Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 1 ... · Aal*, Azza M. Kamaland Samira A.Snousi**** *Parasitology **Chemistry Dept., Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki,

Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 1 (February) 2010; 102 - 115

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Prevalence of some protozoa and its effects on biochemical changes ingoats in Cairo, Marsa Matrouh, and El-Wadi El-Gadid provinces

By Soheir M. El Manyawe*, M.A.M.Abdel Rahman*, A.M.I. Abd El

Aal***, Azza M. Kamal**and Samira A.Snousi*****Parasitology **Chemistry Dept., Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki,

Matrouh Lab. ***, and El-Wadi El-Gadid Lab. ****

SUMMARY

A comparative study was carried out on 300 goats in Cairo, Matrouh,and El-Wadi El-Gadid provinces. The aim of this work was to de-

termine the prevalence of protozoan parasites infecting goats in the threelocalities, and to study the effect of these parasites on the biochemicalchanges in the serum of infected animals. The results indicated the pres-ence of 9 Eimeria species and Cryptosporidium oocysts in the faeces ofexamined goats. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were also detected in theserum of the investigated animals. The biochemical analysis of bloodserum revealed a significant alteration in total protein, albumin, serumenzymes, electrolytes, trace elements, urea, and creatinine. The impor-tance of parasitic infection control as well as drinking the under groundpolluted water with metals and minerals and its effects on animal health,was also discussed.

INTRODUCTION

The domestic goat is consid-ered one of the ancient ani-

mals known to man, where it isnamed in the developmental coun-tries the poor man's cow. It pro-duces milk, meat, and mohairwhich are of great economical im-portance. Recently, the applicationof goats as producing animals, at-tention should be directed to therole of parasitism in the economicsof the husbandry of these goats. In

Egypt; the climatic conditions aremore or less favorable for the de-velopment and existence of differ-ent parasites. However, little isknown about the importance ofparasites as health hazards to goatsin Egypt. Protozoan parasitescause severe diseases amonggoats, including Theileria, Babe-sia, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis,Eimeria, and Cryptosporidiumspecies (Levine, 1985). .Coccidiosis, is an important enteric

Referred byReferred byProf. Dr. Hussein Omar Professor of Parasitology, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo

UniversityProf. Dr. Wahied A. Mossa Professor of Parasitology, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo

University


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disease caused by approximately12 different species of Eimeria,affecting preweaned or recentlyweaned animals and those underunsanitary and stress conditions.The parasite causes diarrhea, insuf-ficient weight gain, and occasion-ally death (Foreyt, 1990). Crypto-sporidiosis is a prevalent disease inneonatal ruminants and humans. Itis caused by Cryptosporidium par-vum, which is primarily the diseaseof lambs and kids less than 30 daysof age, and is usually a milder dis-ease than coccidiosis (Fischer,1984).

On the other hand, Toxoplas-mosis is one of the major zoonoticdiseases, caused by protozoanparasite, Toxoplasma gondii(Dubey, 1986). Infection withT.gondii is extremely commonthroughout the world, affectingpregnant animal, particularly sheepand goats leading to fetal death,abortion, stillbirth or neonataldeath with the subsequent eco-nomic losses (Buxton, 1998).

Consequently a survey wasunder taken to determine theprevalence and intensity of proto-zoan parasitic infection (Eimeria,Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma)in goats in different environmentallocalities in Egypt. Also, to studythe effect of these parasites onsome biochemical parameters inserum of infected animals. .

MATERIALS AND METHODSI- Animals:-

A total of 300 goats, 84 (lessthan one month), 216 (more thanone month) were examined fromthree different provinces, Cairo,Marsa Matrouh, and El-Wadi El-Gadid (100 animals from eachprovince). Blood and faecal sam-ples were collected from each ani-mal. .

a- Faecal samples:Fresh faecal samples were

collected in plastic bags, labeledand placed in refrigerator at 4 ºCuntil examined.

b- Serum samples:Blood samples were collected

in clean and dry test tubes, left toclot at room temperature and thencentrifuged at 3000 r.p.m. for 10minutes. The separated sera werekept in sterile labeled tubes at-20ºC until used. .

II- Faecal examination:Each faecal sample was ex-

amined microscopically using theconcentration floatation techniqueaccording to Soulsby (1968) forthe presence of Eimeria oocysts.All positive samples were sub-jected for oocysts counting usingmodified McMaster technique(MAFE, 1977). The detectedEimeria oocysts were identifiedfreshly after sporulation in 2.5%potassium dichromate at 27 ºC.


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Sporulation time was recorded anddescription of Eimeria oocysts wasdone according to Norton (1986). ..

Faecal samples were alsoexamined for the presence ofCryptosporidium oocysts by directsmear and thin film stained withmodified Ziehl-Neelsen techniqueas described by Henriksen andPohlenz, (1981) and examined un-der oil immersion lens of micro-scope.. . .III- Serological test: : (Indirecthaemaglutination test IHAT)Toxo-IHA-Fast kit was commer-cially obtained from ABC Diag-nostics, New Domietta, Egypt.- The procedures followed the kitinstructions.

- Antibody titers of ≥ 1/80 wereconsidered positive for Toxop-lasma gondii.

IV- Biochemical examinations:The investigated animals were di-vided into 3 groups according tothe parasitological infections.a) The 1st group was +ve only for

Toxoplasmosis:b) The 2nd group was +ve only for

Coccidiosis:b) The 3rd group was +ve only for

Cryptosporidiosis:

Reagents and Kits:-Serum total proteins, albumins,aminotransferases (ALT, AST),alkaline phosphatase, calcium, andmagnesium were determined spec-

tro- photometrically using stan-dardized test-kits supplied fromBio-Merieux (Bains/ France).-Serum sodium and potassiumwere determined by using Flamphotometer corning 400.-Serum chloride was determinedby using chloride analyzer Model925. -Serum copper and zinc weredetermined by using Atomic ab-sorpt ion spect rophotometer(Perkin Elmer Model 2380USA).) ).-Statistical analysis:The obtained data were subjectedto software program according toSelvin (1996).

RESULTSI- Parasitic examination:-a) Eimeria species:-

The results are shown in ta-bles, (1), (2), (3), and (4).


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Table (1): Prevalence of Coccidiosis among goats at three provinces in Egypt.

TotalMore than 1 monthLess than 1 monthProvince

(%)(+ve)examined(%)(+ve)examined(%)(+ve)examined

89 %8910086.76596893.753032Cairo

81 %8110077.78567289.282528Matrouh

50 %5010042.103276751824El-Wadi El-Gadid

73.33%22030068.0614721686.097384Total

Table (2):Morphological features of Eimeria species detected in goat faeces.

Sporulationtime (day)

Micropylecap

MicropyleShapeAveragediameter(µ)

Eimeria species

1-3PresentPresentEllipsoidal to sub spherical23 x 18E.hirci1

2-3PresentPresentEllipsoidal to ovoid27 x 18E.arloingi2

2-4PresentPresentEllipsoidal to ovoid32 x 22E.jolchijevi3

1-2AbsentPresentEllipsoidal to ovoid25 x 20E.ninakohlya-kimovae

4

2-3AbsentPresentOvoid32 x 22E.caprina5

2-3AbsentPresentEllipsoidal to sub spherical31 x 24E.caprovina6

2-4PresentPresentOvoid38 x 25E.christenseni7

1-5AbsentAbsentSpherical to sub spherical19 x 17E.alijevi8

1-2AbsentPresentOvoid30 X 22E.apsheronica9

Table (3): Eimeria species detected in goat faeces in different localities.

El-Wadi El-GadidMatrouhCairoEimeria species

(%)No.(%)No.(%)No.82%4182.7%7688.76%79E.hirci190%4592.6%7585.4576E.arloingi254%2777.8%6382%73E.jolchijevi3

38%190071.9%64E.ninakohlya-kimovae

4

000066.3%59E.caprina50045.67%3741.6%37E.caprovina6

18%913.6%1138.2%34E.christenseni7008.64%726.9%24E.alijevi8000012.3%11E.apsheronica9


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Table (4): Mean oocyste count of Eimeria species infecting goats in dif-ferent localities.

Degree of infection(+ve)samples

Province***SevereMiddle**Light*9(8.01%)47(41.83%)33 (29.37%)89Cairo5(4.05%)41(33.21%)35 (31.15%)81Matrouh

4(8%)20(40%)26 (52%)50El-Wadi El-Gadid

* Light: Less than 1000 oocysts/gm. ** Middle: 1001 – 50,000 oocysts/gm.*** Severe: Over 50,000 oocysts/gm.

Table (5): Frequency of mixed infections with Eimeria species in goats.

El-Wadi El-GadidMatrouhCairoNo. ofspecies (%)(+ve)(%)(+ve)(%)(+ve)

4 %24.94 %43.37 %32 %٨48.64 %75.62 %53

36 %1839.51 %3241.57 %37452 %2646.91 %3849.44 %44550 %5081 %8189 %89Total

b) Cryptosporidium species :-The results are shown in tables (6).

Table (6): Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among goats at three provinces in Egypt.

TotalMore than 1 monthLess than 1 monthProvince(%)(+ve)exam-

ined(%)(+ve)exam-

ined(%)(+ve)exam-

ined14 %1410017.6512686.25232Cairo9 %910012.50972--28Matrouh6 %61007.89676--24El-Wadi

El-Gadid9.67%

2930012.50272162.38284Total


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II-Serological test:Toxoplasma gondii:-The results are shown in tables (7), and (8).

Table (7): Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis among goats at three provinces in Egypt.

TotalMore than 1monthLess than 1 monthProvince

(%)(+ve)exam-ined

(%)(+ve)examined(%)(+ve)exam-ined

37 %371005034689.38332Cairo

45 %4510055.56407217.86528Matrouh

60 %6010067.11517637.50924El-Wadi El-Gadid

47.3 %14230057.8712521620.241784Total

Table (8): Antibody titers of Toxoplasma infected goats using IHAT at threeprovinces in Egypt.

1/25601/12801/6401/3201/1601/80Total(+ve)

Province

036814637Cairo

245619945Matrouh

46712181360El-Wadi El-Gadid

61318265128142Total

Table (9): Prevalence of single and mixed infections with Eimeria, crypto-sporidium and Toxoplasma species in goats.

Mixedinfection

Single infectionTotal(+ve)

samples

ProvinceTotalToxoplasmaCryptospo. Eimeria

(%)No.(%)No.(%)No.(%)No.(%)No.

67.149432.864612.86183.57516.4323140Cairo

68.899331.114215.55212.22313.3318135Matrouh

68.978031.033620.69241.7228.6210116El-Wadi El-Gadid

68.2926731.7112416.11632.561013.0451391Total


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III-Biochemical examinations:

Table (10): Biochemical parameters of goat serum infected withToxoplasma, Eimeria and Cryptosporidium species.

Cryptosporidi-

dium(n=10)

Eimeria

species(n=51)

Toxoplasma

gondii(n=63)

Control

(n=10)

Parameter

6.27±0.45*5.76±1.01**6.33±0.5*8.1±1.1Total protein (gm%)

3.20±0.022.67±0.40*2.42±0.27**3.8±0.5Albumins (gm%)

34.75±0.4034.70±0.7539.24±1.75*35±1.5ALT(u/l)

41.50±0.541.25±0.2068.54±6.67**40±1.3AST(u/l)

73.26±6.68**72.76±9.12**86.23±0.8687.2±0.6ALP(u/l)

8.25±0.038.70±0.026.15±0.03*8.4±0.3Calcium (mg %)

1.25±0.021.35±0.200.73±0.07*1.5±0.4Magnesium(mg%)

108.84±9.7*99.17±16.6*135.20±2.1133.5±2.3Sodium (Meq/l)

3.04±0.77*3.03±1.4*2.77±1.00**4.8±0.09Potassium (Meq/l)

93.59±5.87*88.55±4.32**100.15±0.01100±2.1Chloride(mg%)

91.70±2.31*89.20±3.42*83.3±1.72.81.3±2.4Copper(mg%)

54.50±2.62*56.10±3.80**71.6±2.3273.4±1.6Zinc(mg%)

31.25±1.47*32.17±1.51*39.32±1.73**25±0.9Urea (mg%)

1.08±0.04 *1.19±0.03*1.26±0.05**0.43±0.03Creatinine(mg%)

Data expressed as mean ±SE. * Significantly different from control at (P < 0.05).*Significantly different from control at (P < 0.01).*


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Plate (1): Eimeria and Cryptosporidium species detected in goat faeces.A: Unsporulated oocysts.B: Sporulated oocysts.


110

DISCUSSION

S heep and goats play an impor-tant role in animal production,

especially in Egyptian desertwhich represents more than 96%of Egyptian land. This includesMatrouh, and El-Wadi El-Gadidprovinces. Little is known aboutparasitic infection, particularly ingoats which inhabits this vast areaas compared with those farmed inCairo.

The results of the presentstudy indicated that the prevalenceof Eimeria infections in goats was89% in Cairo. Similar results wererecorded by Otify (1984) and El-Manyawe (1999) in Egypt. How-ever, lower infection rates weredetected in Matrouh, and El-WadiEl-Gadid (81% and 50%) respec-tively. Nine species of Eimeriahave been detected in 89 out of100 faecal samples of goats inCairo, the most prominent specieswere E.hirci (88%) and E.arloingi(85%), Norton (1986) declared theprominence of the same species.Where as six and five Eimeria spe-cies were detected in Matrouh, andEl-Wadi El-Gadid respectively.Single infection with one Eimeriaspecies was not observed, whereasmixed infections with 2 to 5 spe-cies were detected.

Concerning Cryptosporidio-sis, the present study revealed that14%, 9% and 6% of goat samples

were positive for Cryptosporidiainfection in the three mentionedprovinces of Egypt. Similar results(13.34%) were obtained by El-Sayed Nasr(2008), where as(2.12%) were only obtained by El-Manyawe (1999).

The differences of infectionrates could be attributed to thevariations in the environmentalconditions, nature of pasture andmanagement. Kids less than onemonth of age were more suscepti-ble to Eimeria and Cryptosporidiainfections than older animals. Thesame results were reported by El-Manyawe (1999).

It was found that multipleparasitisms with different speciesof Eimeria and Cryptosporidiawere occurred in this study. It maylead to serious effects in generalconditions of goats as diarrhea, in-sufficient productivity, loss weightgain and occasionally death, asmentioned by Foreyte, (1990). .A total of 37% of goats in Cairowere sero-positive for Toxoplas-mosis by using IHAT, such ratewas close to that recorded(41.67%) by El- Manyawe et al.,(2001), and lower than 47.4%(Maronpot and Botros, 1972).Where as higher infection rates,45% and 60% of goats were sero-positive in Matrouh, and El-wadiEl-Gadid respectively. Similar re-sults where recorded in warm gov-


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e rno ra t e s , 57 .5% in Qena(Hefnawy et al., 2000), 68% inAssiut (Fahmy et al., 1979), and51.7% in Tabouk, Saudi Arabia(Sanad and Al-Ghabban, 2007). .The difference in the infectionrates may be related to the envi-ronmental conditions, immunestatus of the animals and methodof management. Infection rates in-crease with age; it could be attrib-uted to the contact rate with the in-fected materials (Huffman et al.,1981). The highest antibody titerwas 1/160 where 14 (37.83%) inCairo, and 19(42.22%) in Matrouh,and 18(30%) in El-Wadi El-Gadid.The titer ≥ 1/160 is probably anindication of a recent and activeinfection that accompanying thereproductive problem, while titer1/80 is mainly considered as a be-ginning of exposure to the disease(Huffman et al., 1981, and Dubeyand Welcome, 1988).

However, people become in-fected with Toxoplasma on ingest-ing the infected goat meat butch-ered at home and the majority ofgoat milk is consumed un -pasteurized. Moreover, goat meatspread Toxoplasma infection in theenvironment, since a cat couldshed several millions of oocystsafter ingesting naturally infectedgoat meat (Dubey et al., 1980).

Concerning the biochemicalstudy in the present work, some ofthe parameters were significantly

altered due to protozoan infections.The reduction of serum total pro-tein and albumin concentrationswere observed in both Toxop-lasma, Eimeria, and Cryptosporid-ium infections. It has been reportedthat protein requirement increasein the presence of any lesions onthe body and chronic organ disease(Kaneko et al., 1997 and Roussel,et al., 1997). The significant al-terations in ALT, AST and ALP aswell as significant increase in thelevel of serum urea and creatinineindicate abnormal hepatic and re-nal functions.

Fluid loss has been observedas one of the most common patho-logical effects of Eimeria, andCryptosporidium species in rumi-nants as mentioned by Holland etal. (1989). In our study, this maybe reflected by low level of so-dium, potassium and chloride inserum of infected goats. This lowlevel may be also attributed to di-arrhea and reduced absorption inthe infected tissues of intestine(Cirak et al., 2004). .

However, coccidial infectionswere associated with reduced se-rum zinc and elevated serum cop-per (Richards and Augastine,1988). The decrease in serum zinclevel was aggravated by drinkingpolluted water especially in the de-sert districts. This decrease couldbe attributed to excessive magne-sium intake from the polluted wa-


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ter. The excessive dietary magne-sium stimulated metalo-proteinsproduction which bound zinc andreduced zinc utilization by thebody as recorded by Ibrahim etal. (1992). .

On the other hand, Toxopl-asma infected goat serum showeda reduction in magnesium, calciumand potassium, where zinc andcopper were within normal levels.T.gondii infection might causechanges in the trace elements asconfirmed by Geng et al. (2001).They also suggested that magne-sium and calcium levels were ele-vated in liver, spleen and brainwhile their levels were reduced inserum of rat infected withT.gondii. They concluded thattrace elements are essential forlymphocyte activity in the tissues.

Finally, this study indicated thata great deal of attention must

be given to control the protozoandiseases and analyze the underground water before allowing ruralpopulations to use it and to avoidgreat economic losses in produc-tivity in these animals.

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اإلصـابة ببـعض األولیــات وتأثیـرھا على التغیــرات البیوكیمیائیة في نســــبة الماعز في مناطق القاھرة ومرسىمطـروح والوادي الجدیــد

أحمد محمد ،*محمدمحمــد عبد الرحـمن ، *المنیـاويمحمدســــھیر ****سمیرة أحمد سنوسي، **كمالمحمدعزة ، ***إبراھیم

-معھد بحوث صحة الحیوان، قسم الكیمیاء**، قسم الطفیلیات*الدقي -وزارة الزراعة-مركز البحوث الزراعیة

معمل الوادي الجدید****، معمل مطروح***

الملخص العربى٣٠٠

٠القـاھرة ومطروح والوادي الجدیــد

٠التغیــرات البیوكیمیـــائیـــھ في مصـــل الحیوانـات المصــــابھ ائج على وجـــود ـ ـ ٩وقد دلت النت

٠٠وجــــود أجســــام مضــاده لطـفیـــل التوكســــوبالزما في مصــل ھذه الحیوانات

٠والمعــادن الثقیلـــھ وكــذلك الیوریــا والكریاتینین

٠للحــــیوانــــات

:المحكمونجامعة القاھرة–كلیة الطب البیطرى –أستاذ الطفیلیات حسین عمر. د.أ

جامعة القاھرة–كلیة الطب البیطرى –أستاذ الطفیلیات وحید على موسى. د.أ

Documents

Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 1 ... · Aal***, Azza M. Kamal**and Samira A.Snousi**** *Parasitology **Chemistry Dept., Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki,

Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 1 ... · Aal*, Azza M. Kamaland Samira A.Snousi**** *Parasitology **Chemistry Dept., Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki,