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Ahadul Imam

Md. Naim Hossain PatoaryAfnaan Ahsan Khondokar

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About 38.3 of the total population prefers rickshawas their mode of transport

Rickshaw is a popular mode of transport among thelower class and lower middle class people ofBangladesh due to its low cost and less pollution

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Rickshaw pullers are engaged in very strenuousphysical activities for more than 7to 9hours a day The mean values of energy expenditure of pulling a

cycle rickshaw varied from 23.52.66to 25.351.51kJ/min. Relative cardiac strain and cardiac costindicated that the job is heavyto veryheavy

With an attempt to eliminate this strenuous physicallabor, our proposed model have been equipped with adc motor.

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A survey of High Beam research in January 2012shows that there were around fifty thousand batteryoperated rickshaw in Dhaka city.

They also predicted that this figure will be more thatthree million in December 2013. Several survey shows that battery operated rickshaws

consume at least 300MW of electricity everyday torecharge their batteries.

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In this work, we aim to eliminate this additionalpower demand by generating required energythrough solar panel.

Daily solar radiation received in Bangladesh liesbetween 4and 6.5kWh/m2

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To develop an auto-rickshaw that uses solar energy to convert itinto translational energy.

To determine whether this solar powered rickshaw is costeffective of not.

To ensure a passenger friendly model. To eliminate excessive human labor of the rickshaw pullers.

To eliminate additional power loss occurred by charging thebatteries of large number of battery driven auto-rickshaws ofthe country.

To ensure that the efficiency of the rickshaw is high. Amicrocontroller based charge controller and microcontrollerdriven DC motor circuit has been proposed for this.

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This presentation presents financial feasibility analysis ofa micro-controller based solar powered tricycle or rickshaw forBangladesh. The analysis has been done using standard methodsof engineering econometrics such as Net Present Worth (NPW),

Benefit-to-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Payback Periods (PP) methods.Here PIC microcontroller is used to control the duty cycle andspeed of the DC motor. From the numerical analysis, it hasbeen found that the proposed microcontroller based solar powerrickshaw is financially feasible and Life cycle unit cost of the

system is lowest compared to grid powered battery driven autorickshaw.

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Solar PV Panel MPPT & BatteryCharge Controller

DC-DC

ConverterMicrocontroller

based PWM

Battery Bank DC Motor

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The operation and maintenance cost is considered10 and for solar system it is5 of the total capitalcost.

The installation cost is considered on the basis of an

average labor cost of Bangladeshi taka (Tk) 250/day. Unit cost of the solar panel is Tk 60(found in local

market survey).

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Considering that the inflation rate, denoted by , ofconventional electricity is 5 .

The LCC nonrecurring General Escalation (GE) of3 (typically the value is 3-8 ), discount rate,denoted by, of 7 (typically the annual value is 7-15 ), LCC nonrecurring cost factor of 0.565 areconsidered.

The interest rate, denoted by , is 3 . The period of analysis, denoted by n, is 20years

which is equal to the assumed physical and economicof the PV system .

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The average electricity demand in Bangladesh was6041MWand average generation was 5486MWonJuly 01, 2013. At the same time average load sheddingwas 555MW.

The per capita energy consumption in Bangladesh isone of the lowest (265kWh) in the world.

In 2012, around 53 of Bangladeshi population hadan access to electricity.

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Use of renewable energy can help us to meet thedemand.

Renewable energy is the energy obtained from

different natural renewable recourses mainly fromsunlight, wind, tides, biofuel and geo thermal heat.

The countrys energy demand is actually growing

annually 12 and not as per governments estimationof 7

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In Bangladesh, Electric Power is generated by gas,hydro, steam- turbine and diesel power plants. All the

generation units are inter connected through anational grid. As a result, the cost of per unit

electricity is not uniform. The average per unit(kWh) electricity generation cost is around14.29Tkand the average sales rate is 3.16Tk and for smallbusiness, it is 5.16Tk which is considered in ourproposed model.

GHG emission reduction cost is calculated using RETScreen softwareand it is found to be. Incidental operating cost has been included in

operation and maintenance cost.

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For the LCC analysis, the following 5 cases have beenconsidered.

Case A: Human driven rickshaw Case B: Existing battery operated rickshaw charged

by the national grid. Case C: Solar power battery operated rickshaw Case D: Existing battery operated rickshaw

charged by the national grid. But government isnot giving subsidy.

Case E: Microcontroller based proposed rickshaw

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The net present worth (NPW) can be defined as the differencebetween the present worth of all cash inflows and outflows of aproject.

The present value factor (PVF) is based on the concept of timevalue of money. It is defined as the adjustment factor that

discounts a sum of future dollars back to the current year.

The mathematical expression for present worth factor (PWF)and thereby net present worth (NPW) or net present value

(NPV) can be written as

Present Worth factor, PWF e, i, n =1 e

i e 1 *

1 e

1 i-

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NPW = A0 P W F CWhere

0= As+ GHG-(AE++ A0&M),Ccis the capital cost,AEis the Annual Cost of ElectricityAsis the annual saving,ANCis the annual nonrecurring cost,A0&Mis the annual operation and maintenance cost and othercost,

GHGis the green house gas costeis the inflation ratenis the timeiis the interest rate

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NPV is an indicator of how much value an investment orproject adds to the firm. Appropriately risked projects with apositive NPV could be accepted.

If there is a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives,the one yielding the higher NPV should be selected.

If... It means... Then...NPV > 0 the investment would add value

to the firmthe project may be accepted

NPV < 0 the investment would subtractvalue from the firm

the project should be rejected

NPV = 0 the investment would neithergain nor lose value for the firm

We should be indifferent in the decision

whether to accept or reject the project. This

project adds no monetary value. Decision

should be based on other criteria.

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This method calculates the number of yearsneeded for an investor to recover theinvestment.

This payback period is compared withmaximum acceptable payback perioddetermined by the investor. If the paybackperiod exceeds maximum limit, then the projectis unacceptable.

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The payback period can be expressed as

= 0

=

log

0 1

1

log1 1

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If It means Then

PP > maximum

acceptable PP

The project takes more time

than expected/ needed to

regain its investment

Investor should

reject the project

PP maximum

acceptable PP

The project takes less time

than needed/ required timeneeded to regain its

investment

Investor should

take the project

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A BCR is the ratio of the benefits of a project or proposal,expressed in monetary terms, relative to its costs, also expressedin monetary terms.

In practice, the ratio of NPV to expenditure is expressed as a

BCR. Public projects are evaluated using this investment evaluation

method.

The BCR is defined as

=

&

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CR (capital recovery) is the equivalent annualcapital cost CC or annualized life cycle cost

(LCC), denoted by E and can be calculated by

E = +

(+)

(+)(+)-

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If BCR 1, the project is feasible

If BCR < 1, the project is not feasible

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Cost Item Case A Case B Case C Case D Case ERickshaw Structure 16000 25000 25000 25000 25000

120W PV Array - - 7200 - 7200

Solar Charge Controller - - 900 - 900

Battery Bank - 18500 18500 18500 18500

DC to DC Converter - 3500 3500 3500 3500

Installation Cost - 2000 2500 2000 2500

LCCc 16000 56400 65000 56400 66000

License Cost for 20 yrs. 6000 24000 24000 24000 24000

O & M Cost for 20 yrs. 32000 112800 65000 112800 66000

LCCO & M 38000 136800 89000 136800 90000

LCCNC - 63382.5 63382.5 63382.5 63382.5

Cost of Electricity - 226008 - 628905 -

Total 20 yrs. LCC 54000 482590.5 217382.5 882484.5 219382.5

Total Energy (kWh) - 43800 43800 43800 52560

LCC/kWh (Tk/kWh) - 11.02 4.96 20.12 4.17

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Item Case-B Case-C Case-D Case-E

e 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

i 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

I 56400 65000 56400 66000

As 219000 237250 219000 255500AE 11300.4 0 31295.1 0

ANC 3170 3170 3170 3170

GHG 0 14234 0 14234

Annual O& M 6840 4450 6840 4500

Ao 197689.6 243864 177694.9 262064

PWF 24.63 24.63 24.63 24.63

NPW 5162429.9 5940394.1 4676040.5 6387587.3

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0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

0.01 0.02 0.03

NPW

NPW vs Interest ratio (0.01-0.03) for Different cases

Case-2

Case-3

Case-4

Case-5

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0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

10000000

0.03 0.05 0.07

NPW

NPW vs. Inflation (0.03-0.07) for different cases

Case-2

Case-3

Case-4

Case-5

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Item Case-B Case-C Case-D Case-Ee 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

i 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

I 56400 65000 56400 66000As 219000 237250 219000 255500

AE11300.4 0 31295.1 0

ANC3170 3170 3170 3170

GHG0 14234 0 14234

AO & M 6840 4450 6840 4500

Ao 197689.6 243864 177694.9 262064

PP 0.29 0.27 0.32 0.25

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Item Case-B Case-C Case-D Case-E

e 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

i 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

I 56400 65000 56400 66000

As 219000 237250 219000 255500

11300.4 0 31295.1 0

ANC

3170 3170 3170 3170

GHG 0 14234 0 14234

Annualized LCC 2334.73 2690.74 2334.73 2732.14

BCR 9.3 24.39 5.02 25.93

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0.01 0.02 0.03

BCR

BCR for different Interest rate (.01-.03)

Case-2

Case-3

Case-4

Case5

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LCC cost for Case E is the lowest and hence the ourproposed model of solar rickshaw is cheaper than anyother cases.

NPW of Case E is greater than 1 and hence thisproject is feasible for acceptance as discussed in

Chapter 2. Besides, the NPW of Case E is greater thanany other cases which makes Case E superior to othercases.

Payback Period of Case E is the lowest among the 5cases which indicates that the investment behind this

project will be regained at a faster time than any othercases. BCR of CASE E is the highest among the four different

cases.

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Thus the results presented in this paper

shows that microcontroller based solarpowered battery operated rickshaw ismore financially feasible than others.

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