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Ancients we will cover: Egypt Greece Rome Ancients we will not cover: The Dawn of Man (“cave men”) Crete / Minoan Mesopotamia Mycanae Etrusca Hittite Empire Assyria Babylonia
“You’re never going to find 2 Egyptologists who agree on this period.”
—Nicholas Reeves
“The minute you begin to write about those people, you begin to write fiction.”
—Barry Kemp
www.modahtravel.com
EGYPT 4000BCE - 31CE (date Roman armies conquered)
30 dynasties (little or no change until 18th dynasty)
Influential People • Cleopatra • Hatshepsut (considered the "Queen Elizabeth" of Egypt) • Akhenaton and Nefertiti (1st to use the term Pharaoh) • Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty) • Ramses II - 1301 BCE
Numerous geographic advantages: • Located where 2 rivers meet • Nile very predictable good for planting (good black soil) • Many ores metals, and stones in earth (more gold than any country on earth) • Surrounded by desert (safety from intruders)
Events/ Dates • 4400-3200BC--- Pre-dynastic period • 3100BC--- Upper and Lower Egypt
united • 3200-2200BC--- Ancient Kingdom
(I-X) • 2100-1600BC--- Middle Kingdom
(XI-XVII) • 1600-332BC--- New Empire
(XVIII-XXX) Most Representative Statements
of Period • Most consistent culture in history • One of the cleanest (hygiene)
cultures in history
Discoveries/ Inventions • Hieroglyphics • Writing Material (Papyrus) • 365-day Calendar • Art and Literature • Surgery • Embalming/ Mummification • Beer (most popular beverage) • The Ramp and the Lever • Contraceptives • Geometry • More precious ores than any other
country • Farming major form of employment
Everyday Life/ Society Family unit important Women had options Upper Classes Royalty and Nobles Artisans, Craftsman, and Merchants Lower Classes Workers Slaves Other Priests Army
Philosophy Religion & gods took part in every human activity from birth to death King was god Extremely interested in the quality of life and death: Pyramids to ensure ”comfort” on the ”other side” Recorded everyday habits on walls of tombs Extremely advanced embalming techniques
Egyptian Codes and mysteries Left messages behind Symbolism and deeper meaning behind many things
VISUAL STYLE Architecture • Pyramids and Temples Cheaops c.2500BC Giza c.2560BC Luxor c.1375BC Colors • White • Gold • Natural ores: lapis lazuli, turquoise, coral, onyx, sardonyx • disliked red Motifs • Lotus • Papyrus
• Animals
Tutankhamun on a Lotus, ca. 1354 BC. The Tutankhamun Collection
Tutankhamun’s burial mask Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt
French fashion plate from 1922 showing the influence of the Carter discovery on aesthetics
1977: Lines waiting out side of the City of New Orleans Museum for the “Treasures of Tutankhamen” Exhibit
Scarab (Beetle) A Common Motif
Pectoral of Kheper Scarab The Tutankhamun Exhibit
Scarab Bracelet The Tutankhamun Exhibit
Scarab Hieroglyphic Temple of Karnak Photo by Janet Kass
Taken from website: imagesofanthropology.com
Amenemipet’s openwork pectoral of Isis and Nephtys with a scarab Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse
AESTHETICS • Admired clean pure refined lines. • Believed compatibility necessary within all forms.
including art, architecture, furniture, clothing etc. • Nakedness considered beautiful. • White, which was then combined with the natural earth colors of ore, turquoise, coral, lapis lazuli and gold etc, was the unified color system (more gold than any
other country in the world). • Importance of maintaining the line of the human body (only foreigners depicted as fat)--although idealized in art, the
Egyptian figure was quite slender and most Egyptians were in good shape.
• Mummies have been found padded with sawdust to insure life after death with a good figure.
Indications of the ideal body proportions in Egyptian art “In both art and architecture the ancient Egyptians favored the rectilinear geometric outline” touregypt.net
Foreigners were often depicted as fat or at least Very different from the Egyptian ideal
Relief depicting the rulers of Punt in the Temple of Hatshepsut
FABRICS
• Linen most commonly used fiber • Made from flax, difficult to grow • Could weave extremely fine and sheer • Generally a plain weave • Eventually crimped fibers • Some wool worn as outer wear • Garments were layered, and often had more sheer layers
over
Painting on stucco in tomb of Sennedjem Deir el Medina, West Thebes, 19th Dynasty. Shows Sennedjem and his wife Iynefert ploughing and reaping flax and wheat in the mythical fields of Inru.
Flax
http://www.musee-des-tissus.com/en/02_02/col01/tis01/ima.gif
This rare linen tunic is from the Middle Empire c 2000-1960 BC. It is in 3 pieces, pleated, and probably never worn. No representations of this kind of tunic have been found in extant Egyptian art. This item is in the collection at Lyon, an identical tunic is exhibited at the Louvre. Condensed from text on website of Musees des Tissus in Lyon
Fish Tapestry Antinoe Middle Egypt 2d-3d century AD This is a well-preserved and incomplete example of a textile that is exceptional because it is such a huge fragment. (Another fragment is in the Louvre) Condensed from the text on the website Musees des Tissus at Lyon
Textile Fragments
In the collection of extant fabric (all CE) From Musees des Tissus et des Arts Decoratifs
de Lyon
New Discovery 2009
Four thousand years ago Egyptians had mastered the process of making madder, a red dye, according to a researcher who uncovered the earliest known example of the color still used today. Refining a technique that allows the study of microscopic bits of pigment, Marco Leona of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was able to analyze the color of a fragment of leather from an ancient Egyptian quiver. The discovery that the color was madder is the earliest evidence for the complex chemical knowledge needed to extract the dye from a plant and turn it into a pigment, Leona reports in Tuesday's edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. ***The find is some 700 years earlier than any previously known use of madder. By Randolph E. Schmid for AP
On a side note………..
WIGS
• Commonly worn by men and women. • Often worn over shaved head. • Generally blunt cut and pyramidal in shape. • Generally had bangs • Could be very elaborate • Cakes of fragrant oil often set on top • Pharaohs wore false beard known a POSTICHE (Hatshepsut reported
to have worn, also) • Men grew beards only in mourning.
The canopic jars of Pharaoh Tutankhamun The Tutankhamun Exhibit
The Sphinx
Note the “thickness” Of the “wig” shape
Earrings and Headdress in gold, turquoises, faience and carnelians, from the tomb of the Three Ladies Thebes, 18th dynasty. The Huntley Bequest, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books
MAKEUP
• Commonly worn by men and women • Full body makeup common (earth colored) • Elongated eye achieved through KOHL • Women sometimes painted nipples gold • Varicose veins considered beautiful - would darken
the blue/green--especially on breasts
ACCESSORIES • Jewelry worn extensively by both men and women. • Jewelry was very elaborate and intricately crafted. • Jewelry commonly worn at "edges”. • The 2 most common necklace shapes were the traditional
rounded collar (USEKH) and the PECTORAL which was trapezoidal in shape and often depicted an event.
• Egyptians commonly went barefoot but some sandals were worn.
• Headdresses - were often elaborate, and depicted location. • Khat - Scarf (pyramidal-shaped)
http://www.touregypt.nefeaturestories/beauty6.jpg Bust of Nefertiti
1345BC Egyptian Museum of
Berlin
Limestone relief The Royal Tomb at Amarna
Archaeologists discovered seven shoes, that appear to be made out of bovine, within a jar in an Egyptian temple. The shoes date back more than 2,000 years and this picture shows the inside of the jar before the shoes were removed.
Footwear Mostly barefoot, but some
leather and straw
on a side note……………………………
World’s Oldest Shoe Discovered Preserved in Sheep Dung The size 7-woman's leather lace-up moccasin, with straw padding, could have been worn by a farmer. THE GIST * A 5,500-year-old shoe was found in a cool, dry cave in Armenia. * The right-footed moccasin was buried in sheep dung, which likely helped preserve it. * The shoe is roughly the size of an American size 7 woman's shoe. Discovery.com
From Tut 18th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo
Vulture Collar
Gold uraeus of Senusert II 12th dynasty, Egypt
CLOTHING
• In addition to the animal skins, jewelry, wigs, and shoes—there were many fabric drape variations in Ancient Egypt. I have divided them into 3 distinct categories:
• SCHENTI • PROCARDIUM • KALASIRIS
Wall painting in Tutankhamen’s Tomb heritage-key.com
SCHENTI (Shendot)
• (also called loincloth and kilt)--a rectangular loincloth worn by men only. It was wrapped around and under the body similarly to a diaper. There was much variety in wrapping techniques, and the length and width varied greatly. These were generally girdled at the waist and some later ones had the triangular girdle end that could be stiffened and decorated. When these were worn, the man was generally naked above the waist save jewelry, etc.
• Distinctively, they tend to ride higher at the back waist and dip at the Center Front (you can really see this in a “side view”).
PROCARDIUM
• a long rectangular sheath which fit the wearer snugly
• worn by both men and women. It could vary in length and size and often had a strap, particularly when worn by women. This strap (or straps) provided tremendous variety, the single diagonal one is quite common. On women, the top of the garment often fell below the nipple line therefore exposing the breast. These could be worn in layers.
King Horemheb before the Goddess Hathor Wall painting in the Tomb of Horemheb
c.a. 1348 – 1320 B.C.E.
Maidservant carrying vases. White sheath is covered with net, which probably was multi-colored cut leather. Batterberry
KALASIRIS
• a rectangle twice the length of the wearer with a slit for the head. It was generally fairly wide so when one put it on and girdled it, a natural sleeve was formed, and it could hang open at the side. This was primarily worn by women and could be worn in conjunction with either of the other two types of drapes.
Wall painting of the hired mourners c. 1411-1375 B.C.E.
The Tomb of Ramose, Valley of the Nobles, Egypt
Prince Rahotep and Nofret Ca. 2160 B.C.E.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Known as “The Last Pharoah”
Statue of Ptah, god of artists and craftsmen
(Tutankhamen Exhibit)
Tutankhamun Shawabty Figure
Carved wood coated with gesso and gilded. The god is wrapped in a feather- patterned garment with details in bronze and gold. He weras a wide collar, and his skull cap is dark blue faience, the eyes and eyebrows are inlaid glass. He holds a scepter with both hands
A necklace of Ahhotep decorated with three gold flies Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse
Necklace with a pendant depicting the symbol of the god Nekhbet, from
Tutankhamen’s treasure, Egyptian, 18th
dynasty.
Large collar with pectoral in gold, faience and cornelian, from Tutankhamen’s treasure, Egyptian, 18th dynasty.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Gregorietti, Guido Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books
Ramses 11’s modern journey…
19th dynasty (approx 1400 BCE)…..Ramses 11 is known as the Warrior King and ruled for 60 yrs. During this time, a statue is erected at
approx 36 ft tall and weighing 82 tons.
Photograph from 1955 of statue being transported
(was cut into 5 pieces!)
in 1955 ……The statue was placed in the square in Cairo
Campbell logger story
www.touregypt.net
www.arabworldbooks.com
In August 2006 …..It was determined that pollution was causing the statue to deteriorate rapidly so it was moved to a new location in the desert on the Cairo-
Alexandria road. A park giving the statue it’s visual “due” is planned to open in 2013
2006….. A plan was hatched to move the statue to a new location in the desert on the Cairo-Alexandria road. It was to be at the location of a “grand” museum planned
on the Giza Plateau that lines up with the pyramids. A park giving the statue it’s visual “due” along with the (nearly 800 million dollar) GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM is
planned to open in 2012, oops-2013, oops- 2014, oops-2015….
The adventure began before dawn…
More info at: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ramsessquare.htm
www.egiptologia.com www.egy.com
When Ramses moved to the square in 1955, the statue was cut into 8 sections. This time, they decided to leave him intact, so a large scaffolding was built around him. He was then loaded on to a specially designed flatbed truck. The journey of 35 kilometers took 10 hours. An atmosphere of celebration ensued, as thousands of citizens lined the streets to bid Ramses farewell as he paraded to his new location.
A magnificent necklace belonging to Psusennes I Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse