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AR*- RESEMcw LABOR.ATORY

Ekctrothennal-Cbencal MoelingWorkshop, 12-13 May 1993,-Volwnt I

k31 :i k.0 S

w A,•:Or. 0 .. ....

94-14867

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I~m~i~iiczJMo~bT, Wcaksh~p, 12-13 Nby 1993-Vobirime I

Glarij P. Wzwn and William F. Obz-tU - Cim~tibuting Editim;

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U.S. Army Rcewsr~h LwaiWWYATTN: AMSRILWr-PAAb!de Proving Gumnd. MD 21005-SM5

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1zin campiliaS coa-m p=A== pres=Wd at the Mam" -1ýl• Noding WodmhV bald st thUS. Army R= rch Lb oryli, APO, MD in May 1993. Abo included is a summity of onoing modeling M ande! iamenml data which cold enhance ETC MO develop a.

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e~l-l~mu Iwoik--hopl, interior ballistics, liquid gunt propellnis 16. PRICE CODE

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INrmmowALIx LWFr BLAHL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

em

INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1

AGENDA ........................................................... 2

CURRENT ETC MODELING AC'IVITIES IN THE U.S ......................... 3

DIAGNOSTIC MEASUREMENTS DESIRED BY ETC MODELERS ................ 4

RESULTS, METHODS AND PLANS FOR 0, 1 AND 2-DIMENSIONAL ETCMODELING AT OT-DEVICES (NIELS WINSOR, BOB GREIG,JON EARNHART AND DAVE HURLBURT, GDL=T-DEVICES) .............. 7

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF LIQUID AND SOLID PROPELLANTETC GUN INTERIOR BALLISTIC FLOWFIELDS (S.M. DASH,A. HOSANGADI AND N. SINHA, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INT'L CORP.,Fr. WASHINGTON, PA) ............................................. 33

TRANSIENT. TWO-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL OF PLASMA BEHAVIORIN AN ETC CAPILLARY (S.N. KEMPKA. M.W. GLASS, D.A. BENSON,D.W. KUJNZ, AND GO. HOMIC., SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES,ALBUQUERQUE, NM) .............................................. 89

IN-BORE DOPPLER RADAR MEASUREhMENT OF PROJECTILE KINEMATICS(PATRICK JANKE AND JAHN DYVIK, FMC CORPORATION, MINNEAPOLIS,M N) ............................................................ 121

ENHANCED PROPELLANT BURN RATE THROUGH PLASMA EROSION(LE. HARRIS, D. CHIU, J. PREZELSKI, P. O'REILLY, R. MARCHAK,AND D.S. DOWNS, ARDEC W.F. OBERL., ARL; AND JR. GREIG,GT-DEVICES) .................................................... 141

DROPLET' ENTRAINMOEN AND BREAKUP BY SHEAR PLOWS(KENNETH K. KUO AND F. BILL CHEUNO, PENNSYLVANIA STATEUN VERSry) ........................... ............. ........... 187

ELECTROTHERMAL-CHEMICAL GUN INTERIOR BALLISTIC MODELING(GLORIA P. WREN, ARL) ........................................... 223

OLIN IRAD EFFORTS RELATED TO ETC MODELING (H. MCELROYAND K. LINDE, OLIN CORPORATION) ................................. 247

APPLICATION OF PDF TURBULENT COMBUSTION MODEL TOMWCROTHERMAL4NEMCAL (ETC) GUNS (PHILIP A. HOOKHAMAND U3ONARD WALITF, CALIFORNIA RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY) ........ 267

iii

LIST OF PATIINPATS ............................................... 289

D Iwrm uTON LS ST .................................................. 293

Accesion For

NTIS CRA&MDTIC TABUnannounced 0Justification

Distribution I

Availability Codes

Avail and I orDist Special

iv

INTRODUCTION

An Elet emal-Chemlcal (ETC) Gun Modeling Workshop was held at the Weapons TedmologyDi c (WTD), US. Army Research Laboratory (ARLXformerly the Ballistic Reseurch Laboratory(BRL)) an 12-13 May 1993. The workshop was specifically focused oan technical aspects of ETC gunmodeling and was sponsored by the WFIDARL. rThs. the meeting was not as broad in scope as an earliermeeting held at BRL under the sponsorship of the JANNAF Combustion Subcommittee on 9-11 July1991.

'The objecdves of te worksmop were to: (a) assess the curnt state of ETC modeling; (b) determine theclass of problems currently being addressed by various organizations; (c) encourage exchmnge of idea andmodeling teliqe among participants; and (d) provide recmmndations for ftrm work, particularlyin view of declining rmearch fulnds.

The following compilation contains: (1) the meeting agenda- (2) a list of current known US. ETCmodeling activities; (3) diapostics mea ments desired by ETC modelers as summarized by the group;(4) presentstions by organizations attnding the workshop; and (5) a list of participants. The workshopbeneflted greatly from the participation of university, industry, and government (Army, DNA, Navy)pemommel and contract who all worked toward the common goal of udertnding ETC pyocosawthrough modeling.

We would like to thamk Ms. Shanm Richardson for her excellent administering of the workshop; eachparticiat for their active roles during tf workshop; each author and funding agency for allowing workto be rinted in this compilatio (note that there a unwle s mlimimted anri& cactor only sections)-.and Army, DNA and Navy personnel in many different agencies for theirconper tion and support in this endeavor. The modeling community has made significant advances inunrstanding ETC gun interior ballistics over the pas several yea and continues to impoa gun cartridgedesLgn. It is hoped that this ompflation will convey the development of state-of-the-at models for EMCguins

Gloria WrmnBill OberleWeapons Technology DirectorateArmy Research Laboratory

S... ... . .. .. a i am I I i l | | |

Blo aeaa-OaMlc MMT Gun MOdeIzfg Workshop AGOIDAWeapon Tecluoogy Directorate U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Wedned, May 12 1993

8:15 Admtrive RemarksSharo Ricmbon

8:30 Sciem Apcaons InMrniona CWorp Io San Diego, CAC-C. Hslmo, FRed Su

9.30 Genral Dynamics Land SystmmkM-DevlcesNids inmor

10:.30 Break

10:45 Science Applicaions IntrAtiMol Co'poatio FL Washingo PASandy Dah

11:45 Lunch

1.'00 Stadia Nadonal Laboratories, Albuquerque, NMSleve Kempka

2:0)0 FMC Corporaion Minneaolis, MNPatrick Jnke

3:00 Break

3:15 U.S. Anny Ammnmem Research, DeVwIoPWmt, and Fgee C rLee Haris

4:15 Pemsylvania SUta UniversityF. Caiung

5.00 Adjoum

7.0 No-host dinnr at Tidewat Grille, Havre de Grace

Thursday, May 13

8:30 U.S. Army Research LaboratoryGloria Wren

900 Olin CororraonHugh McEly

10:00 Cafforda Research and TechnioogyPhu Hookbin

11.:00 Group discussion =aW wrap-up

12.:10 Adjourn

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.140

Enhanced Propellant Burn Ratethrough Plasma Erosion

L.E. Harris, D. Chui, J. Prezelski, P. O'Reilly, D.S. DownsUS Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center

Picatinny Arsenal, NJand

W.F. OberleUS Army Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving Ground, MD

andJ.R. GreigGT-Devices

Alexandria, Vaand

H.A. McElroy and J.G. BuzzettOlin Ordnance

St. Petersburg, FL

ABSTRACT

In both ETC gun firings and ETC closed bomb experiments to date, it has beenobserved that the burn rates of solid propellants are not altered by thepresence of the ET plasma except through the pressure created by the additionof the electric energy. However, in a recent series of ET gun firings, wehave observed that the burn rate of the propellant can be dramaticallyincreased by the erosive effect of the plasma. The propellant was JA-2, andfor these ETC gun firings the whole propellant charge was cast as a "singleperf" monolithic grain. The central perforation was 0.25 inch diameter andthe outside diameter of the grain was 1.10 inch. The propellant was fired ina 30im (bore diameter) gun in the Army's ET Gun Facility at GT-Devices. Theplasma generator was a high pressure capillary discharge and the emergingplasma was carefully injected into the central perforation in the propellantgrain. All other surfaces of the propellant grain were inhibited usingsilicone grease. The charge design is described in detail, and resultsobtained by simulating these firings using IBHVG2 are discussed. From thesesimulations, it is concluded that the burn rate achieved in these gun firingswas enhanced significantly through the erosive effect of the plasma.

141

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146

Table III CBP Calculation of Interior Biallistics Time Profilesin a 120mm M256 Tank Gun

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INTENTONALLY LEFT BLANK.

186

DROPLET ENTRAINMENT AND BREAKUPBY SHEAR FLOWS*

Kenneth K. Kuo and F. Bill Cheung

(Presented in the ETC Modeling Workshop at the ArmyResearch Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD)

May 12, 1993

• Work sponsored by the U. S. Army Research Laboratory

under Contract No. DAAA15-92-D-00 11. The support andencouragement of Gloria P. Wren are highly appreciated.

187

OBJECTIVES

"* To evaluate the applicability of existing correlations fordescribing the entrainment and subsequent breakup ofthe liquid propellant droplets caused by the discharge ofa plasma jet from a plasma generating cartridge.

"* To identify the key elements of plasma/liquid propellantsinteraction that are not fully understood.

* To summarize the findings of this critical review and todefine basic research needs for futuk modeling anddiagnostic activities in this subject area.

* To perform a theoretical analysis to provide guidance inthe development of a suitable correlation applicable toETC gun conditions.

188

CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH AND

VELOCITY SCALES

* Two Macro-Length Scales

dh - Hydraulic Diameter of the Core Region(Associated with phenomena of theInterfacial Shear Action and Inertia of theCore Flow)

6 Liquid Film Thickness(Associated with Phenomena of Liquid-Film Motion and Induced Surface WaveForm)

* One Micro-Length Scale

ITw Taylor Wavelength(On the same Order as Ligament or InitialDroplet Size Before Secondary Breakup)

g ( Of - Pg

* Two Independent VelocityScales

Vf- Bulk Liquid Film Velocity

, Vr Relative Velocity Between Gas and LiquidPhases ( Vr, = V - Vf)

or

Vf and Vg 189

.OBSERVATIONS OF ENTRAINMENT PHENOMENA

"* Similarities exist between the entrainment of liquidpropellant by a plasma jet in an ETC gun andentrainment of droplets in two-phase annular mist flow.

"* The interface of the two fluids i- inherently unstable.

"* When V, > (Vr) .. or Vf > (Vf) ,•, instabilities set inand grow in the interfacial region.

formation of wavy interface and largeamplitude roll wave (so-called Kelvin-Helmholtz instability)

ligaments and droplets torn off from the

interface dynamic interaction

"* Critical Conditions for the Onset of Entrainment:

g dunstable

location of thisI boundary is a functionI _of fluid properties

stable

90 Vf

OBSERVATIONS OF ENTRAINMENT PHENOMENA(continued)

"* Detailed studies of entrainment mechanism have beenperformed by Newitt et al. (1954), Hanratty andHershman (1961), Chung and Murgatroyd (1965), andIshii and Grolmes (1975).

"* In general, entrainment may take place in a number ofdifferent ways, depending on the flow situation.

"* Hydrodynamic and surface tension forces govern themotion and deformation of the wave crests. Undercertain conditions, these forces lead to an extremedeformation of the interface that results in the breakupof a portion of a wave into liquid droplets. The forcesacting on the wave crests depend on the flow patternaround them as well as on the shape of the interface.

191

RELEVANT ARTICLES ON ENTRAINMENTMECHANISM STUDIES

"* "Liquid Entrainment: The Mechanism of DropFormation from Gas or Vapor Bubbles," Newitt, D. M.,Dombrowski, N. and Knelman, F. H., Tram Inast. Chem.Engng., Vol. 32, p. 244, 1954.

"* "Fundamentals of the Hydrodynamic Mechanism ofSplitting in Dispersion Process," Hinze, J. O., AIChE J.,Vol. 1, p. 289, 1955.

"* "Initiation of Roll Wave," Hanratty, T. J. and Hershman,A., AIChE J., Vol. 7, p. 488, 1961.

"* "Studies of the Mechanism of Roll Wave Formation onThin Liquid Films," Chung, H. S. and Murgatroyd, W.,Symp. on Two-Phase Flow, Vol. 2, Paper A2, Exeter, UK,1965

"* "Prediction of Onset of Entrainment for Liquid Metals,"Ishii, M. and Grolmes, M., Trans. Am. NucL Soc., Vol.21, p. 325, 1975

192

Gas•o •Gs Type !

Liquid Roll Wave

Gas Type 2

Wave Undercut

//////Type/3Bubble Burst

-~ ~ v Type 4

Liquid Impingerent

Liquid,2

0 ~Type 5Liquid Bulge Disintegration

(Counter Corrent)- //IGas i

A Schematic Diagram Showing the Five Types of Entrainment Mechanisms

193

!7

FIVE BASIC TYPES OF ENTRAINMENTMECHANISMS FOR TWO-PHASE ANNULAR MIST

FLOW [ISHII AND GROLMES (1975)]

ROLL WAVE:The drag force acting on the wave tops deforms theinterface against the retaining force of the liquidsurface tension. The tops of the large amplituderoll waves are sheared off from the wave crest bythe gas flow and then broken into small droplets.(most relevant to ETC gun conditions)

WAVE UNDERCUT:Entrainment is caused by the undercutting of theliquid film by the gas flow. This mechanism issimilar to droplet disintegration by the gas stream.(could also happen in ETC gun condition)

BUBBLE BURST:Associated with the bursting of gas bubbles. Thedroplets may be generated by the bubble rising tothe surface of a liquid.

LIQUID IMPINGEMENT:This is caused by the impingement of relatively largeliquid droplets to the film interface for productionof small droplets.

LIQUID BULGE DISINTEGRATION:When a counter-current flow reaches the floodingcondition, large amplitude waves can emerge fromthe liquid film and coalesce to from a bridge.Bulged regions of the bridge can then disintegrateinto small droplets due to the gas dynamics. (notrelevant to ETC gun conditions)

194

ONSET OF KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY

* When both the gas flow and the induced liquid filmmotion are sufficiently high, the interfacial wavestransform into large amplitude roll waves.

* Beyond this critical point, the interfacial shear forcesbecome greater than the surface tension forces, and theonset of entrainment occurs.

LIQUID FILM

GAS CORE VS

40, T

ROLL WAVE

195

ONSET OF ENTRAINMENT

"* The criterion developed by Ishii and Grolmes (1975) wasbased upon a force balance at the crest of roll waves.Droplet entrainment starts when

Fi > Fo

Finterfacial 1 surface tension]shear force retaining force]

"* The dimensionless critical superficial gas velocity at the onsetof entrainment was found to depend on the film Reynoldsnumber and the viscosity number of the fluids, i. e.

(Jg) crtia = f (Ref, N.)

Ref a pf jf dh

N-f

Pf~ ~ p a07W]P g (Pf. Pg)

where pf and I• are the density and viscosity of the liquid, dhthe hydraulic lameter of the cone, and jf the superficialvelocity of the liquid (including liquid film and droplets).

"* Jg is defined as

() j g h)P6

-Weg (Reg)-'(~ (9!g }pf196

ONSET OF ENTRAINMENT (continued)

"* For a horizontal two-phase annular flow with160 < Ref < 1635, the criterion of Ishii and Grolmes(1975) gives

Jg > 11.78 N°'8 Re7 1 3 for N, 1

andOg > 1.35 Rei1/ 3 for N, >

"* For values of Ref that are above 1635, a so-calledcompletely rough turbulent regime occurs in which thecritical superficial gas velocity becomes independent ofthe film Reynolds number. According to Ishii andGrolmes (1975), the inception criterion for this flowregime is given by

iJ ; ŽNO8 forN, :g1

andJg k 0.1146 for N, >

"* The inception criterion compares favorably with a largenumber of experimental data for various types of fluidscovering a wide range of the film Reynolds numbers andthe viscosity number.

* The inception criterion of Ishii and Grolmes should beapplicable to the case of plasma/liquid propellantsinteraction provided that fluid properties are known.

197

DIMENSIONLESS GAS VELOCrrITY x aS • _

ef

- *

I I -F :i I I I I I lI 1 1 u- r TI

I.:00

0 .

o a %

i0

3 I t I I I I II t t I l l I I I ft i l l]

198

198S

METHODS FOR MEASURING THE FRACTIONOF LIQUID MASS FLUX ENTRAINED

IN THE GAS CORE

0 Local Probe Measurements

- To determine the axial liquid mass flux at thelocation of the sampling probe.

- Used with limited success by Wicks and Dukler(1960), Magiros and Dukler (1961), Wailis (1962),Steen and Wallis (1964), Cousins et al. (1965), Gilland Hewitt (1968), and Yablonik and Khaimov(1972).

- Measurement along the centerline with theassumption that the mass flux is radially uniform.

* Liquid Film Flow Measurements

Flow rate determined by removing liquid filmcompletely from the test section.

This method, which eliminates those uncertaintiesassociated with the local probe measurement, isprobably a more accurate measurement technique.

Successfully employed by a number of investigatorsincluding Paleev and co-workers (1962, 1966),Cousins and Hewitt (1968), Petrovichev et al.(1971), and Ishii and Mishima (1981).

199

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATIONS

* Purely Empirical Approach

- Wicks and Dukler (1960)

- Minh and Huyghe (1965)

- Paleev and Filipovich (1966)

- Wallis (1968)

* Semi-Empirical Approach Based Upon

Mechanistic Models

- Hutchinson and Whalley (1973)

- Dallman, Laurinat, and Hanratty (1984)

- Ishii and Mishima (1989)

200

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF WICKSAND DUKILER (1960)

* Developed a correlation that relates the entrainmentparameter, R, to the Martinelli parameter X, i. e.

R = R(X)

o Entrainment Parameter:R = Wec (iflj•g) Wd

TdP7 )g

where Wd is the liquid drop mass flow rate, and We, thecritical Weber number defined in terms of the film thickness6by

Wec PgV

where vg is the velocity of the gas phase.

* Martinelli Parameterx. (dPldz)f 12

where quantities in the numerator and denominator representthe single-phase pressure drops which would exist if eachphase flowed alone.

* Two Major Drawbacks

The dependence of the entrainment on variouscontrolling factors is hidden by the use of the Martinelliparameter.

The correlation is dimensional which severely limits therange of applicability.

201

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF MINHAND HUYGHE (1965)

"0 Empirical correlation relates the entrained fraction, E, to thegas core momentum, i. e.

E = E( 5g jg 2 )

where 1'g is the homogeneous density of the gas core given by

where jd is the superficial velocity of the entrained liquid

droplets.

"* Entrained Fraction:

where Wd is the mass flow rate of the droplets and Wf thetotal liquid mass flow rate including both the liquid film andthe droplets.

"* Two Major Drawbacks

- PThe use of the dimensional parameters results inuncertainties regarding the dependence of thecorrelation on the fluid properties.

- The range of applicability is virtually unknown as theeffects of many important factors such as the liquidReynolds number are not included.

202

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF PALEEVAND FILIPOVICH (1966)

"* The shortcoming in the Minh and Huyghe correlation(1965) was eliminated by introducing a dimensionless gasflux* in correlating the entrained fraction in the followingform.

Wf = 0.985 - 0.44 log [ 2 X 104

where Wif is the mass flow rate of the film and Wf the

total liquid flow rate including the film and droplets.

"* Entrained Fraction:E =IWff

"* This correlation showed fairly good agreement with a

limited number of data.

"* Major Drawback

The range of applicability is not well defined as theimportant effects of the hydraulic diameter and theReynolds number were not included.

The dimensionless gas flux is very similar to J. used in

the onset of entrainment.

203

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF WALLIS (1968)

"0 In an effort to improve the correlation of Paleev andFilipovich (1966), Wallis introduced a modifieddimensionless gas flux (t) by replacing the liquidviscosity by the gas viscosity in the Paleev and Filipovichcorrelation, i. e.

E -E(i)where

"* Major Drawbacks

- The range of applicability is not well defined.

The dimensionless gas flux is not general enough toaccount for the effect of fluid properties.

204

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF HUTCHINSONAND WHALLEY (1973)

"* Proposed a mechanistic model to correlate the rates ofentrainment and deposition of droplets to the liquid film.

"* The deposition rate is taken to be a linear function of the dropletconcentration in the gas core, i. e.,

D5=kC

where k is the mass transfer coefficient.

"* The entrainment rate is considered proportional to the equilibriumconcentration, i. e.

E =kCC

The equilibrium concentration is correlated in a functional formgiven By

e C.e(±)

where r- is the interfacial shear of the two-phase flow and 8 the

liquid film thickness.

"* Major Drawbacks

It is difficult to accurately determine the equilibriumconcentration. The data for this quantity showedconsiderable scattering, sometimes up to more than an orderof magnitude.

In order to estimate the entrainment, two differentcorrelations, i. e., one for the entrainment rate and the otherfor the deposition rate, need to be employed. Any error indetermininEg the deposition would add to the error associatedwith the entrainment rate.Conceptually, the entrainment rate is not dictated by theequilibrium concentration.

205

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF DALLMAN,LAURINAT AND HANRATIY (1984)

"* Conducted an experimental study of horizontal annular two-phase flow using air and water.

"* The amount of liquid entrained in the gas flow is assumed tobe governed by a dynamic balance between the rate ofatomization of the liquid film and the rate of deposition ofdroplets from the gas core.

0 The rate of deposition of liquid droplets was considered tovary linearly with the concentration of the droplets whereasthe rate of atomization of the liquid film was assumed to varylinearly with the liquid film flow rate.

* Entrainment Correlation Developed:

E -A [ (dh - 26) p1/l2 p1/2 V3]L5

1 +A [(dh -28) p1/2 p1/ 2 V33]1.5

where A is a dimensional constant having the value of3.6 x 10- in SI unit and E. the maximum entrainmentfraction. The latter quantity is ien by

Em = (""ofc

where (Wff)C is the so-called critical film flow rate.

* Critical Film Flowrate

The critical film flow rate has been determined byDallman et al. (1984) as a function of the ratio betweenthe droplet mass flow rate and the mass flow rate of thegas.

206

0.30 ,

0.25

0.2025.4 mm PEPE

-~0.15

50.4 mm PIPEOJO

WOODMANSEE-HANRATrY

0.05

0.00 040 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00

Wd/, l

Variation of the Critical Film Flow Rate with the Mass-Fow-Rate Ratio

207

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF DALLMAN,LAURINAT AND HANRAITY (1984)

(continued)

0 Major Drawbacks:

- The correlation is given in dimensional form; thus, theapplicability is limited.

- The effect of fluid properties are not included.

- While the concept of critical film flow rate is correct, thefunctional dependence of (Wff), is generally unknown.

- The correlation is cumbersome as Em and 6 areunknown quantities.

208

ENTRAINMENT CORRELATION OF ISHII AND MISHIMA(1989)

* Based upon the mechanism of roll wave entrainment: Theshearing off of roll wave crests was considered to be thedominant mechanism of liquid entrainment.

* Droplet entrainment would result whenever the retainingforce of surface tension is exceeded by the interfacial shearforce.

"* The same forces controlling the onset of entrainment wereassumed to control the entrainment itself. However, amodification of the inertia of the gas core flow was made toaccount for the effect of droplet inertia, since there are manydroplets flowing in the gas core.

"* Under an equilibrium condition in which the deposition rateexactly balances the entrainment rate, the entrained fractionwas correlated in the following form:

E = tanh (7.25 x 10-7 We -2 Re/.2)

where We is an effective gas-phase Weber number defined by

PgJ dh Pf - Pg 9P9

"* The Ishii and Mishima correlation, which compares favorablywith a large number of data , is probably the best correlationavailable today.

"* Unfortunately, the entrained fraction represents theequilibrium value that includes the contribution due todroplet deposition. Thus, this correlation tends tounderestimate the actual entrainment rate in the ETC gunenvironment.

209

AIR-WATER SYSTEMBA

~zJE stanh (7.25 x 10" WeL RefOz!)

Meg

COUSINS et al.0COUSINS-HIEWrTT

STEEN-WALLIS

0.01 "0III

.oi , 1,

W'' 5 RcQ.u

Comparison of the Entrainment Correlation of Ishii and Mishima with Dam

210

SPECIAL FEATURES OF DROPLET ENTRAINMENTIN AN ETC GUN ENVIRONMENT

* Droplet life times are relatively short due to

- fHigh rates of heat transfer

- Evaporation, thermal decomposition, andcombustion

- Secondary breakup to smaller droplets by highlyturbulent flow conditions

* The deposition rate is negligible since the droplets havevery little chance to return to liquid film before they aretotally consumed. The absence of the deposition processin an ETC gun represents a unique feature which isdifferent from all annular two-phase flows studied byprevious researchers.

* For ETC guns utilizing piccolo igniters, the phenomenaof mixing of plasma and liquid propellants involve twosequential stages.

1) Development of numerous mini-Taylor cavitiesand subsequent expansion of cavity sizes.

2) Merging of mini-Taylor cavities onto a singlelarge cavity.

211

RESEARCH NEEDS ON DROPLET ENTRAINMENT

"* The single most important element in accurateprediction of the performance of ETC guns is thedroplet entrainment rate, since it controls the rate ofconversion of chemical energy into propulsive energy.

"* A suitable entrainment correlation, excluding the effectof droplet deposition, should be developed for ETC gunapplication. This can be accomplished by performing anexperimental study to measure the rate of entrainmentfor the case without the effect of deposition.

* In order to develop a realistic model for simulating themixing phenomena of plasma jets and liquid propellantsin ETC guns using piccolo igniters, it is useful to conductdetailed observations of the evolution of mini-Taylorcavities.

212

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DROPLETENTRAINMENT IN AN ETC GUN ENVIRONMENT

0 The starting point of the analysis is the selection of anappropriate inception criterion. Since the roll wavemechanism is the prevailing mechanism of entrainmentduring plasma/liquid propellant interaction in an ETCgun, it is deemed appropriate to adopt the inceptioncriterion of Ishii and Grolmes (1975) in the presentanalysis.

* Owing to the relatively high velocity of the plasma jet,the plasma/liquid propellant system in an ETC gun islikely to be significantly above the inception criterion.However, there is a potential for the liquid film Reynoldsnumber to be reduced to a critical value as the liquidfilm thickness decreases. Below this critical Ref, nofurther entrainment is possible.

213

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DROPLETENTRAINMENT IN AN ETC GUN ENVIRONMENT

(continued)

"0 An upper theoretical limit for the entrained fraction maythus be determined by assuming that the liquid film flowrate is given by the critical condition for the onset ofentrainment:

(Ref)c' 3 = 11.78 No,8 ( 1/2

where (Ref), is now the critical Reynolds number on thecritical film flow rate introduced initially by Dallman,Laurinat and Hanratty (1984).

"* The critical Reynolds number is defined by

(Re, )c = p1 (i9 ), dh

where (ja)c is the critical superficial velocity of the liquidfilm. The use of this definition in the above equation isequivalent to ignoring the effect of. droplets indetermining the critical condition.

"* In terms of the liquid film Reynolds number (Ref), thecritical superficial velocity of the liquid film is given by

.3

p 112

214

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DROPLETENTRAINMENT IN AN ETC GUN ENVIRONMENT

(continued)

* Following the conventional definition, the entrainedfraction, E, can be expressed in terms of the superficialvelocities of the total liquid (including the liquid film andthe entrained droplets) and the liquid film alone, i. e.,

E=Jd if - JL f l

if if if

* The upper limit of the entrained fraction is given by

Ew -= (Iff)if

After substituting the expression of (if)c into the aboveequation, E.p can be expressed as1 f

S=1- 11.78 N)'!1/2

* Theoretically, the actual entrainment during the mixingof plasma and liquid propellants in an ETC gun shouldbe bounded by the above upper limit and the lower limitgiven by Ishii and Mishima (1989), i. e.

215

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DROPLETENTRAINMENT IN AN ETC GUN ENVIRONMENT

(continued)

"* From the above equations, a functional form can be postulated forthe actual entrained fraction as

E = 1 -BRej N24( r)P J9 P9

where B is a coefficient that needs to be determinedexperimentally.

"* In view of the fact that the critical superficial velocity of the liquidfilm represents the lower limit of the liquid film flow, the value ofB should be bounded by

B z 1.635 x 103

"* In terms of the dimensionless characteristic gas velocity as

a more general expression for the entrained fraction can be

postulated. This is

E = 1 - B N,,RefpqT

"* Based upon the preceding physical arguments, the values of theexponents should be approximately equal to: a = 2.4, b = -1, andc = -3. Experimental data to be obtained in the proposedexperiments will be used to obtain a final expression for theentrainment correlation. 216

ENTRAINED DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION

"* In an ETC gun environment, the chemical reactions thatare directly responsible for the transfer of chemicalenergy to propulsive energy are controlled not only bythe entrainment rate but also by the entrained dropletsize distribution.

"* In an ETC gun chamber, the majority of droplets aregenerated by entrainment and not by secondary breakupmechanisms. Examples of secondary breakup areturbulence eddy-induced breakup and particle/particlecollision generated breakup.

"* The size distribution should be governed by the processof the droplet entrainment based on shearing off of theroll waves.

"* Studies of droplet sizes have been performed by Hinze(1955), Hass (1964), Wicks and Dukler (1966), Cousinsand Hewitt (1968), Tatterson et al. (1977), and Kataoka,Ishii, and Mishima (1983).

"* A correlation of droplet size distribution, which could beapplied to the interior ballistic processes of an ETC gun,was obtained by Kataoka, Ishii, and Mishima (1983).

217

DROPLET SIZE CORRELATION BY TATrERSONDALLMAN AND HANRATrY (1977)

0 An experimental study was performed to measure theentrained droplet size in an annular two-phase flow usinga log-normal distribution function to simulate the dropletsize distribution:

112

We(dvm) = 0.106 Reg•' 1 ( dhPg

where Ig is the gas viscosity, Re. the gas Reynoldsnumber, and We(dm) the characteristic VWeber numberbased on the volume median diameter.

* The gas Reynolds number and the characteristic Webernumber are defined respectively by

Reg = Pg Jg dh and We (d.m) g pg)2 dyml•g U

where d, is the volume median diameter. Physically, d,mis defined such that droplets having diameters greaterthan the volume median diameter would occupy exactlyhalf of the total droplet volume in the gas core.

* Major Drawback:

Their assumption of a potential flow is not strictlyvalid for two-phase annular-mist flow with a highlyturbulent gas core. As a result, the correlation ofTatterson et al. does not compare favorably withexperimental data over a wide range of gasReynolds number.

218

DROPLET SIZE CORRELATION BY KATAOKAISHII AND MISHIMA (1983)

"0 A mechanistic model was developed that was based onthe mechanism of shearing off of the roll-wave crest forgeneration of liquid droplets by a viscous shear flow.The potential flow assumption employed in the standardWeber number criterion was eliminated in developingthe model development.

"* By incorporating the mechanistic model with test data,Kataoka, Ishii, and Mishima (1983) successfully deriveda correlation for deducing the volume median diameterfrom the Weber number

We (d..) = 0.028 Rej 16 I%13(P, g)-1(3 )213

"* In terms of the characteristic Weber number, the volumemedian diameter is given by

a We(d..)dm = pg jg2

The above expression correlates the experimental dataof volume median diameter within ± 40% errors.

219

300 0,, .4I

. WICKS-DUKLER

C COUSINS-HEWITT

00 -X LINDSTED et al.

0 We(d,) o0.028 Reji'6 Re. W L, )-1/3 ( 21 3

I f Pt

10 -40%

/K

I ' .. " , ,I • ; ; . , , ,,I

20 I00 I000

Y Re 1/6A~e.13 1/3 / )~2/3.

Correlation of the Volume Median Diameter by Kataka, Ishfi and Mishinm

220

DROPLET SIZE CORRELATION BY KATAOKAISHII AND MISHIMA (1983)

(continued)

0 The mean values of the data on drop size distributionwere fitted by Kataoka, Ishii, Mishima (1983) to theupper limit log-normal distribution:

dA~ exp[ -(ty)2]

where A is the volume fraction oversize defined as thevolume fraction of droplets having a diameter larger thana given diameter, d.

* In the above equation, t is a distribution parameter andy is defined in terms of the maximum diameter 4 andvolume mean diameter d, as

y = (d and km

* Based upon the experimental results, the values of t andk were found to be t = 0.884 and k = 2.13 whereasusing the upper limit log-normal distribution, themaximum diameter was related to the volume meandiameter by

dm 3.13 dvm

221

DROPLET SIZE CORRELATION BY KATAOKAISHII AND MISHIMA (1983)

(continued)

• The correlation of drop size distribution developed byKataoka, Ishii, and Mishima (1983) is probably the mostsuitable one among the existing correlations for use insimulating the phenomena of mixing of plasma andliquid propellants in the ETC gun environment.

0 It is recommended that the correlation be used in futuremodeling. The reasons are:

- The correlation is based upon a sound physicalmodel, taking full account of key elements involvedin the droplet formation process

- The use of the upper limit log-normal distributionfunction is evidently appropriate for annular-mistflow

- The correlation compares very well with availableexperimental data on drop size distribution coveringa wide range of conditions

- The correlation is easy to use since the primaryquantity that needs to be determined is the volumemedian diameter.

222

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226

ETC 1B Models

Model Description Status

P2SIM OD, power systems for electric guns, CompleteIncludes mission scenarios

Plasma I D steady statb capillary CompleteID transient capillary Complete

- treats metals (in Progress)ID piccolo tube In Progress2D capillary In Progress (S94L)

BLAKE-ETC Thermochemical code, treats Completeelectrical energy as a constituent

IBHVG2 -ETC OD, EE source term CompleteInput power

- coupled to plasma (In Progress)

SPETC OD, SP, Determines power pulse for Completegiven performance

- optinmzation (in Progress)

LUMPET GD, LP, Arrebenlus EOS CompleteEE source term

Conpress GD, Constant pressure solution, CompleteEE source term

XJCTC-ETC 1D, Solid propellant code, completeEE source term

CRAFT ID/2D/3D research code, fundamental In Progressphysics, state-of-the-art numerics

- gas/gas (Complete)- gaslliquld (Complete)- gaslliquid/solid (in Progress).

227

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- COMM This -iur. converted to XNOV~kTC 3/1/o3 IRL

N0885.IN it Commented out 4t stuff.30mm SUBSCALE ARTILLERV REVERSE ENGINEE•fNG FflR E•',-

U3SNG ADJUSTID 4TH LAVER TRANSITION

ADJUSTING PATIO OF LARGE TO SMALL !F-IN UI:ES TO DEMONSTrATE

PROCESS CON TROL£ { NFJ

qUN a 30mm 4RTILLERY RESULrS

SXC'ONTROL $M2 CONTROL DArANPRINT = 1 NGRAPr = 0

NDISW 0 O!) f-RD = 0

IBTABL = 1 NFLAM a 1

NPTABL = I NEROS = 0

NDYN = I NHTW = I

* IIREStl*= .., NRES(2) 0 Snot used

LDBED - I $ * = PROP BED rUITIALLY UNCOMPACT, I=rOMPACTEEJHTW = 51

LYER = SIBPFS = I ,n.,ed 4-c resiNTC = I

$ INHIB 0.0,0 NC LONGER NEEDEDNXCW = 0NBLDWN = 0NSWSOL = !)KMODE = :MODET = 1) =ANP GUN allaws modeiing of ,:e-ter hole i,-, orop

NECHO =INBCX =0

"sXINTEGRA SM3 INrEGRArION PARAMETERSMDIM = t5 sT. '520 $ 10 520

TPRT = 0

STEP = 10:0 TSTOP = 0.02 $0.0002 0.0200

OTST = 0 ZSTOP = 60.184STOP = 5-',0 TINT = !..0002

UNIN - 0 SAFE = $. 53 $1.1

UNOU" ) CRIT =R:OLV = :..05 $,* j *o..:5

'ABLIB = :! .)00TABLP = '>. I'c j

$XFILECNT 5M4 FILE COUNTERS

NSTA = 4 moved to GUN SNUMBER OF TUBE DIAMETER 3TATIONSNTEM = 0 NEL 0NEPS o.0,0

NZPT = 3 s MOVED ro RESI DECtIMORE =0,0.0

SGLINNAME 'n0MM SMOOTHBORE' ' CHAM 1=)..0384

$ GRVE 1.13t11 LAND - 1.1311

$ G/L = 1.60000 TWST = 49qq.1

S TRAV . CLEN =

S 3LOC .,, -_=.00-9•. 2.41)16. 25.2:b2, 51..173

NSTA = " SNUM mf Stations in t'jbe profileZA = ,:', E), - 5e. ('05. bO. I E34

31JNDIA =L.26. [.26. L.1811. 1.1811 $ or use RA tradiu•i

TWST = 9c90 5 RIF = b.0 nr use WST (TCST=36,' rilFl Ts c.'as riht'.7?:

AE~i; V-12 0OR-_: Sý3T:NC = rAT. BR = PE7-IJE

259

TDREE a tLINEAR RESISTANCE . 2-BASEC O]N '.ELOCITY'- 4 RAY or BRZ start with !:.C.the rest of *h-e aLues are rela t i.,q

$ to initiaI proi. location. If ' '.0 all is relati.e tc bre&7c"

4 AIR =

NPTS =TRAv a 0., O.t&9, ').6169, 53.7008

PRES = 0.0'. 10.0.0. i00.o. '.I.'18.

SPROJ $M13 PROJECTILE AND RIFLING CHARACTERISTICSZBPR = 8.05 $7.85 68.05 $9.a56PRWT = 0.735 s wrPR or PRWT or WTPRIN = 0.14 S=POLAR MOM OF INERTIA -- LBM-[N*'2

SRIF= 6.t: movec o ISGUN

&XAMBGAS $M5 AMB G3S PROPSTEMST = 5:o PST 1..

GMST = 29 GAMST = l.4

OPBED SM6 PROPELLANT BED GENERAL PROPS$ can use either: TEMPR *or TEMPF, ar, rEMPC

li TEMPC = 21.

&PRIM SCR IGNITER THERMCCHEMISTPVNAME = 'LX CAPILLARY' 9 CHWT = .2Z046E-03GAMA = 1.1100 COI = 22.q743TEMP = 300.00 PORC = :i45.3

$ EIG 6303C00. or if FORC is used it will be used internall,$ to calculate EIG = (FORC*lZ.D0),(GAMA-j.DO)GMIS - 36.13

NOTE: Following is a guess and mav not match IBHVG33 a 3 SNUMBER OF TIMESIt - 3 SNUMBER OF POSITIONS (SEE M41

POSIIG = 0.0. 2.0, 4.00TIMEIG = 0.006. 2.008, 0.010RATEIG a 0.070, ".070. 0.070,

0.040. 0.040. ').U40.0.01n, 0.oO. 0.010 4 =O :3mrents above 9'is allow

SFROPNAME = 'LX CAPILLARY, GPAN = $ $2 s$IPF,CHWT a 0.0231 LEN = 3.0000DIAM = 0.5116 DP - 0.1975

$WEB = 0.1621GAMA = 1.1100

COV 22.9743 RHO = O.0 4 34TEMP = 300.00 FORC = 33455.3ALPH = (.0 BETA 5= 55.1181S NTBL = 1

$ Note: 'nova inyuz needs follow for prop ceoZGRLFT - 0.0 $LEFT HAND LOC OF SAG OF PROP IZGRRHT - 3.0 S is this right 7?RGRI = 0.09375 SINNER RAD OF PROP note this is one dimensionalRGRO = ,.2559 $OUTER RADIUS mote: NOT used in coos

SLW = 0.0 *SLOT WIDTHNFIX = 0 S OGRAIN FREE TO MOVE, I = ATTACH Tr , 2= ATT PRO0BONDX = 0.0 $ STRENGTH OF BOND

GAP = 17400. SRHEOLUGY RATE OF PROPAGA OF STRESS OF SETTLED BEDGEPO =0.8 $0.35 s 0.820.28 '0.25 10.301 $0.58387GCAP = 50,.'00. sRATE OF =ROPAGAANU = 0 SPOISSONS RATIO OF PROP

260

TEMPIG = 91r, S IGNITION TEMPERATUREKP = .021- $ THERMAL CDNDUCTI)IT'vALPHAP u .. 000134! S THERMAL DIFFUSIVYT',."EMMIS . EMMISIVITV FACTOR

$PROPNAME 'LX MOD TUBECHWT 0.003307LEN 7.24"1GRAN 1 tPF S S 'IPF'DIAM = 0.19625 DPERF = 0.1975

5 WEB 0. t08973GAMA = 1.1100COV = 22.9743 RHO = 0.0434TEMP = 300.00 FORC = 33455.3ALPHA ).) BETA = O.1969

NTBLS Note: ncva input 'weds follow far prop aek

ZGRLFT = 0.0 SLEFT HAND LOC OF BAG OF PROP IZGRRHr 7.24412 $RIGHT HAN BOUNDRGRI = 0.1875 sINNER RAD OF PROP note this Is on0 dimension3LRGRO = 0.1962t $OUTER RADIUS note: NOT used in code

SLW = 0.0 ISLCT WIDTHNFIX = 0 $ ,)=GRAIN FREE TO MOVE. I = ATTACH TO TUBE. 2= ATT PFOJBONDX = 0.0 S STRENGTH OF BOND

GAP = 17400. SRHEOLOGY RATE OF PROPAGA OF STRESS OF SETTLED BEDGEPO =0.8 $0.3! . 0.820.29 $0.25 $0.301 S0.583897GCAP = 50000. SRATE OF PROPAGAANU = 0 SPOISSONS RATIO OF PROP

81 = O.0 S BURN RATE CONSTANTTEMPIG 6 810. S IGNITION TEMPERATUREKP = .0277 $ THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYALPHAP - .30013'4! I THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

EMMIS = . EMMISIVITY FACTOR

$PROPNAME = "488! GRAH = BALL Si1

S IGNC = I THRC = .50,E-03NTBL = I $-IDIAM = 0.0630

S DL/S = 0.008570, 0.0315, 0.0851 , NOVA does not like .'sDLS = 0.008570. 0.0315, 0.0851

$ DEPL = 0.0005399, ý'.JO19845, .0053613RHOL = 0.0539, 0.0539, 0.054e8, 0.0589GAML 1.2850. 1.2850, 1.2-79, 1.2340FRCL = 254259.z. 254259.9, 27821a.9, 373962.8COVL a 30.8077. 30.8077, 30.9184, 26.4897TMPL x 1896.Z. 1896.9. 2109.4. 3471.2COEL = .62236E-,3. .62236E-03, .75113E-3. 0.001788EXPL = 0.8053, .8053. .8053, .8053CHWT 0.3336

$ Note: nova input needs fellow for prop dekZGRLFT = )..) tLEFT HAND LOC CF BAG OF PROP IZGRRHT = 7.5 $guess $RIGHT HAN BOUNDRGRI = 0.25 $cuess$INNER RAP OF PROP note this is one dimensionalRGRO - 0.63 SGLTER RADIUS note: NOT used in code

SLW = 0.0 ISLCT WIDTHNFIX = 0 $ 0=GRAIN FREE TO NOVe. I = ATTACH TO TUBE, 2= ATT PO07BONDX = S ETPENGTH OF BEND

GAP = 17400. IRHEOLOGY RATE OF PROPAGA OF STRESS OF SETTLED BED

261

CAF = 300:)0' IRirE OF ZRCP.GA K•NU - .POTSSOr ,ATrC (IF PROF

,1. " 3UPN rArE (.Cc%,STANTEMPIG 610. S IGNITI01, TEMPERATURE

S.,'27- 6 THERMAL Cc:JDJCTlC" T .I•LFH,• 1 . ,I--4.5 s rHERMAL DIFF.SI'. .T,MMIS .! $ ErIMISIVITY PAT3F;

+COMMS FOUR LA(ER PROPELLANT GODEL %NOMINAL IVMH rIAPM

6 warning this dek is Mec!-iC because was -nmerted cut Ju-irn ca,'ier*JAME ' WC885' GIRAH BAL LIGNC = I TwpC = .).0002DIAM - 0.00100838NTBL a -1DL/S 0.013t. 0.0500, 0j.350RHOL = 1492.6. 1492.6, L515.6. 1631.3GAML a 1.285, '.285, 1.279, 1.234FRCL 760000, 760000, 831600, l1i7800COVL a 0.001113, 0.001113, 0.001117, 0.000957TMPL z19196.9, 18996.9. 2109.4. 3471.2CFIL 0.00097 EXIL - 0.8053CF2L = 0.00087 EX2L = 0.9053CF3L = 0.00105 EX3L = 0.8053CF4L = 0.00250 EX4L = 0.8053CHWT -.. 1513

SETC

$ WARNINN O his is metric et **e** *** .****u***************PF'AC =

NPWP = "TPWR a 0. 3E-5, 6E-5. 1.2E-4, IE-3. L.-5E-3, 1.52E-3. 1.7E-3. 2E-3PWR 0. 0, 4.4E6, 2.4E6, 4.6E6. 1.85E6. 0.45E6. 0.09E6.

SEND

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288

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Mr. Norbeno Almeyda Science Applications Int'l Corp.Indian Head Division/NSWC 501 Office Center DriveCode 6210D Suite 420100 Strauss Avenue Ft. Washington, PA 19034-3211Indian Head, MD 20640 Phone: 215-542-1200Phone: 301-743-6501 FAX: 215-342-8567email: 6210D@sm .navy.mil

Mr. Jahin DyvikDr. Jad Batteh FMC CorporationScience Applications Int'l Corp. Naval Systems Division - M1701519 Johnson Ferry Road, Suite 300 4800 E. River RoadMarietta, GA 30068 Minneapolis, MN 55421-1498Phone: 404-973-8935 Phone: 612-572-4756

Professor F. B. Cheung Mr. Jon EamhartThe Pennsylvania State University GT-Devices, Inc.Prop Engr Rsch Ctr/Mech Engr Dept 5705A General Washington Drive140 Research Building -E- Alexandria, VA 22312University Park, PA 16802 Phone: 703-642-8150Phone: 814-863-4261FAX: 814-863-8682 Mr. Edward B. Fisher

Veritay Technology Inc.Mr. Kwok L. Cheung 4845 Millersport HighwayU.S. Army Armament Research,. Development, P.O. Box 305

and Engineering Cnter East Amherst, NY 140514-03ATTN: SMCAR-FSE Phone: 716-689-0177Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000 FAX: 716-689-0109Phone: 201-724-5455email: klcheung@pica.anny.mil Dr. L Robert Oreig

GT-Devices. Inc.Mr. Donald Chiu 5705A General Washington DriveU.S. Army Armament Research, Development, Alexandria, VA 22312

and Engineering Center Phone: 703-642-8150ATrN: SMCAR-AEEPicatirmy Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000 Dr. L E. HarrisPhone: 201-724-5759 U.S. Army Armament Research, Development,email: dchitpifcaamy.mil and Engineering Center

ATrN: SMCAR-AEE-BR, Bldg. 382Dr. Terence Coffee Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000U.S. Army Research Laboratory Phone: 201-724-4535ATIN: AMSRL-'WT-PA FAX: 201-724-2443Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066Phone: 410-278-6169FAX: 410-278-6159email: tcoff-ebrlmilDr. Sanford Dash

289

Dr. Philip A. Hookham Mr. Karl R. LindeCalifornia Research and Technology Division Olin OrdnanceThe TITAN Corporation 200 E. High Sre20943 Devonshire Street Red Lion, PA 17356Chaurworth, CA 91311-2376 Phone: 717-244-4551

Phone: 818-709-3705 FAX: 717-244-5006FAX: 818-341-2663

Mr. Hugh A. McElroyDr. Ashwin Homangadi Olin OrdnanceScience Applications Int'l Corp. 10101 9th Street North

501 Office Center Drive St. Petersburg, FL 33716

Suite 420 Phone: 813-578-8239Ft. Washington. PA 19034-3211 FAX: 813-578-8119Phone: 215-542-1200

Mr. Michael NuscaDr. C. -C Hsiao U.S. Army Research LaboratoryScience Applications Int'l Corp. ATMN: AMSRL-WT-PE10210 Campus Point Drive Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: 410-278-2057Phone: 619-458-5058 FAX: 410-278-6094FAX: 619-546-6584 email: nusca@bfd.mil

Mr. Dave Huriburt Mr. William OberleGT-Devices, Inc. U.S. Army Research Laboratory5705A General Washington Drive ATWN: AMSRL-WT-PAAlexanddra VA 22312 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066Phone: 703-642-8150 Phone: 410-278-6200email: huulburtra.nrl.navy.mil FAX: 410-278-6159

email: obedc@bd.milMr. Patrick JankeFMC Corportion Ms. Susan PetersNaval Systems Division - M170 Indian Head Division/NSWC4800 E. River Road Code 6210DMinneapolis, MN 55421-1498 100 Srauss AvenuePhone: 612-572-6976 Indian Head, MD 20640FAX: 612-572-4903 email: 6210co@ntphosLnosih.sea06.navy.mil

Dr. Steve Kempka Dr. John PowellAdvanced Projects V U.S. Army Research LaboratorySandia National Laboratories ATrN: AMSRL-WT-WDAlbuqueqlue, NM 87185-5800 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

Phone: 505-844-8918 Phone: 410-278-5783FAX: 505-844-7020 email: powell@bd.mil

290

Ms. Sharm Richardson Ms. Gloria P. WrenU.S. Army Research Laboratory U.S. Army Research LaboratoryATM: AMSRL-WTr-PA ATMN: AMSRL-Wr-PAAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066Phone: 410-278-6188 Phone: 410-278-6199FAX: 410-278-6159 FAX: 410-278-6159email: slrich)brLmnil email: wren@bd.mil

Dr. W. J. Sarjea.Professor, State U. of NY at BuffaloDepmament of Electrical Engineering312 Bonner ECE-SUNY/ABBuffalo, NY 14260Phone: 716-645-3117

Mr. Neermj SinhaScience Applications Int'l Corp.501 Office Center DriveSuite 420Ft. Washington, PA 19034-3211

Dr. Fred SuScience Applications Int'l Corp.10210 Campus Point DriveSan Diego, CA 92121

Ms. Phuong TranU.S. Army Research LaboratoryATMN: AMSRL-WT-PAAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066Phone: 410-278-6160FAX: 410-278-6159email: ptran@br.mil

Dr. Mel WidnerGeneral DynamicsLand Systems DivisionP.O. Box 2074Waren. MI 48090-2074Phone: 313-825-5072FAX: 313-825-5075

Dr. Niels IL WinsorGT-Devices, Inc.5705A General Washington DriveAlexandria, VA 22312Phone: 703-642-8150FAX: 703-642-9146email: winsotccf.nrl.navy.mil

291

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.

292

No.of No. ofQM MN~k Coves Orgatju-&i-

2 Administator I CommanderDefense Technical Info Center U.S. Army Missile CommandATTN: DTIC-DDA ATrN: AMSMI-RD-CS-R (DOC)Cameron Station Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898-5010Alexandria, VA 22304-6145

1 CommanderI Commander U.S. Army Tank-Automotive CommandU.S. Army Materiel Command ATTN: AMSTA-JSK (Armor Eng. Br.)ATTN: AMCAM Warren, MI 48397-50005001 Eisenhower Ave.Alcxandria, VA 22333-0001 1 Director

U.S. Army TRADOC Analysis CommandI Director ATTN: ATRC-WSR

U.S. Army Research Laboratory White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5502ATTN: AMSRL-OP-CI-AD,

Tech Publishing (C.lm GY) 1 Commandant2800 Powder Mill Rd. U.S. Army Infantry SchoolAdelphi, MD 20783-1145 ATiN: ATSH-CD (Security Mgr.)

Fort Benning, GA 31905-5660Directo

U.S. Army Research Laboratory p 'Y) I CommandantATTN: AMSRL-OP-CI-AD, U.S. Army Infantry School

Records Management ATrN: ATSH-WCB-O2800 Powder Mill Rd. Fort Benning, GA 31905-5000Adelphi, MD 20783-1145

1 VLJMNOI2 Commander Eglin AFB, FL 32542-5000

U.S. Army Armament Research,Development, and Engineering Center Aberdeen Proving CGound

ATIN: SMCAR-TDCPicatimy Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000 2 Dir, USAMSAA

ATTN: AMXSY-DDirector AMXSY-MP, IL CohenBenet Weapons LaboratoryU.S. Army Armament Research, 1 Cdr, USATECOM

Development, and Engineering Center ATTN: AMSTE-TCATTN- SMCAR-CCB-TLWatrvliet, NY 12189-4050 Dir, USAERDEC

ATIN: SCBRD-RTDirectorU.S. Army Advanced Systems Research I Cdr, USACBDCOM

and Analysis Office (ATCOM) ATnI: AMSCB-CUATNI: AMSAT-R-NR, M/S 219-1Ames Research Center 1 Dir, USARLMoffett Field, CA 94035-1000 ATTN: AMSRL-$L-

5 Dir, USARLAT1N: AMSRL-OP-AP-L

293

No.of No.o2EE~QEDI~1Comes oraihioin

ODDR&E(AT) 1 CommanderThe Pen on U.S. Army Armament Research, Development.ATTN: ,Mr. R. Menz and Engineering CenterRoom 3D1089 ATTN: SMCAR-TDC, Bldg. 1, Renata PriceWASH DC 20310 Picatinny Arsenal. NJ 07806-5000

HQ, Dqemrtment of the Army I CommanderThe Pentagon U.S. Army Armament Research, Developn.nmt,Deputy Assistat Secretay of the Army for and Engineering Center

Research, Development & Acquisition ATTN: SMCAR-FSC, Mr. Roger ZimmanyATTN: SARD-Tr, Dr. Fenner Milton Picatinny Arsenal. NJ 07806-5000Room 3E479WASH DC 20310-0103 1 Commander

Strategic Defense CommandCommander ATTN: SSFAE-SD-HVA, Mr. Tim AdenU.S. Army Armament Research, Development, P.O. Box 1500

and Engineering Center Huntsville, AL 35887-3801ATTN: SMCAR-AEE, Mr. Donald ChiuPicatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000 1 Indian Head Division/NSWC

Code o210DCommander ATTN: Ms. Susan PetersU.S. Army Armament Research, Development, 100 Smtuss Ave.

and Engineering Center Indian Head, MD 20640ATTN: SMCAR-FSE, Mr. Kwok L. CheungPicainny Arsem N 07806-5000 I Indian Head DivisioiVNSWC

Code 6210DCommander ATTN: Mr. Norberto AlmeydaU.S. Army Armament Research, Development, 100 Strauss Ave.

and Engineering Center Indian Head, MD 20640ATTN: SMCAR-AEE-B, Bldg. 382,

Dr. David S. Downs 1 CommanderPicazinmy Arsenal, 1 07806-5000 Naval Sea Systems Command

Deparnment of the NavyCommander CSEA 06 KRI2U.S. Army Armament Research, Development, ATTN: Craig Dampier

and Engineering Center Washington, DC 20362-5101ATTN: SMCAR-AEE-BR, Bldg. 382,

Dr. L. E. Harris 1 CommanderPicatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000 Naval Surface Warfare Center

Code G33Commander ATN: Mr. Thomas F. DoanU.S. Army Armament Research, Development, Dahlgren, VA 22448-5000

and Engineering CenterATTN: SMCAR-FSC, Ms. Hildi Libby I CommanderPicainny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000 Naval Surface Warfare Center

Indian Head Division, Code 611WATN: Mr. Kirk Rice20 Stratus Ave.Indian Head, MD 20640-5035

294

No. of No. ofcouia n teniatio cc~eM onrzartzt

Dirclor 1 Princeton Combustion Rsch LabSand Natin Labortoes Princeton croe PlanAdvanced Projects Division, Org. 9123 ATTN: Dr. Neale A. MessinaATTN: Dr. David Benson 11 Deerpork Dr., Bldg. IV, Suite 119Albuqurque, NM 87185-5800 Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852

Defense Nuclear Agency 1 Science Applications Int'l Corp.ATMrN: COL Downie ATN: Dr. Gary Phillips6801 Telegraph Rd. 10210 Campus Point Dr.Alexandria, VA 22310 San Diego, CA 92121

Director 1 Science Applications Int'l Corp.Sandia National Laboratories ATTN: Dr. C.-C. HsiaoComputational Fluid Dynamics 10210 Campus Point Dr.Div, 1511 San Diego, CA 92121ATTN: Dr. Gregory F. HomiczAl•uq que, NM 87185 1 Science Applications Int'l Corp.

ATTN: Dr. Fred SuDirector 10210 Campus Point Dr.Sandia; Natnal Laboratories San Diego, CA 92121Advanced Projects VATTN: Dr. Steve Kempka 1 Science Applications Int'l Corp.Albuquerque, NM 87185-5800 ATTN: Dr. Jad Batteh

1519 Johnson Ferry Rd., Suite 3001 Deense Nuclear Agency Mauiets, GA 30068ATIN: Dr. R. Rehr6801 Telegraph Rd. I Science Applications Int'l Corp.Alexandria. VA 22310 ATN: Dr. Sanford Dash

501 Office Center Dr.The Pennsylvnia Stne Univeruity Suite 420ATTN: Professw F. B. Cheung Fort Washington, PA 19034-3211Prop Engr Rsch CtrA• East Dep140 Research Building - 1 Science Applications Int'l Corp.University Park, PA 16802 ATTN: Mr. Neeraj Sinha

501 Office Canter Dr., Suite 420University of Tennessee Space Institute Fort Washington, PA 19034-3211Center for Laser Applications, MS-14ATMN: Dr. Dennis Keefer 1 Science Applications 'l Corp.Tunaboma, TN 37388-8897 ATIN: Dr. Ashwin Hosagudi

501 Office Center Dr.The Penmylvania Stae University Suite 420Prp E•gr Rwh CtrlMech Engr Dept Fort Washington, PA 19034-3211AT1N: Profesor Kenneth K. Koo140 Rme c BuMdi -E 1 FMC CorporationUniversity Park, PA 16802 Naval System Division - M170

ATTN: Mr. Parick Janke4800 E. River Rd.Minneapolis, MN 55421-1498

295

No. of No. ofgams onnnto COie OM iAton

1 FMC Copwation 1 California Research & Technology DivisionNaval Systems Division - M170 The TITAN CorporationATnN: Mr. Jaoh Dyvik ATTN: Dr. Philip A. Hookham4800 L. River Rd. 20943 Devonshire St.Minneapolis, MN 55421-1498 ClatswotIh, CA 91311-2376

1 Technology Gateways Icrorated 1 Olin OrdnanceATTN: Mr. Jere Brown ATJTN: Mr. Karl R. Linde600 East John Sims Parkway, Suite 118 200 E. High St.Niceville, FL 32578 Red Lion., PA 17356

1 Verikay Technology Inc. 1 Olin OrdnanceATTN: Mr. Edward B. Fisher ATTN: Mr. Hugh A. McElroy4845 Millersport Highway 10101 9th St. NorthP.O. Box 305 SL Petersburg, FL 33716East Amherst. NY 14051-0305

1 State University of New York at Buffalo1 GT-Devices, Inc. Deparunent of Electrical Engineering

ATTN Dr. Niels K. Winsor ATT N: Professor, Dr. W. J. Sarjeant5705A General Washington Dr. 312 Bonner ECE-SUNY/ABAlexandria, VA 22312 Buffalo, NY 14260

1 GT-Devices, Inc. 1 General DynamicsATN: Mr. Dave Hurlburt Land Systems Division5057A General Washington Dr. ATTN Dr. Mel WidnerAlexandria, VA 22312 P.O. Box 2074

Warren, MI 48090-2074I GT-Device Inc.ATmN: Jon E.nlhart5705A General Washington Dr.Alexandria VA 22312

1 GT-Devices, IncATIM: Dr. J. Robert Greig5705A General Washington Dr.Alexandria, VA 22312

1 Eli Frndma & AusociatesATTN: Dr. Eli Freedmu2411 Diem Rd.Balgimom, MD 21209-1525

S Paul Gough Aucciatm Inc.ATTN: Dr. Pul S. Gough1048 South St.Potsmouth, NH 03801

296

No. of

Abeadn Poving Ofound

37 Dir, USARLATTN: AMSRL-WT-P, 1. May

AMSRL-WT-PA,T. CoffeeG. Wren (15 cps)P. TranS. RichwdsonW. ObarkK. WhiteA. Juhmz

AMSRL-WT-PB,E. SchmidtC. Nietubicz

AMSRL-WT-PC, R. FiferAMRSL-WT-PD, B. BurnsAMSRL-WT-PE,

M NuscaF. RobbinsP. ConroyT. MinarD. Kookw0. KelerA. Harm

AMSRL-WT, D. EcishullAMSRL-WT-T, W. MoaiisouAMSRL-WT-WD.

J. PoweUlA. Mia

297

Jp

INTEN72ONALLY LEF8 BLANK.

298

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