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47 EE2024 – BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

4.1 SYLLABUS

EI2311 BIO–MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 3 0 0 1

1. PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS 9

Cell and its structure – Action and resting – Potential propagation of action potential

– Sodium pump – Nervous system – CNS – PNS – Nerve cell – Synapse – Cardio

pulmonary system – Physiology of heart and lungs – Circulation and respiration –

Transducers – Different types – Piezo-electric, ultrasonic, resistive, capacitive,

inductive transducers – Selection criteria.

2. ELECTRO – PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 9

Basic components of a biomedical system – Electrodes – Micro, needle and

surface electrodes – Amplifiers – Preamplifiers, differential amplifiers, chopper

amplifiers – Isolation amplifier. ECG – EEG – EMG – ERG – Lead systems and

recording methods – Typical waveforms.

3. NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS 9

Measurement of blood pressure – Cardiac output – Cardiac rate – Heart sound –

Respiratory rate – Gas volume – Flow rate of Co2, o2 in exhaust air - PH of blood,

ESR, GSR measurements – Plethysmography.

4. MEDICAL IMAGING AND PMS 9

X-ray machine - Radio graphic and fluoroscopic techniques – Computer to-

mography – MRI – Ultrasonography – Endoscopy – Thermography – Different

types of biotelemetry systems and patient monitoring – Electrical safety.

5. ASSISTING AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS 9

Pacemakers – Defibrillators – Ventilators – Nerve and muscle stimulators –

Diathermy – Heart – Lung machine – Audio meters – Dializers.

L = 45 Total = 45

TEXT BOOKS

1. Leslie Cromwell, Fred J.Weibell, Erich A.Pfeiffer, ‘Bio-Medical Instrumentation

and Measurements’, II Edition, Pearson Education, 2002 / PHI.

2. R.S.Khandpur, ‘Handbook of Bio-Medical instrumentation’, Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co Ltd., 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. M.Arumugam, ‘Bio-Medical Instrumentation’, Anuradha Agencies, 2003.

2. L.A. Geddes and L.E.Baker, ‘Principles of Applied Bio-Medical Instrumentation’,

John Wiley & Sons, 1975.

3. J.Webster, ‘Medical Instrumentation’, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

4. C.Rajarao and S.K. Guha, ‘Principles of Medical Electronics and Bio-medical

Instrumentation’, Universities press (India) Ltd, Orient Longman ltd, 2000.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING




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4.2 SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is meant by cell?

The basic living unit of the body is cell. The function of organs and other structure

of the body is understood by cell organization.

2. Give the abbreviation form for RNA, DNA?

RNA –Ribo Nucleic Acid DNA—De- Oxy Nucleic Acid

3. What are resting and action potential & bio electric potential?

The membrane potential caused by the different concentration of ions is called

resting potential. It is caused by very rapid change of membrane permeability to sodium

ions followed by recovery period. The positive potential of the cell membrane during

excitation is called action potential. Certain systems of the body generate their own

monitoring signals conveying useful information about the functions they represent. Such

signals are bio electric potentials and are related to nerve conduction, brain activity, heart

beat etc.

4.What is meant by Resting Potential?

Equilibrium is reached with a potential difference across the membrane such that

negative on inside and positive on outside. This membrane potential caused by the different

concentration of irons is called Resting Potential.

5.What is meant by Action Potential?

Cell has a slightly positive potential on the inside due to imbalance of potassium

ions. This positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is called Action

Potential and is about 20 mV.

6.Give any 4 factors to be considered when we design any medical Instrument?

Accuracy, Frequency Response, Linearity, S/N ratio, Stability, sensitivity

7.What is Electrode Potential?

The voltage developed at an electrode-electrolyte interface is known as Electrode

Potential.

8.What is the purpose of electrode paste?

The electrode paste decreases the impedence of the contact the artifacts resulting

from the movement of the electrode or patient.

9.Give the different types of electrodes?

Microelectrodes, Depth and needle electrodes, Surface electrodes




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10.Give the different types of Surface electrodes?

Metal Plate electrodes

Suction cup electrodes

Adhesive tape electrodes

Multi point electrodes

Floating electrodes

11.What is a Defibrillator?

A defibrillator is an electronic device that creates a sustained myocardial

depolarization of a patient s heart in order to stop ventricular fibrillation or artial

fibrillation.

12.What are the characteristics of a DC amplifier?

It may need balanced differential inputs giving a high common mode rejection ratio

(CMRR).It should have an extremely good thermal and long term stability.

13. Enumerate the merits and demerits of a dc amplifier?

It is easy to calibrate at low frequencies.

It is able to recover from an overload condition unlike it’s AC counterpart.

14. Define transducers.

Transducers are defined as a device which when actuated, transforms energy from

one form to another. Generally, any physical parameters is

converted into electrical form.

15.What are the 2 types of transducers?

Electrical and

Mechanical

16.Name the parameters that dictate the transducer capability

Linearity

Repeatability

Resolution and

Reliability

17.Define sensitivity

Sensitivity is defines as the electrical output per unit change in the physical

parameter. High sensitivity is generally desirable for a transducer.

18.Classify electrical transducers.

Active

Passive




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19.Name the 2 parts of a transducer

Sensing element

Transduction element

20.Mention the factors considered while selecting a transducer.

Operating range

Sensitivity

Frequency response & resonant frequency

Environmental compatibility

Minimum sensitivity

Accuracy

Usage and ruggedness

Electrical parameters

21.What is meant by POT?

POT is a resistive potentiometer used for the purpose of voltage division. It consists

for a resistive element provided with a sliding contact called as wiper.

22.Explain the working principle of a strain gauge.

Strain gauge works on the principal that the resistance of a conductor or a

semiconductor changes when strained. This property can be used for measurement of

displacement, force and pressure.

23.Name the different types of strain gauges.

Un-bonded metal strain gauge

Bonded metal wire strain gauge

Bonded metal foil strain gauge

Vacuum deposited thin metal film strain gauge

Sputter deposited thin metal strain gauge

Bonded semiconductor strain gauge

Diffused metal strain gauge

24.What is meant by rosette?

It is a combination of strain gauges to a single element strain gauge.

25.Give the 3 working principles of variable inductance transducers

Change of self inductance

Change of mutual inductance

Production of eddy currents.

26.Write notes on LVDT

It is the linear variable differential transformer which is used to translate

the linear motion into electrical signals. It consists of a single primary

winding and 2 secondary winding.




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27.List the advantages of LVDT

High range of displacement measurement

Friction & electrical isolation

Immunity from external effects

High I/p and high sensitivity

Ruggedness

Low hysterisis & low power consumption.

28.What is a digitizer?

It is a digital encoding transducer that enables a linear or rotary displacement to be

directly converted into digital form without intermediate forms of analog to digital (A/D)

conversion.

29. Classify the pacemakers

Fixed rate pacemakers.

Ventricular Synchronous pacemakers

Demand pacemakers

Atrial Synchronous pacemakers

30. Different methods of stimulation

External stimulation,Internal stimulation

31.Define electrode , what are the type of electrodes.

Devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials are called electrodes.

There are three types of electrodes, They are Micro electrode Depth and needle electrode

Surface and needle electrode

35. Define neuron, nerve fibers.

The basic Units of the nervous system is the neuron. A bundle of individual nerve

fibers is called a nerve .A neuron is a single cell with a cell body, called soma, one or more

inputs fibers called dendrites and a long transmitting fiber called axon. Both axons and

dendrites are called nerve fibers.

36. What are parts of central nervous system?

It consists of 1010 neurons. The brain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and

brainstem. Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres and there are divided into frontal lobe,

occipital lobe and temporal lobe. Cerebellum consists of two hemispheres. They regulated

the coordination of muscular movements.

37. Name the pars that contain peripheral nervous system.

The neve fibers outside the central nervous system called peripheral nerves. It

consists of motor and sensory nerves.




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38. Define circulatory system

It is a type of transport system. It helps in supplying the oxygen and digested food

to different parts of our body and removing CO2 from the blood. The heart is the center of

the circulatory system.

39.Define heart, lung?

Heart is a pumping organ which eats regularly and continuously for years. It beats

seventy times a minute at rest. Contraction is systole and relaxation is diastole.

40.Define circulation and respiration?

We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a high

resistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries and veins The

exchange of any gases in any biological process is termed as respiration

41.What is mean by transducer?

It is a device which detects or senses the bio signal and converts it in to an electrical

signal for bio signal processing

42.Define strain gauge?

It is a electrical device which is used to measure stress or pressure in terms of strain

using the principle of change of resistively due to mechanical stress

43.How are transducer are classified?

They can be classified into different types based on the energy conversion,

application and so on. They are two types

Active transducer: A transducer that gives its output without the use of an

excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called an active transducer

Passive transducer: A transducer that gives its output using an excitation voltage

or modulation of a carrier signal is called a passive transducer. Generally the

active transducer converts a non- electrical energy into electrical energy and

converts an electrical into non –electrical energy.

16 mark questions

UNIT – I

PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS

1. Discuss in detail about action potential and resting potential.(16)

2. Explain with neat sketch anatomy and conducting system of heart. Also discuss cardio

vascular circulating system with block diagram. (16)

3. Explain with neat sketch anatomy and physiology of central nervous and peripheral

nervous system. (16)

4. Explain the process of propagation of electrical pulses along the axon with

relevant diagrams. (16)




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5. Draw diagrams illustrating the process of respiration and circulation. States the purpose

served by these two systems and explain the processes involved in the operation of these

two system. (16)

6. What are the requirements of a good physiological transducer and explain the operation

of any two types of physiological transducers with relevant sketches? (16)

7. Draw the structure of a living cell of a body and explain its constituents.(16)

UNIT – II

ELECTRO – PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

1. Explain the various types of amplifiers listed below, with a neat circuit diagram.

i) differential amplifier

ii) chopper amplifier

iii) isolation amplifier (16)

2. Draw equivalent circuit of a biopotential electrode interface. Discuss in detail about

various types of biopotential electrodes. (16)

3. Describe in detail about unipolar and bipolar limb lead system used for measuring ECG

signal. (16)

4. Explain about a typical single channel ECG recorder with proper justification for the

inclusion of each block of the system and give the normal ECG wave pattern. (16)

5. Explain the working principle of a ECG machine with a neat block diagram. (16)

6. State the basic elements of electro cardiograph and explain the working of each of these.

What are the different ways in which ECG helps in providing medical care to patients? (16)

7. Design a simple medical preamplifier circuit and explain its action. Also derive its

voltage gain. (16)

8. Write a short notes on

i) Micro electrodes

ii) Needle electrodes

iii) Surface electrodes (16)

9. With a neat block diagram, explain the working principle of EEG machine. (16)

10. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of EMG. (16)

11. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of ERG. (16)

12. Name three basic types of biopotential electrodes and explain their

applications. (16)

UNIT – III

NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS

1. i) Explain the working principle of a electromagnetic type blood flow meter.

ii) Define cardiac output. Discuss a technique to determine cardiac output.(16)

2. Explain, a complete blood gas analyzer designed to measure pH, pCO2,pO2 from a

sample of whole blood. (16)

3. Explain how the various Physiological parameters listed below could be measured.

i) To measure the B.P ( any technique)

ii) To measure the blood flow by electromagnetic blood flow meter.




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iii) To measure the respiratory measurement. (16)

4. i) Explain the principle of operation of an ultrasonic blood flow meter. (8)

ii) How will you measure blood pressure using sphygmomanometer? (8)

5. Draw schematic diagram showing the essential components of U-V recorder. Explain the

operation of this recorder and state the applications of this device. (16)

6. Explain with neat sketch a typical blood flow meter. Discuss working of digital pH

meter. (16)

7. i) Explain the origin of different heart sounds. (8)

ii) Explain the working principle of Plethysmography. (8)

8. i) What is GSR and ESR? (4)

ii) Describe the method to determine the concentration of Oxygen in expired gas. (12)

UNIT – IV

MEDICAL IMAGING AND PMS

1. i) Discuss in detail about the basic components of a multichannel biotelemetry system.(8)

ii) Explain various modulation techniques used in a telemetry system. (8)

2. i) Explain the working principle of single channel telemetry system with a neat block

diagram. (8)

ii) Write short notes on endoscopes. (8)

3. i) Draw an X-ray tube and explain generation of X-rays. (8)

ii) List out the properties of X-rays. (8)

4. Discuss the working principle of an infrared thermographic equipment. Mention

applications of thermography. (16)

5. Explain the working of a thermographic unit with a neat block diagram. (16)

6. i) Write down the application of ‘Bio Telemetry’. (6)

ii) What are the ‘Physiological parameters adaptable to Bio Telemetry’.(6)

iii) Draw a block diagram of a typical ‘Bio Telemetry Transmitter’(4)

7. With reference to ‘Electrical Safety’. Write about

i) Grounding

ii) Double Insulation

iii) Protection by low voltage

iv) Ground – Fault circuit Interrupter

v) Shock hazards from electrical equipment. (16)

8. How is magnetic resonance imaging system, useful in the medical field?

Explain the operation of this system with relevant sketches. (16)

9. What is the role of computed tomography in diagonising a disease? Give examples.

Describe the technique of obtaining tomography with relevant diagrams. (16)

10. Describe with neat sketch construction and working of various components in X-ray

machine. (16)

11. i) Explain the working of Radiography and Fluoroscopy in detail. (8)

ii) Distinguish between TDM and FDM. (8)

12. i) Draw a telemetry circuit to transmit ECG signals in a reliable manner. (8)

ii) Explain with block diagram the patient monitoring system using telemetry. (8)




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UNIT – V- ASSISTING AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS

1. Explain the basic principle of operation of an ultrasonic diathermy unit. List out its

applications. (16)

2. Explain the working of a DC defibrillator with a neat block diagram. (16)

3. What is dialysis? Explain the principle of operation of a dialyser machine with a neat

block diagram. (16)

4. Explain the working of Heart – Lung machine. (16)

5. Write short notes on:

i) Short wave diathermy

ii) Microwave diathermy. (16)

6. Explain the working principle of surgical diathermy unit with a neat block diagram. (16)

7. Discuss different types of defibrillators with a neat sketch. (16)

8. Describe with diagram of peritoneal dialysis. Also discuss with block diagram of

electrosurgical diathermy unit. (16)

9. Explain the process of dialysis with diagrams. How does this technique play a useful role

in medical field? Give a few examples and state the limitations of this technique. (16)

10. i) Explain in detail about the instrumentation aspects of defibrillators. (8)

ii) Draw the typical waveforms of DC defibrillator discharge waveform dual

– peak monophasic defibrillator discharge waveform truncated defibrillator discharge

waveform. (8)

11. i) What are ‘Internal Pace Maker’, ‘External Pace Maker’, ‘Competitive and ‘Non

Competitive‘ Pacing modes, Demand mode, Standby mode. (8)

ii) Draw the block diagram of a typical Internal pacemaker. (8)

12. What is a Synchronised defibrillator? Draw a block diagram of it and explain its

working. (16)

13. Draw a circuit diagram of a Peripheral nerve stimulator and explain it and also discuss

the different types of stimulator waveforms. (16)

14. i) Explain the principle of working of Ventilators. (8)

ii) Explain about audiometers in bio-medical instrumentation. (8)

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Ei2311.PDF. Notes