EIONET [email protected] Clean Air for Europe programme The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air

EIONET 2005 [email protected]

Clean Air for Europe programmeThe Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe

EIONET WorkshopVilnius, 17 to 18 October 2005

Andrej Kobe, Clean Air and Transport UnitAndrej Kobe, Clean Air and Transport UnitDG Environment, European CommissionDG Environment, European Commission


Thematic Strategy is a Thematic Strategy is a response toresponse to

66thth EAP (2002): Objectives for Air Pollution EAP (2002): Objectives for Air Pollution

• ‘‘achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significantsignificant negative impacts on and risks to human health and the negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment’; environment’; (Art 7.1. of 6th EAP)(Art 7.1. of 6th EAP)

Towards a Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution Towards a Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (2001)(2001)

• Integrated approach; consistency with other environmental Integrated approach; consistency with other environmental policies, exploit synergies. policies, exploit synergies.

• Cost-effectiveness to reach environment and health Cost-effectiveness to reach environment and health objectivesobjectives

• Knowledge-based approachKnowledge-based approach


Modelling FrameworkModelling Framework

RA

INS

PRIMES(Partial

Equilibrium on Energy Market)Activity in

Agriculture and other sectors

GDP, Demographic assumptions

Activity

Emission Factors

Emissions

Air Quality, regional and

urban background

Impact

Target Setting

Policy Options

Cost-Benefits Analysis

GEM E-3(General

Equilibrium Model)

EnergyScenarios

EMEP(Source-response

relationships)

Macro-economic &

Competitiveness Impact


What did WHO « Systematic What did WHO « Systematic review » advice?review » advice?

Response to CAFE questions, Response to CAFE questions, inter aliainter alia Main health effects of air pollution ranging from Main health effects of air pollution ranging from

mild effects to deathmild effects to death Vulnerable groups have higher riskVulnerable groups have higher risk Risks also at low levels of PM and ozoneRisks also at low levels of PM and ozone The EU limit values do not provide complete The EU limit values do not provide complete

health protectionhealth protection PM2.5 is giving the most serious health effects, PM2.5 is giving the most serious health effects,

but also the “coarse fraction” is relevant but also the “coarse fraction” is relevant Long term PM exposure is the main concernLong term PM exposure is the main concern Ozone give strong health effects, morbidity and Ozone give strong health effects, morbidity and

mortalitymortality The AQ standard for nitrogen dioxide should be The AQ standard for nitrogen dioxide should be

keptkept


Fine particlesFine particles

Even if situation Even if situation improves by 2020:improves by 2020:2.5 million life years 2.5 million life years or or 272,000 premature 272,000 premature deathsdeathsif nothing is done. if nothing is done.

Source: Clean Air for Europe Programme (2005)

Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5Calculations for 1997 meteorology


PM dominates Health PM dominates Health effects effects

PMPM Annual 2.5 million years of life

lost or 250000 deaths + 500 infant deaths

60000 (serious) hospital admissions, 23 million respiratory medication use days, and 200 million restricted activity days

Ozone Ozone Annual impacts EU 25 ~ 20 000

deaths brought forward in year 2000

20 millions respiratory medication use days

Value of health damage in 2020 (€ Millions)

PM Mortality 129,495 - 548,190

PM Morbidity 54,072

Acute mortality from ozone

1,085- 2,435

Morbidity from ozone

4,197

Total Health damage

188,848 - 608,893


PM: Cost-effectiveness of the PM: Cost-effectiveness of the target setting approaches target setting approaches (including CITY DELTA)(including CITY DELTA)

0,0

4,0

8,0

12,0

16,0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Cumulative years of life gained (million years)

"Capping"

Gap closure

EU wide objective

billi

ons

of e

uros

[137] [97]

[Cumulative life years lost (million years)]

[107][117][127]

STOP

MTFR

[96]

41

Current legislation


Final set of policy optionsFinal set of policy optionsJune 2005June 2005

Ambition level

2000 Baseline 2020

ScenarioA

ScenarioB

ScenarioC

MTFR

EU-wide cumulative years of life years lost (YOLL, million)

203 137 (0%)

110 (65%)

104 (80%)

101 (87%)

96 (100%)

Acidification (country-wise gap closure on cumulative excess deposition)

120 30(0%)

15(55%)

11(75%)

10(85%)

2(100%)

Eutrophication (country-wise gap closure on cumulative excess deposition)

422 266(0%)

173(55%)

138(75%)

120(85%)

87(100%)

Ozone (gap closure on SOMO35) cases of deaths brought forward

21,400 20,800(0%)

19,200(60%)

18,600(80%)

18,300(90%)

17,759 (100%)


Loss in life expectancy attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter

20002000


Loss in life expectancy attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter

StrategyStrategy


Improvement of health & environment Improvement of health & environment indicators following the Strategy indicators following the Strategy (improvement relative to 2000)(improvement relative to 2000)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Health (PM2.5)

Health (ozone)

Forest acidification

Ecosystem acidification

Freshwater acidification

Eutrophication

Forest damage (ozone)

Current legislation

Further improvement


Measures following the Measures following the StrategyStrategy

Euro 5 for cars and vansEuro 5 for cars and vans Euro 6 for Heavy Duty EnginesEuro 6 for Heavy Duty Engines Revision of the NECD consistent with objectives identified in the Revision of the NECD consistent with objectives identified in the

StrategyStrategy Small scale combustionSmall scale combustion

Review of IPPC directive for larger sources Energy using Products directive for small sources

Ship NOx engine standards (IMO or Community)Ship NOx engine standards (IMO or Community) Agriculture (NHAgriculture (NH33))

N content of feedstuffs Review of IPPC directive for intensive agriculture

Revise Air quality legislationRevise Air quality legislation


Air Quality Legislation (1) Air Quality Legislation (1) COM (2005) 447 finalCOM (2005) 447 final

Better RegulationBetter Regulation Merge AQ Framework Directive, EoI Decision, and 1st-

3rd Daughter directives Tidy up inconsistencies More flexibility for Member States Improved, streamlined reporting


Air Quality Legislation (2)Air Quality Legislation (2)

Maintaining the present standards, PM10, O3, etcMaintaining the present standards, PM10, O3, etc Ambient AQS apply everywhere in the MSAmbient AQS apply everywhere in the MS Proposals forProposals for

Reduction average concentration for PM2.5.- 20 % 2010 - 2020

« Concentration cap » for PM2.5 from 2010 No further action if PM 2.5 concentration is below

7ug/m3 Accounts for natural sources of pollution Flexibility - allows MS to apply a time extension in

meeting AQS up to five years if objective criteria are met Regular review of experience and science


Air Quality Legislation (3)Air Quality Legislation (3)ReportingReporting

• EEA with its ETC plays key role : air data centreEEA with its ETC plays key role : air data centre• Common description of relevant informationCommon description of relevant information• Subset electronically uploaded to Reportnet/CDR :Subset electronically uploaded to Reportnet/CDR :

• Zones• Name, pollutant, type, delimitation

• AQ monitoring information• raw data + metadata

• AQ assessment information• Principally geo-data on concentrations throughout territory

• Bigger picture : Bigger picture : • INSPIRE, Shared Information System• Near real time exchange : better forecasting, model improvement


CAFE and further workCAFE and further work

Follow research&other activities : Follow research&other activities : Air4EU, ESPREME, NORMAN, GMES etc.Air4EU, ESPREME, NORMAN, GMES etc.

Improved modelling, better assessment, emerging pollutants GMES: should be supported by near-real-time data availability

FP7, research infrastructuresFP7, research infrastructures Better understanding of PM : what exactly is killing us?

Service contractsService contracts Analysis and design of air pollution monitoring (IUTA)Analysis and design of air pollution monitoring (IUTA)

How is AQ monitoring made today and how should it be done to be health relevant? How is health outcome monitored and how should it be done?

Classification and representativeness of mon. stations (UBA)Classification and representativeness of mon. stations (UBA) Natural sources of air pollution (NATAIR and JRC)Natural sources of air pollution (NATAIR and JRC) Transport hot spots (ENTEC)Transport hot spots (ENTEC)

What is the population at risk close to transport infrastructure, AQ and noise

2006 : support to implementation, Impl. Provisions, tools 2006 : support to implementation, Impl. Provisions, tools (EEA)(EEA)


Final thoughts (1)Final thoughts (1)

Air pollution is and will continue to be a real problem for Air pollution is and will continue to be a real problem for health and environmenthealth and environment Need to act at EU level -- air pollution is transboundary

Ambitious but cost-effective proposalsAmbitious but cost-effective proposals Based on comprehensive Impact Assessment Based on sound peer-reviewed science

Better RegulationBetter Regulation Streamlining legislation: 50% reduction in paper provisions New approach to environmental policy

Flexibility Reducing average background concentration of fine particulates


Final thoughts (2)Final thoughts (2)

ImplementationImplementation Monitoring and assessment underpin effective

abatement programmes

Future policy developmentFuture policy development Reducing important uncertainties Base data for incidence of various endpoints Improved assessment tools - Urban environment,

economy (health care costs, productivity losses) Step wise improvement of policy instruments

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/cafe/index.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/cafe/index.htm

Documents

EIONET [email protected] Clean Air for Europe programme The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air