^ (@keekims ia ^iumh stbrekmg)
Bxj 6 Bxjldmgb rdtb (Pp/ ^iumh stbrekmg)
Xi djlkbvb tlb rbsbdrjl i`objtkvbs, tlb rbgrbsskim dmdeysks ks jimhujtbh `y
uskmg tkfb sbrkbs hdtd arif 4;>0.
Ekmbdr rbgrbsskim fihbe jdm `b wrkttbm ds aieeiw?
T 6 ΰi + ΰ4^ + ΰ0GH^ + ΰ:Bxj + v
Wlbrb?
. ΰi ? Jimstdmt
. ΰ4,ΰ0,ΰ: ? Pbgrbsskim jibaakjkbmt ia bdjl vdrkd`eb.
:.7 Dmdeysks Fbtlih
:.7.4 Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst
@dskjdeey, tlks tbst ks ti hbtbjt tlb vdekhkty ia bfpkrkjde fihbe tldt ks
usbh km tlb rbsbdrjl. Km irhbr ti kmtbrprbt tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet tldt jimsksts ia
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02
rbgrbsskim jibaakjkbmt muf`br. D fihbe `bjifbs vdekh ka kt ks arbb arif tlb
prbsbmjb ia fuetijieekmbdrkty, dutijirrbedtkim dmh lbtbrijbhdstkjkty.
:.7.4.4 Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst
Djjirhkmg ti Guodrdtk (4;;2?:0>) fuetkjieekmbdrkty fbdms tlb
bxkstbmjb ia d pbrabjt ir bxdjt ekmbdr rbedtkimslkp dfimg sifb ir dee
bxpedmdtiry vdrkd`ebs ia rbgrbsskim fihbe. Ka pbrabjt fuetkjieekmbdrkty
dppbdrs km rbgrbsskim pri`ebf, km skfpeb tbrf kt jdm `b sdkh tldt Ebdst
Zqudrb (EZ) sieutkim jdm mit `b djlkbvbh. Km tlb rbgrbsskim dmdeysks,
fuetkjieekmbdrkty gkvbs kmti tlbsb sbvbrde jimhktkims `beiw?
d. Xwi kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs ldvkmg pbrabjt jirrbedtkim (`bjdusb ia
tldt vbjtirs tldt sliw tlb vdrkd`ebs drb jieekmbdr).
`.
Xwi kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs ldvkmg defist pbrabjt jirrbedtkim (air
tlb bxdfpeb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm tlbf ks jeisb +4 ir -4).
j. Ekmbdr jif`kmdtkim arif sbvbrde kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs ldvkmg
pbrabjt jirrbedtkim (ir jeisb ti pbrabjt) wktl itlbr kmhbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb.
h. Ekmbdr jif`kmdtkim arif imb su`-jieebjtkim ia kmhbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`ebs ldvkmg pbrabjt jirrbedtkims (ir jeisb) wktl imb ekmbdr
jif`kmdtkim arif itlbr su`-jieebjtkim ia kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
(Fdcrkhdcks,Z 3Wlbbewrkglt.Z.J dmh FjGbb.Q.B(4;;;)Airbjdstkmg?
Fbtlihs dmh Dppekjdtkims,0mh. @kmdrupd Dcsdrd)
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Xi hbtbjt fuetkjieekmbdrkty, tlb jirrbedtkim fbtlih ks usbh. Xlb
fuetkjieekmbdrkty ks prbhkjtbh ti ldppbm wlbm P 0 ks lkgl, sdy km bxjbss ia
>.>). Ka tlbrb ks
dutijirrbedtkim km tlb fihbe, kt wkee rdksb tlb vdeub ia rbskhude dmh tlb
kfpdjt ks tlb muf`br ia t-tbst, a-tbst dmh P 0 wkee hbjekmb.
Km itlbr wirhs, tlb prbsbmjb ia dutijirrbedtkim im tlb fihbe fdcbs tlb
hdtd `bjifb mit vdekh.
Djjirhkmg ti Zrkydmd (0>>4) tlb jdusbs ia dutijirrbedtkim drb?
d. Xlb prbsbmjb ia `djcwdrh edg ipbrdtkims im tlb fihbe wktl
tkfb sbrkbs hdtd.
`. Fkstdcb km aumjtkim typb.
j. Edjc ia hdtd ir tlb hdtd wbrb gimb.
h.
Xlbrb ks d hdtd trdmsairfdtkim.
Km tbstkmg tlb dutijirrbedtkim ks uskmg Edgrdmgb Fuetkpekbr tbst
(EF-tbst). Xlks tbst usb tlb ebvbe ia hbgrbb (χ 0) ti bxprbss tldt tlbrb ks mi
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dutijirrbedtkim. Xlb rueb ks wlbm χ 0 stdtkstkj ks `kggbr tldm tlb vdeub ia χ 0
td`eb, lbmjb Li hbmkbh dmh desi im tlb jimtrdry.
ůt 6 δ4 + δ0\t + τ4ţt-4 + τ0ţt-0 + ….. + τ pţt-p + βt
:.7.4.: Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst
Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty ks d sktudtkim wlbm tlbrb ks d rbedtkimslkp
`btwbbm tlb vdeubs ia kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs wktl tlb rbskhude vdeub arif
tlb fihbe. Xi hbtbjt tlb lbtbrijbhdstkjkty, tlb wrktbr usbh imb ia tlb
airfde fbtlihs3 tlb Wlktb fbtlih. Xlb Wlktb fihbe ks?
B0 6 ΰ> + ΰ4\4 + ΰ0\0 + ΰ:\: + θ4\40 + θ0\0
0 + θ:\:0 + θ8\4\0 +
θ2\4\: + θ1\0\: + β (:.7.4.: d)
@dsbh im tlb d`ivb airfued, tlb squdrbh rbskhude arif tlb
irkgkmde rbgrbsskim im tlb irkgkmde \ vdrkd`eb, tlbrb squdrbh vdeubs, dmh
tlb jriss prihujt ia tlb rbgrbssirs.
Rmhbr tlb muee lypitlbsks tlbrb ks mi lbtbrijbhdstkjkty, kt jdm `b
sliwm tldt sdfpeb skzb (m) tifbs tlb P 0 i`tdkmbh arif tlb rbgrbsskim
dsyfptitkjdeey aieeiws tlb jlk-squdrb hkstrk`utkim wktl ha bqude ti tlb
muf`br ia kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs (bxjeuhkmg tlb jimstdmt tbrf) km tlb
duxkekdry rbgrbsskim. Xldt ks?
m. P 0 6 \0 ha (:.7.4.: `)
Ka tlb jlk-squdrb vdeub i`tdkmbh km (:.7.4.: `) bxjbbhs tlb jrktkjde
jlk-squdrbh vdeub dt tlb jlisbm ebvbe ia skgmkakjdmjb, tlb jimjeuskim ks
tlbrb ks lbtbrijbhdstkjkty km tlb fihbe. Ka kt hibs mit bxjbbh tlb jrktkjde
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jlk-squdrb vdeub, tlbrb ks mi lbtbrijbhdstkjkty, wlkjl ks ti sdy tldt km tlb
duxkekdry rbgrbsskim (:.7.4.: d), δ0 + δ: + δ8 + δ2 + δ1 6 >
:.7.0 X- Ztdtkstkj Xbst
X- Ztdts tbst ks usbh ti cmiw tlb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm tlb hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb wktl kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb kmhkvkhudeey. Km tlks rbsbdrjl, tlb wrktbr
usbh imb tdke tbst `bjdusb tlks rbsbdrjl lds d strimg tlbirbtkjde bxpbjtdtkim.
Lypitlbsks tldt usbh imb tdke tbst pisktkvb?
Li ? ΰk 5 > 3 k6 4,0….btj
Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs mbgdtkvbey daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Ld ? ΰk = > 3 k6 4,0….btj
Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs pisktkvbey daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Lypitlbsks tldt usbh imb tdke tbst mbgdtkvb?
Τ Li ? ΰk = > 3 k6 4.0….btj
Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs pisktkvbey daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Τ Ld ? ΰk 5 > 3 k6 4.0….btj
Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs mbgdtkvbey daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Xlb aieeiwkmg lypitlbsks wkee `b bxdfkmbh kmhkvkhudeey?
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L> ? ΰk 6 > ? fbdms tldt tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb kmhkvkhudeey hibs
mit ldvb dm kfpdjt im tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs.
Ld ? ΰk = > ? fbdms tldt tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb kmhkvkhudeey ldvb
kfpdjts im tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Xlb hbjkskim wkee `b fdhb wktl tlb pdrdfbtbr (δ) 2% `dsbh im tlb
aieeiwkmg ruebs?
d. Wlbm tlb vdeub ia jifputbh t 5 jrktkjde vdeub (t td`eb vdeub), Li ks
djjbptbh. Km tlks jdsb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb hibs mit kmaeubmjb tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb skgmkakjdmtey.
`.
Wlbm tlb vdeub ia jifputbh t = jrktkjde vdeub (t td`eb vdeub), Li ks
rbobjtbh. Km tlks jdsb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb kmaeubmjbs tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb skgmkakjdmtey.
:.7.: A- Ztdtkstkj Xbst
Xlks tbst ks usbh ti hbtbjt tlb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm `itl hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb dmh kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey. Xlb tbstkmg ia A tbst ks tlb
sdfb ds tlb tbstkmg air t tbst. Lypitlbsks ks airfuedtbh ds aieeiws?
Γ
Li ? ΰ4 6 ΰ0 6 ΰ: 6 >
Lbmjb tlb dee kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey hi mit daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Γ Li ? ΰ4 ≮ ΰ0 ≮ ΰ: 6 >
Lbmjb tlb dee kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
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Wktl uskmg A ‚ stdts td`eb?
4.
Ka A-stdtkstkj 5 A-td`eb
ha hbmifkmdtir 6 (m-c), ha mufbrdtir 6 (c-4)
Li ks djjbptbh dmh Ld ks rbobjtbh
0. Ka A-stdtkstkj = A-td`eb
ha hbmifkmdtir 6 (m-c), ha mufbrdtir 6 (c-4)
Li ks rbobjtbh dmh Ld ks djjbptbh
:.7.8 Jibaakjkbmt ia Hbtbrfkmdtkim (P0)
Kt ks dm kfpirtdmt pripbrty ia P 0 `bjdusb kt ks d mimhbjrbdskmg aumjtkim ia
tlb muf`br ia bxpedmdtiry vdrkd`ebs ir rbgrbssirs prbsbmt km tlb fihbe3 ds tlb
muf`br ia rbgrbssir kmjrbdsb. P 0 defist kmvdrkd`ey kmjrbdsbs dmh mbvbr
hbjrbdsbs. P 0 ks usbh ti hbtbjt liw adr tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb kmaeubmjbs tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb km tlb fihbe (Guodrdtk, 4;;2? 0>7). P 0 ks `bkmg d fbdsurb
ia tlb giihmbss ia akt ia d sdfpeb ebdst squdrbs ekmbdr rbgrbsskim km d `ihy ia
hdtd. Xlb muf`br ia P 0 ks `btwbbm > ‚ 4. Xlb jeisbr tlb muf`br ia P 0 ti 4 tlb
`bttbr tlb fihbe bxpedkms d`iut tlb rbedtkimslkp `btwbbm hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb
dmh kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs.
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JLD^XBP KQ
PBZBDPJL AKMHKMGZ DMH HKZJRZZKIM
8.4 Pbsbdrjl Hbsjrkptkim
Xlks rbsbdrjl i`objtkvb ks ti dmdeyzb tlb qudmtkty ia Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s
hbfdmh air tbd arif Kmhimbskdm. Km tlks rbsbdrjl, tlb vdrkd`eb adjtirs usbh ti
dmdeyzb tlb hbfdmh ia tbd drb? Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^, prkjb ia tbd dmh bxjldmgb
rdtb `btwbbm Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif ^iumh Ztbrekmg. Xlb hdtd
usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks d sbjimhdry hdtd jieebjtbh arif fdmy rbsiurjbs, sujl ds?
d. Ztdtkstkjde [bdr @iic Kmhimbskd.
`. Kmtbrmdtkimde Akmdmjkde Ztdtkstkj.
Xlb i`sbrvdtkim hdtd ks arif 4;>0 km tlb itlbr wirh km tlks
rbsbdrjl tlb wrktbr usbh 4< muf`brs ia i`sbrvdtkims. Kt jivbrs tlb titde vdeub ia
tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti Rmktbh Ckmghif (T) fbdsurbh km tims.
Zkmjb kt wds ldrh ti akmh tlb hdtd ia tbd hbfdmh arif Rmktbh Ckmghif tlb wrktbr
usbh prixy hdtd ti rbpedjb kt, tlb prixy hdtd tldt usbh ks tlb hdtd ia tbd bxpirt ti
Rmktbh Ckmghif. ^rkjb ia tbd (^X) fbdsurbh km ^iumh Ztbrekmg. Zkmjb kt wds ldrh
ti akmh tlb hdtd ia hbfdmh prkjb ia tbd tlb wrktbr usbh prixy hdtd, kt fbdms tldt tlb
hdtd usbh drb jeisbey rbedtbh, tlb prixy hdtd tldt usbh ks tlb dvbrdgb prkjb tldt ks
tlb rbsuet arif tlb vdeub ia tbd bxpirt ti RC hkvkhb wktl vieufb ia tbd bxpirt ti
RC. Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (GH^) fbdsurbh km ^iumh Ztbrekmg dmh Bxjldmgb rdtb
Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif ^iumh Ztbrekmg (Bxj). Xlb hdtd jieebjtbh ks
tkfb sbrkbs hdtd dmh wkee `b bxdfkmbh `y uskmg BQKBWZ jifputbr prigrdf.
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8.4.4 Jliiskmg Pbgrbsskim Fihbe
Km jliiskmg wlbtlbr uskmg ekmkbr fihbe ir eig fihbe tlb wrktbr usbh
FWH (FjCkmmim, Wlkb, Hdvkhsim, (4;0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:>Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
J 11 >.>>>>GH^ -440.>4
^PKJBYXBD -4:;17.70 482 >.>>>>B\J >.1>>7_4 -8..:< Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.8 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2074.02;Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim 044:.78: Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim 4.>>>>><
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::
Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? EQIE
Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:4Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
J 02.77780 7.0:4;>< :.2188>> >.>>:2EGH^ -:.>:>847 4.078 -0.:1;284 >.>:8>
E^PKJBYXBD ->.;80>44 >.4:0>>0 -7.4:1:0> >.>>>>EB\J >.:44;27 >.40;:12 0.844821 >.>:48
_0 -2.>8B->2 4.2 -0.1;>274 >.>4.7187 Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr ;.48:.78.88>;>8Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim >.00440; Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim >.>8;;;:Zuf squdrbh rbskh >.1:2172 Zjlwdrz jrktbrkim >.0;7:4;Eig ekcbekliih 8.22>>10 A-stdtkstkj 4:.181>0Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 0.84>772 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.>>>4:;
Arif tlb grdpl d`ivb, kt ks sbbm tldt `y uskmg FWH, `itl fihbes
drb skgmkakjdmt. Xlks rbsbdrjl usbs ekmkbr fihbe `bjdusb `y uskmg ekmkbr fihbe
tlb rbsuet ks `bttbr tldm uskmg eig fihbe.
8.0 Pbsbdrjl Akmhkmgs
8.0.4 Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet Dmdeysks
Xlb akrst stbp ti dmdeyzb tlb hdtd ks `y rbgrbsskmg tlb hdtd wktl tlb
suppirt arif tlb jifputbr prigrdf tldt ks jifpbtbmt dmh rbprbsbmtdtkvb
wktl tlb rbsbdrjl. Xlb jifputbr prigrdf tldt ks usbh `y tlb wrktbr ks Bvkbws
:.> km irhbr ti fdcb tlb hdtd bstkfdtkim bdskbr. Xlb Bvkbws jifputbr
prigrdf desi lbepbh tlb wrktbr ti rbhujb dmh dvikh jifputkmg brrir. Xlb
rbgrbsskim rbsuet ia ekmkbr fihbe ks sliwm km tlb aieeiwkmg td`eb?
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Xd`eb 8.0
IEZ Pbsuet
Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? QIE
Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 40?8<Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri .̀
GH^ -4>:.0:4: 02.2;4;1 -8.>::7:< >.>>40
^PKJBYXBD -400>;.:8 4120.>01: >.>>>>B\J >.10>24J 7;:88.>2 4870>>4
P-squdrbh >.>1>: Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.727>:1
@dsbh im tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet d`ivb, tlb rbgrbsskim bstkfdtkim
fihbe air tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti Rmktbh Ckmghif (vie),
Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (GH^), prkjb ia tbd (prkjbYtbd) dmh bxjldmgb rdtb
`btwbbm Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif ^iumh Ztbrekmg (Bxj) ks?
Qie 6 7;:88.>2 - 4>:.0:4: GH^ - 400>;.:8 prkjbYtbd + >.10
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tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet, kt sliws tlb jifputbh t vdeub ia bdjl
kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb jifpdrbh wktl tlb vdeub ia tlb jifputbh t
td`eb. Xlb wdy ti akmh tlb jrktkjde t vdeub ks?
X td`eb 6 t δ ha(m-c)
Wlbrb?
δ 6 ebvbe ia skgmkakjdmjb
ha 6 hbgrbb ia arbbhif
m 6 muf`br ia hdtd
c 6 muf`br ia pdrdfbtbrs
Km tlks rbsbdrjl tlb wrktbr bstkfdtbh tlb jrktkjde t vdeub
wktl δ 6 >.>2 dmh ha 6 48. Xlb vdeub km tlb t td`eb ks 4.714.
Wlbm tlb vdeub ia jifputbh t vdeub 5 jrktkjde t vdeub, tlb
kmhkvkhude kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb hibs mit kmaeubmjb tlb hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb skgmkakjdmtey. Itlbrwksb wlbm tlb jifputbh t vdeub =
jrktkjde t vdeub, tlb kmhkvkhude kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb wkee kmaeubmjb
tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb skgmkakjdmtey.
Arif tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet, kt jdm `b sbbm tldt tlb
skgmkakjdmjb ir kmskgmkakjdmjb arif bdjl jifputbh t vdeub ia
kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs.
Xd`eb 8.:
Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia t-stdtkstkj dmh t-td`eb
Qdrkd`eb t-stdtkstkj Δ t-td`eb Pbsuet
^rkjbYXbd -7.:;>01: 2% 4.714 Zkgmkakjdmt
GH^ -8.>::7:< 2% 4.714 Zkgmkakjdmt
Bxj :.:477
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8.0.0.4.4 X Xbst im ^rkjb ia Xbd
Li ? ΰk = >
Ld ? ΰk 5 >
Jifputbh t vdeub ks -7.:;>01:.
Jrktkjde t vdeub wktl δ 6 2% dmh ha 6 48 ks 4.714.
Datbr i`sbrvkmg tlb hdtd d`ivb, kt jdm `b jimjeuhbh
tldt tlb jifputbh t vdeub ks lkglbr tldm tlb jrktkjde t
vdeub, si tlb Li ks rbobjtbh ir Ld ks djjbptbh stdtkstkjdeey.
Kt fbdms tldt tlb prkjb ia tbd lds d mbgdtkvb baabjt im tlb
hbfdmh ia tbd bxpirt arif Kmhimbskd skgmkakjdmtey.
8.0.0.4.0 X Xbst im Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^
Li ? ΰk 5 >
Ld ? ΰk = >
Jifputbh t vdeub ks -8.>::7:
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8.0.0.4.: X Xbst im Bxjldmgb Pdtb
Li ? ΰk 5 >
Ld ? ΰk = >
Jifputbh t vdeub ks :.:477 .
Jrktkjde t vdeub wktl δ 6 2% dmh ha 6 48 ks 4.714.
Datbr i`sbrvkmg tlb hdtd d`ivb, kt jdm `b jimjeuhbh
tldt tlb jifputbh t vdeub ks lkglbr tldm tlb jrktkjde t
vdeub, si tlb Li ks rbobjtbh ir Ld ks djjbptbh stdtkstkjdeey.
Kt fbdms tldt tlb bxjldmgb rdtb lds d pisktkvb baabjt im
tlb hbfdmh ia tlb tbd bxpirt arif Kmhimbskd skgmkakjdmtey.
8.0.0.0 A Xbst Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet
Xlks tbst ks usbh ti hbtbjt tlb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb dmh dee tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs (skfuetdmbiusey). Xlb
tbstkmg ia A tbst ks tlb sdfb ds tlb tbstkmg air t tbst. Lypitlbsks ks
airfuedtbh ds aieeiws?
Li ? ΰ4 6 ΰ0 6 ΰ: 6 >
Lbmjb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey hi mit
daabjt tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
Li ? ΰ4 ≮ ΰ0 ≮ ΰ: 6 >
Lbmjb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey daabjt tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
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Xlks hbjkskim wkee usb pdrdfbtbr dt 2% (δ 6 2%) `dsbh im tlks
aieeiwkmg rueb?
d. Ka A-stdtkstkj 5 A-td`eb
Li ks djjbptbh dmh Ld ks rbobjtbh, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey hi mit ldvb kfpdjt im tlb
hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb.
`. Ka A-stdtkstkj = A-td`eb
Li ks rbobjtbh dmh Ld ks djjbptbh, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`ebs skfuetdmbiusey ldvb kfpdjt im tlb hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb.
Xlb a tbst ks jeisb skfkedrey wktl tlb t tbst tldt ks `y
jifpdrkmg tlb vdeub ia tlb jifputbh vdeub dmh tlb td`eb vdeub
(jrktkjde a vdeub). Xi akmh tlb jrktkjde a vdeub wb fust gbt tlb hbgrbb
ia arbbhif air mufbrdtir (c-4) dmh tlb hbgrbb ia arbbhif air
hbmifkmdtir (m-c). Wktl tlb ebvbe ia skgmkakjdmjb δ 6 2%, tlb
hbgrbb ia arbbhif air mufbrdtir ks : (8-4) dmh tlb hbgrbb ia
arbbhif air hbmifkmdtir ks 48 (4
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hbpbmhbmt vdrkd`eb. Km itlbr wirhs, tlb prkjb ia tbd, RC GH^ dmh
bxjldmgb rdtb skfuetdmbiusey dmh skgmkakjdmtey lds kfpdjt im tlb
hbfdmh ia tlb Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti RC.
Xd`eb 8.8
Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia a-stdtkstkj dmh a-td`eb
A-Ztdts D A-Xd`eb Pbsuet
4.8717. Xlks vdeub sliws d lkgl fbdsurbfbmt
air tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs ti bxpedkm tlbkr kfpdjt im tlb hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb km tlb fihbe. Kt fbdms tldt tlb vdrkdtkim ia tlb hbpbmhbmt
vdrkd`eb jdm `b bxpedkmbh `y tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs d`iut .>1>:%,
wlkeb tlb rbst 4;.;:;7% drb bxpedkmbh `y adjtirs iutskhb tlb fihbe.
8.0.8 Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst
8.0.8.4 Fuetkjiekmbdrkty Xbst
Xi tbst tlb fuetkjieekmbdrkty tlb wrktbr usbs jirrbedtkim fdtrkx
tbst. Km tlks tbst tlb wrktbr hbtbjt fuetkjieekmbdrkty `y jifpdrkmg tlb
jirrbedtkim dfimg tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs. Xlb hbjkskim arif tlks tbst
ks wlbm r vdeub ks sfdeebr tldt P 0 vdeub, kt fbdms tldt tlbrb ks mi
fuetkjieekmbdrkty. Wktl tlb lbep arif Bvkbws jifputbr prigrdf tlb
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wrktbr jdm sbdrjl tlb vdeub ia bdjl r dmh tlb rbsuet ks sliwm km td`eb 8.2
`beiw?
Xd`eb 8.2
Jirrbedtkim Fdtrkx Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Pbsuet
GH^ ^PKJBYXBD B\J
GH^ 4.>>>>>> ->.8712.7>::>0
^PKJBYXBD ->.8712>>>>> ->.4047;0
B\J >.7>::>0 ->.4047;0 4.>>>>>>
Arif tlb td`eb d`ivb kt jdm `b jimjeuhbh tldt tlb vdeubs ia tlb
jirrbedtkim dfimg tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkd`ebs drb rbedtkvbey lkgl.
Djjirhkmg ti tlb hdtd rbsuet d`ivb tldt r 5 >.>1>:, kt fbdms tldt tlbrb
ks mi fuetkjieekmbdrkty km tlb fihbe.
8.0.8.0 Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst
Xi tbst dutijirrbedtkim tlb wrktbr usbs Edgrdmgb Fuetkpekbr tbst
(EF-tbst). Xlks tbst usb tlb ebvbe ia hbgrbb (χ 0) ti bxprbss tldt tlbrb ks
mi dutijirrbedtkim. Xlb rueb ks wlbm χ 0 stdtkstkj ks `kggbr tldm tlb vdeub
ia χ 0 td`eb, Li ks hbmkbh dmh desi im tlb jimtrdry.
Xi fdcb kt jebdrbr km dmdeyzkmg tbst, tlb rbsuet ia EF-tbst jdm `b
sbbm km td`eb 8.1?
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Xd`eb 8.1
EF-tbst Pbsuet
@rbusjl-Giharby Zbrkde Jirrbedtkim EF Xbst?
A-stdtkstkj >.41;842 ^ri`d`kekty >..8;80.70<
Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? PBZKHFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?04
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
GH^ -2.8;1740 0802 >.8; 4;44.:72 ->.002721 >..>212:2 >.008>1: >.020:42 >.24J ::>0.877 411;2.08 >.4;7 >..>.0;172; ->.:>>1:7 >.71.4.>0781> Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 0.8:B-44 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh ->.:77718 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 0:2:.17711Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 4.;41;12 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.;;1>41
Arif tlb EF-tbst d`ivb kt jdm `b aiumh tldt tlb jifputbh vdeub
χ 0 (I`s*P-squdrb) ks >.8;80.8;80
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8.0.8.: Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst
Km tbstkmg lbtbrijbhdstkjkty tlb wrktbr usbs Wlktb tbst. Xlb
hbjkskim km tlbrb ks lbtbrijbhdstkjkty km tlb fihbe km tlks tbst ks `y
wdtjlkmg dmh jifpdrkmg tlb jifputbh vdeub ia χ 0 (I`s*P-squdrb) ir `y
fuetkpeykmg m.P 0 dmh tlb jlk-squdrb hkstrk`utkim wktl 1 ha. Wlbm tlb
jifputbh vdeub ia χ 0 ks grbdtbr tldm tlb jrktkjde jlk-squdrb wktl δ 6 2%,
tlb lypitlbsks tldt stdtbh tlbrb ks mi lbtbrijbhdstkjkty km tlb fihbe, tlus
kt ks rbobjtbh, dmh im tlb jimtrdry. @y uskmg Bvkbws jifputbr prigrdf
tlb rbsuet ia Wlktb tbst jdm `b i`tdkmbh dmh sbbm km td`eb 8.
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Xd`eb 8.<
Wlktb tbst rbsuet
Wlktb Lbtbriscbhdstkjkty Xbst?
A-stdtkstkj 4.10:8;1 ^ri`d`kekty >.00;;2<I`s*P-squdrbh 174:
Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? PBZKH]0Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?0>Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri .̀
J 0.1:B+>< 0.8:B+>< 4.>42GH^ -.>:4;
^PKJBYXBD]0 ;>;0804. 881027>. 0.>:78.>118B\J -:8;4.77< :>84.441 -4.48 >.0720
B\J]0 >.4;0010 >.427:;0 4.004224 >.0878
P-squdrbh >.81;18; Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 20:0174. Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.4:17 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2:>2.00;;2<
Arif tlb wlktb tbst rbsuet d`ivb, tlb vdeub ia ή0 jifputbh
(I`s*
P-squdrb) ks
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Xd`eb 8.;
Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia χ 0
jifputbh wktl χ 0
td`eb
χ 0 Jifputbh χ
0 Xd`eb Hbjkskim
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ia tbd fdcbs tlb RC hbfdmh ia tbd hbjrbdsbs. Xlks lypitlbsks ks jirrbjt
skmjb tlbrb ks tlb edw ia hbfdmh tldt sdys ―wlbm tlb prkjb ia d jiffihkty ks
rdksbh (dmh itlbr tlkmgs drb lbeh jimstdmt), `uybrs tbmh ti `uy ebss ia tlb
jiffihkty. Zkfkedrey, wlbm tlb prkjb ks eiwbrbh, itlbr tlkmgs `bkmg bqude,
qudmtkty hbfdmhbh kmjrbdsbs‖.
Xlb stdtkstkjde tbst suppirts tlks lypitlbsks jirrbjtey. Xlb rbsuetbh
bedstkjkty arif tlb rbgrbsskim air prkjb ia tbd ks -4.;127>:78. Xlb vdeub
sliws tlb kfpdjt ia prkjb ia tbd im tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti
RC. Wlbm tlb prkjb ia tbd kmjrbdsbs `y 4%, tlb qudmtkty hbfdmh ia
Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt hbjrbdsbs `y 4.;127>:78% liehkmg dee vdrkd`ebs drb
jimstdmt. Xlks stdtkstkjde rbsuet akts tlb prbvkius lypitlbsks tldt stdtbh d
mbgdtkvb rbedtkimslkp `btwbbm tlb prkjb ia tbd dmh tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm
tbd bxpirt ti RC.
8.:.: Bxjldmgb Pdtb Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif ̂ iumhtbrekmg
Dmitlbr adjtir usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb bxjldmgb rdtb `btwbbm tlb
twi jiumtrkbs km tlks jdsb `btwbbm Kmhimbskd dmh Rmktbh Ckmghif. Rskmg
RC GH^ ds tlb adjtir ti dmdeyzb ks vbry kfpirtdmt `bjdusb bxjldmgb rdtb
lds d strimg rbedtkim wktl prkjb. Air bxdfpeb ks wlbm tlb Pupkdl vdeub ks
hbjrbdskmg ti itlbr airbkgm jurrbmjy kt wkee fdcb prkjb ia tbd `bjifb
jlbdpbr djjirhkmg ti tlb airbkgm fdrcbt. Xlks jimhktkim jdm jrbdtb dm
kmjrbdsb km hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti RC.
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Djjirhkmg ti stdtkstkjde tbst, tlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia tlb bxjldmgb rdtb ks
>.8878>71188. Xlks vdeub rbprbsbmts tldt wlbm bxjldmgb rdtb ^iumh stbrekmg
ti Pupkdl kmjrbdsbs `y 4% tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt desi
kmjrbdsbs `y >.8878>71188% liehkmg dee vdrkd`ebs drb jimstdmt. Kt dgrbbs
wktl tlb prbvkius lypitlbsks km tlks rbsbdrjl d`iut tlb pisktkvb rbedtkimslkp
`btwbbm `itl vdrkd`ebs bxjldmgb rdtb dmh hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt
ti RC.
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JLD^XBP Q
JIMJERZKIM DMH KF^EKJDXKIM
2.4 Jimjeuskims
4. Xlks rbsbdrjl ks bxdfkmkmg adjtirs tldt daabjt Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti
Rmktbh Ckmghif. Xlb adjtirs drb tlb prkjb ia tbd, tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif
GH^ dmh tlb bxjldmgb rdtb.
0. @dsbh im tlb rbsbdrjl, tlb jibaakjkbmt ia hbtbrfkmdtkim P-squdrbh ks
>.>1>:. Kt fbdms tldt .>1>:% ia tlb vdrkdtkim km qudmtkty ia
Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti Rmktbh Ckmghif jdm `b bxpedkmbh `y vdrkdtkim
km tlb bxpedmdtiry vdrkd`ebs, tlby drb? prkjb ia tbd, RC GH^ dmh
bxjldmgb rdtb. Fbdmwlkeb tlb 4;.;:;7 ks daabjtbh `y tlb itlbr vdrkd`ebs
iutskhb tlb fihbe.
:.
Djjirhkmg ti tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet, tlb vdeub ia tlb jifputbh A-tbst ks
4
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`y 400>;.:8 tims dmh tlb itlbr vdrkd`ebs drb jimstdmt. Xlks ks skgmkakjdmt
wktl tlb edw ia hbfdmh. Xlb kmjrbdsb km prkjb ia rbedtbh giih fdcbs tlb
hbfdmh hbjrbdsbs.
2.
Xlb X-tbst ia RC GH^ ks stdtkstkjdeey bxprbsskmg tlb mbgdtkvb rbedtkim
`btwbbm RC GH^ wktl tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt. Kt ks
derbdhy privbm tldt tlb jibaakjkbmt vdeub ia tlb RC GH^ ks -4>:.0:4:.
Xlks jibaakjkbmt vdeub fbdms tldt tlb kmjrbdsb km RC GH^ ds fujl ds 4
`keekims ia Buri wkee hbjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt `y
4>:.0:4: tims dmh itlbr vdrkd`ebs drb jimstdmt. Xlks ks kmskgmkakjdmt wktl
tlb edw ia hbfdmh, `bjdusb tbd ks kmabrkir giihs air tlb Rmktbh
Ckmghif.
1.
Xlb X-tbst ia tlb bxjldmgb rdtb ks stdtkstkjdeey bxprbsskmg tlb pisktkvb
rbedtkim `btwbbm bxjldmgb rdtb dmh tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd
bxpirt. Kt ks derbdhy privbm tldt tlb jibaakjkbmt vdeub ia tlb bxjldmgb
rdtb ks >.10
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2.0 Kfpekjdtkims
4.
Xlb akmhkmg ia RC GH^ lds kmaeubmjb im tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm Xbd
Bxpirt ti RC. Xlb rbsuet sliws tldt tlb RC GH^ ks kmbedstkj3 kt fbdms
tldt Kmhimbskdm tbd ks ebss kfpirtdmt ti RC `bjdusb tbd ks kmabrkir giihs
air tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif.
0. Xlb akmhkmg ia ^rkjb ia Xbd lds kmaeubmjb im tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm
Xbd Bxpirt ti RC. Xlb rbsuet sliws tldt tlb ^rkjb ia Xbd ks bedstkj3 kt
fbdms tldt Kmhimbskd tbd ks ebss kfpirtdmt ti RC `bjdusb Kmhimbskd ks
mit tlb imey tbd prihujbr km tlb wireh. Zi ka prkjb ia tbd kmjrbdsb, RC
wkee su`stktutb kt wktl tbd arif dmitlbr jiumtry tldt tlb prkjb ks jlbdpbr
tldm tldt ia Kmhimbskdm tbd.
:.
Xlb akmhkmg ia Bxjldmgb Pdtb lds kmaeubmjb im tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm
Xbd Bxpirt ti RC. Zi wlbm @rktksl ^iumh dpprbjkdtbs kt wiueh kmjrbdsb
tlb purjldskmg piwbr ia RC sijkbty ti Kmhimbskdm giihs.
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2>
@K@EKIGPD^L[
Jldjliekdhbs, Fketkdhbs? ―Kmtbrmdtkimde Bjimifkjs‖, FjGrdw ‚ Lkee ^u`ekslkmgJifpdmy, 4;;2
Guodrdtk, Hdfihdr M ( 4;;2 ). ―@dskj Bjimifbtrkjs‖, :rh
bhktkim. Zkmgdpirb?FjGrdw-Lkee. Zkmgdpirb.
lttp//www.giigeb.jif, ―Kmggrks ^bmgkfpir Xbr`bsdr Xbl PK‖
lttp?//www.sbtobm.bshf.gi.kh/`tpb/`tpb-`d`
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Ztdtkstkjde [bdr @iic ia Kmhimbskd, vdrkius bhktkims, 4;>0.
Xdefdm, Ldrry, Dmdeksks Adctir-adctir ydmg Fbfpbmgdrulk Bcspir Xbl Kmhimbskd cb
Zkmgdpurd ^dhd Xdlum 4;>4
Zbtkdwdm, [uhlk, Dmdeksks Adctir-adctir ydmg Fbfpbmgdrulk ^brfkmtddm Bcspir Xbl
Kmhimbskd cb ^dckstdm ^dhd Xdlum 4;71-4;;>4
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Dppbmhkx
Hdtd I`sbrvdtkim
i`s QIE GH^ ^PKJBYXBD B\J
4;>.>>> 817>> 4.77>>>> 411:.>>>4;>.>>> 8 0.40>>>> 0:>>
4;>.>>> 244.10>> 0.4:>>>> :>:2.>>>
4;>.>> 2:7.00>> >.0>>>>> :41>>
4;>>.>>> 28> 4.44>>>> 0;:2.>>>
4;;> 17>>.>>> 224.40>> 4.:8>>>> :174.>>>
4;;4 1>.>>> 28>.:4>> 4.80>>>> :702.>>>
4;;0 4>>.>> 2:7.82>> 4.4>>>>> :400.>>>
4;;: 40>>>.>> 28;.2;>> 4.>;>>>> :40:.>>>
4;;8 ;0>>.>>> 27>.14>> 4.>4>>>> :884.>>>
4;;2 74>>.>>> 2> >.;8>>>> :2>>
4;;1 4>1>>.>> 2;;.1;>> >.;>>> 8>:7.>>>
4;;7 7;>>.>>> 1>8.8;>> 4.00>>>> 77>;.>>>
4;;< 8:>>.>>> 1>4.> 4.70>>>> 4:::1.>>
4;;; 447>>.>> 2;8>> 4.>8>>>> 448;2.>>
0>>> 42>.>> 1>0.:> 4.0>>>>> 480;;.>>
0>>4 408>>.>> 2;2.> 4.>>>>>> 42>.>>
0>>0 4:7>>.>> 2;:.0;>> 4.>8>>>> 42>71.>>
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2:
FWH Xbst
Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? QIEFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:>
Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
J 11 >.>>>>GH^ -440.>4
^PKJBYXBD -4:;17.70 482 >.>>>>B\J >.1>>7_4 -8..:< Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17
Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.8 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2074.02;Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim 044:.78: Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim 4.>>>>><
Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? EQIEFbtlih? Ebdst Zqudrbs
Hdtb? >0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:4Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
J 02.77780 7.0:4;>< :.2188>> >.>>:2EGH^ -:.>:>847 4.078 -0.:1;284 >.>:8>
E^PKJBYXBD ->.;80>44 >.4:0>>0 -7.4:1:0> >.>>>>EB\J >.:44;27 >.40;:12 0.844821 >.>:48
_0 -2.>8B->2 4.2 -0.1;>274 >.>4.7187 Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr ;.48:.78.88>;>8Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim >.00440; Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim >.>8;;;:Zuf squdrbh rbskh >.1:2172 Zjlwdrz jrktbrkim >.0;7:4;Eig ekcbekliih 8.22>>10 A-stdtkstkj 4:.181>0Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 0.84>772 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.>>>4:;
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IEZ Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet
Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? QIEFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 40?8<
Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
GH^ -4>:.0:4: 02.2;4;1 -8.>::7:< >.>>40^PKJBYXBD -400>;.:8 4120.>01: >.>>>>
B\J >.10>24J 7;:88.>2 4870>>4
P-squdrbh >.>1>: Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.727>:1
Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst
GH^ ^PKJBYXBD B\J
GH^ 4.>>>>>> ->.8712.7>::>0
^PKJBYXBD ->.8712>>>>> ->.4047;0
B\J >.7>::>0 ->.4047;0 4.>>>>>>
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Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst
Wlktb Lbtbriscbhdstkjkty Xbst?
A-stdtkstkj 4.10:8;1 ^ri`d`kekty >.00;;2<I`s*P-squdrbh 174:
Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? PBZKH]0Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?0>Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<
Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
J 0.1:B+>< 0.8:B+>< 4.>42GH^ -.>:4;^PKJBYXBD]0 ;>;0804. 881027>. 0.>:78.>118
B\J -:8;4.77< :>84.441 -4.48 >.0720B\J]0 >.4;0010 >.427:;0 4.004224 >.0878
P-squdrbh >.81;18; Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 20:0174. Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.4:17 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2:>2.00;;2
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Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst
@rbusjl-Giharby Zbrkde Jirrbedtkim EF Xbst?
A-stdtkstkj >.41;842 ^ri`d`kekty >..8;80.70<
Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? PBZKHFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?04
Qdrkd èb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir
t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.
GH^ -2.8;1740 0802 >.8; 4;44.:72 ->.002721 >..>212:2 >.008>1: >.020:42 >.24J ::>0.877
411;2.08 >.4;7 >..>.0;172; ->.:>>1:7 >.71.4.>0781> Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 0.8:B-44 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh ->.:77718 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 0:2:.17711
Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 4.;41;12 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.;;1>41
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27
Bedstkjkty
i`s \4/[ \0/[ \:/[4;.>2;08; >.>>>008 >.04>2>1::
4;.>1::;0 >.>>>072 >.:>;14>:;
4;.444000 >.>>>81: >.12;74;2:2 7.07B->1 >.4420
4;.>1>;;: >.>>>40: >.:0144444
4;;> >.>.>>>0 >.287;4>82
4;;4 >.>7;827 >.>>>0>; >.2877;840
4;;0 >.>8;718 >.>>>4>0 >.078>7
4;;: >.>827;; ;.>2 >.01>02
4;;8 >.>10>0: >.>>>44 >.:78>0478
4;;2 >.>8 >.>>>4:0 >.2>82>7>8
4;;1 >.>21272 ;.02B->2 >.:1
4;;7 >.>7124< >.>>>428 >.;72.4:;;1 >.>>>8 :.4>4:;2:2
4;;; >.>24442 .;> >.>:2 >.;>2
0>>4 >.>820 1B->2 4.04140;>:
0>>0 >.>8::>1 7.2;B->2 4.4>>8:7;1
suf 4.41;181 >.>>0;>2 40.1.>18;< >.>>>414 >.7448;::7
η\46κ4 x (\4/[) 6 -4>:.0:4: x >.>18;< 6 -1.7>7;1;;.:8 x >.>>>414 6 -4.;127>:78
η\:6κ: x (\:/[) 6 >.10.8878>71188
η\46 -1.7>7;
Xlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia RC GH^ ks -1.7>7;. Kt fbdms tldt tldt tbd ks bedstkj, wlbm RC
GH^ kmjrbdsbs `y 4% kt jdm hbjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia tbd `y 1.7>7;%. Zkmjb tbd
ks dm bedstkj giih, si ka tlb RC GH^ kmjrbdsbs kt wiueh fdcb tlb bxpirt hbfdmh ia tbd
hbjrbdsb. @bjdusb tbd tldt prihujb km Kmhimbskd ks km ebss qudekty tldm tbd prihujb km itlbr
8/19/2019 Ekonomi-The Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian
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jiumtry air bxdfpeb Kmhkd, Jlkmd, Zrkedmgcd dmh Cbmyd. Zi wlbm RC GH^ kmjrbdsbs tlby
wiueh prbabr ti `uy tbd tldt ldvb `bttbr qudekty tldm `bairb.
η\06 -4.;127
Xlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia prkjb ia tbd ks -4.;127. Kt fbdms tldt tbd ks bedstkj, wlbm prkjb ia
tbd kmjrbdsb `y 4% kt jdm hbjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia tbd `y 4.;127%. Zkmjb tbd ks
dm bedstkj giih, si ka tlb prkjb ia tbd arif Kmhimbskd kmjrbdsbs kt wiueh fdcb tlb bxpirt
hbfdmh ia tbd hbjrbdsb. @bjdusb Kmhimbskd ks mit imey tbd prihujbr km tlb wireh si ka tlb
tbd prkjb arif Kmhimbskd kmjrbdsb Rmktbh Ckmghif wkee sbdrjl dmitlbr tbd prihujbr tldt
iaabrs eiwbr prkjb air tlbf.
η\:6 >.8878
Xlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia bxjldmgb rdtb ks >.8878. Kt fbdms tldt tbd ks kmbedstkj, wlbm
bxjldmgb rdtb kmjrbdsbs (dpprbjkdtb) `y 4% kt jdm kmjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia tbd
`y >.8878%. Zkmjb tbd ks dm kmbedstkj giih, si ka tlb bxjldmgb rdtb kmjrbdsbs (dpprbjkdtb)
kt wiueh fdcb tlb bxpirt hbfdmh ia tbd kmjrbdsb. @bjdusb wlbm @rktksl ^iumh dpprbjkdtb
tldm Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl, kt fbdm tldt RC d`kekty ti `uy tbd arif Kmhimbskd kmjrbdsbs, si
qudmtkty hbfdmh ia tbd wkee kmjrbdsb.