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2000 - 2010 European Geoparks2000 - 2010 European Geoparks

10 Years of Innovation10 Years of Innovation

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This edition of the European Geoparks Network Magazine cele-brates the first ten years of the Network's existence and thedevelopment and expansion of the Geoparks concept, both with-in Europe and other parts of the world. It provides an overviewof the range of activities and achievements in education, region-al development, research, tourism and geotourism. Other activi-ties such as the European Geoparks Week, the VIII EuropeanGeoparks Conference, The International Intensive Course onGeoparks and new developments within individual geoparks arealso highlighted. Two new members, Geopark Shetland, UK andChelmos-Vouraikos Geopark, Greece provide articles whichdescribe the attributes of their territories.Activities within the European Geoparks Network (EGN) in 2009include the highly successful "European Geoparks Week" whichhas become such a popular European-wide event that severalgeoparks have extended this festivity over two weeks to cele-brate the day to day activities of geoparks and encourage partic-ipants to appreciate nature and the geoheritage within their ter-ritories.The 8th European Geoparks Conference was hosted by theNaturtejo Geopark, Portugal from 14 -16 September 2009. Theconference focussed on New Challenges With Geotourism andthe conference proceedings are available online and as a publica-tion. This successful conference was attended by over 200 par-ticipants representing 34 countries from almost all continents. The International Intensive Course on Geoparks held in theLesvos Petrified Forest Geopark, Greece is now a successfulannual event which introduces participants to the nature, activi-ties and management of geoparks. The history of UNESCO/s role in the development of theEuropean Geoparks Network and the foundation of the GlobalGeoparks Network (GGN) are also in focus, and emphasize thestrong relationship and continued cooperation between the mem-bers of this network and global partners in assisting UNESCO toextend the geoparks concept to all parts of the world.The roles of European Geoparks in education, regional develop-ment, research, geotourism and geo-education are presented infour articles. They emphasize how geoparks can contribute tothese major activities by sharing good practice and by cooperat-ing with their local communities. They also demonstrate howthese interrelated activities can contribute to regional develop-ment by increasing visitor numbers through the creation ofenjoyable and memorable experiences in which informationabout a territory is communicated in a variety of ways such asgeotrails, cycle routes, exhibitions, as well as active visitor serv-ice and guidance. Ongoing scientific research ensures that geop-arks will continue to progress in their roles as active centres forproviding holistic views of Earth history and for raising awarenessof the need to protect and conserve the natural and cultural envi-ronment. The various approaches and tools for geo-educationshow, how Geoparks can create awareness, knowledge and fas-cination for our planet and for the necessity to protect our envi-ronment for future generations.Three additional contributions focus on an interactive geoguidesystem (Reserve Geologique de Haute Provence) the needs ofvisually impaired children and students (Geopark BohemianParadise), and describes a new educational programme whichintroduces schoolchildren to the nature, causes and effects ofearthquakes (Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark). The expansion of the European Geoparks Network and theincreasing number of new applications provide clear evidence ofthe success of the geoparks concept. However, the exciting newopportunities created by continued growth also present theNetwork with a significant challenge in the coming years.

Tony Ramsay, Member of the Editorial Board

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EuropeanGeoparksNetworkMagazine

Issue No 7 / 2010

Published by:Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Foreston behalf of the European Geoparks Network

Executive editor:Nickolas Zouros

Editorial board: Heinz KollmannTony RamsayJutta WeberNickolas Zouros

Contributors:Sylvie Giraud,Sita Hughson,Patrick J. Mc Keever, Heinz Kollmann,Margarete Patzak,Tony Ramsay,Tomas Ridkosil,Nikos Topouzidis,Jutta Weber,Nickolas Zouros

Editing: Tony RamsayPublication manager: Antonis GeorgiouPrint:Epikinonia S.ACover photo:Sobrarbe Geopark, SpainCopyright: The magazineand all the contributions andillustrations contained thereinare protected by copy-right.No part of this magazine maybe copied or reproduced with-out the written approval ofthe publishers. This alsoincludes commercial repro-duction as an electronic database and copying on cd rom.c 2010

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04 The European Geoparks Week 2009The European Geoparks Fortnight2009

05 VIII European Geoparks Conference Geoparks: New Challenges withGeotourism

08 4th International Intensive Courseon GeoparksEvaluating Earth HeritageManagement

10 The UNESCO Global GeoparksNetwork

14 Education in European Geoparks

18 Regional Development in EuropeanGeoparks

22 Research in European Geoparks

26 European Geoparks: Destinations forTourism & Geotourism

30 Using a Geo-Guide to discover theNatural Geological Reserve ofHaute-Provence

31 Bohemian Paradise Geoparkfor sightless visitors

32 Earthquake simulation & seismichazard protection

33 Geopark Shetland

34 Chelmos - Vouraikos Geopark

35 European Geoparks NetworkCharter

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GEOPARKS calendar

28 September - 5 October 2010Greece26th European Geoparks Meeting 20109th European Geoparks Conference Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark

2010 - Brazil1st Latin American Geoparks MeetingAraripe Geopark

March 2011 - Wales27th European Geoparks Meeting 2011Fforest Fawr Geopark

2011 China5th International symposioum onDevelopment with in Geoparks

September 2011 - Norway28th European Geoparks Meeting 2011

10th European Geoparks Conference Gea Norvegica Geopark

May 2012 - Japan5th International Conference onGeoparks UNESCO Unzen Geopark

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In 2009 EuropeanGeoparks dedicated twoweeks with numerous out-standing events designedto celebrate the day to dayactivities of geoparks andto encourage the appreci-ation of nature. 'EuropeanGeoparks Week', initiated

in 2005, was graduallyextended to include a fort-night of activities. Lastyear proved to be themost successful year sofar, and the total number

of visitors to the variousgeoparks increased from37, 500 in 2008 to approx-imately 63,000 in 2009. The activities offered bythe participating geoparksdid not focus on geologyalone. Events combininggeoheritage with naturalhistory and other regional-ly specific traditionsincluding sport, local foodand music were extremelypopular.Themed events involvingcaves and undergroundactivities were particularlywell attended, as were anumber of activitiesfocussing on environmen-tal education for childrenand students. However,the wide range of exhibi-

tions organized by individ-ual geoparks attracted byfar the highest number ofvisitors. During GeoparksFortnight, the 441 trans-European events includedexcursions, lectures,evening entertainmentand exhibitions. Publicityfor these events included245 press releases, includ-ing radio and TV broad-casts, and the distributionof 143,275 flyers,brochures, and posters.To sum up, it is clear that"Geoparks Fortnight" isfast becoming one of themost popular European-wide events for the pro-motion of nature and theenvironment.

The European GeoparksFortnight 2009

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European geo-heritage in all facets

The European Geoparks Week 2009

Exhibition atPalazzoGervinaVisitorCenter,BeiguaGeopark,Italy

A Fossil work-shop for children,SierraSubbeticasGeopark,Spain

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New Challenges with Geotourism

The 8th EuropeanGeoparks Conference washosted in the CentroCultural Raiano of Idanha-a-Nova town in NaturtejoGeopark, Portugal. Idanha-a- Nova is a small agricul-tural town, noted for itselegant 18th and 19thCentury palaces and manorhouses, is a short driveaway from the unique andpretty village of Monsantoconsisting of a group ofgranite houses and aprominent castle. Duringthe planning phase it wasdecided that since geop-arks are pioneers andadvocates for geotourismaiming to provide highquality destinations forgeotourists, the 8th

European GeoparksConference should focuson New Challenges WithGeotourism. The confer-ence was attended by over200 participants represent-ing 34 countries from allcontinents except Africa.Delegates were welcomed

by the Regional Tourismbody of the Centre Region,the National Commissionfor UNESCO and theMinistry for Foreign Affairs.Coverage of the conferencewas provided by thenational media and BeiraTv. the regional web TV.The conference focussedon seven themes.Contributions to the ses-sion on Geoparks andTourism covered a range ofsubjects, including educa-tional programmes andtourism development, the

promotion of sustainabletourism, and the use ofgeotrails and water in geo-tourism. This session alsoconsidered the importanceof creating memorableexperiences for visitors togeoparks, and the need toencourage participation byadolescents and local peo-ple in the activities of theirgeopark. The use ofGoogle software to createa virtual geopark demon-strated an innovativeapproach for providing dis-abled people with a geop-

Portugal 12th -18th September 2009

VIII European Geoparks Conference

Margarete Patzak(UNESCO) contributing tothe openingspeeches of the 8th

EuropeanGeoparksConference.

Armindo Jacinto,chairman ofNaturtejoGeopark pres-ents the symbolic"Adufes" to theArouca Geopark,Portugal andGeoMon,Geopark Waleswhich were welcomed asnew members ofthe EGN

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ark experience. The neces-sity for a carefully consid-ered action plan in thedevelopment of a geoparkwas also highlighted. Thesession Geotourism andLocal Development includ-ed talks on geotourismdevelopment within indi-vidual geoparks, the pro-duction of geoproductsand the development ofinterpretation facilitiesincluding audio guides.The need to involve com-munities in establishinggeoparks and how localpeople can contribute asambassadors for the globalnetwork of geoparks wasalso emphasized. Talksdelivered in the session onGeoparks and Science cov-ered a variety of subjects.These included geodiversi-ty as a basis for geoconser-vation and geotourism,communicating the storyof climate and man, andthe application of scientificresearch in geoparks toencourage geotourism andfor raising public aware-ness of the nature andcauses of seismic activity.The presentation by theaspirant Azores geoparkconsidered the role of vol-canic and tectonic activityat the triple junctionbetween the North

American, Eurasian andAfrican plates in the cre-ation of the geological her-itage of this territory. Theoccurrence and importanceof geosites and fossils as ascientific and educationalresources and the role ofgeoparks in scientific edu-cation were also discussedin this session. The session devoted toGeoconservation BestPractices and Wrong Waysfocussed on strategies forgeoconservation and sus-tainable development, thequantitative assessment ofgeotopes, the conservationof a territory's geological,mining and palaeontologi-cal heritage and the threatposed by quarrying urani-um ore in NaturtejoGeopark. This session alsohighlighted the contribu-

tion of geoparks to geo-sciences and environmen-tal education. A sessiondedicated to MarketingStrategies for a StrongEGN Brand emphasized therigorous proceduresinvolved in the EGN revali-dation process for creatinga strong brand for geop-arks. The importance ofcommunity involvement indeveloping sustainabletourism products and therole of publications in mar-keting global geoparks wasalso discussed. In the ses-sion involving Man andNature: Culture andLandscapes, contributionsincluded talks concernedwith communicating therelationships between manand nature, the relation-ships between culturallandscapes and livelihoods,oral "traditional" storiesfrom the Araripe BasinGeopark, Brazil and thepresentation of geologicalhistory through pictures,poems and performance.The cooperative project,Dialogues between Manand Earth, between twoEGN Geoparks demonstrat-ed how " ordinary" manu-factured objects can beused in an exhibition toreveal the Man-Earth rela-tionship. Presentations byprospective geoparks inthe session New Geoparksand their Tutors are evi-dence of the success of the

ArmindoJacinto, chairman ofthe NaturtejoGeopark, presents thesymbolic"Adufes" musicalinstrument toAroucaGeopark,Portugal, andGeoMon,GeoparkWales whichwere welcomed asnew membersof the EGN

The ice breakerout-of-doors

dinner involvedconference

delegates in aninteractive theatrical

performance

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geoparks movement whichwas initiated only ten yearsago. Delegates fromPortugal, Brazil, Estonia,Finland, Spain, Turkey andVenezuela presentedpapers showing how therespective geological her-itage and tourism activitiesin their prospective geop-arks fulfilled the necessaryrequirements for inclusionin the European and GlobalGeoparks networks. Thetrans-national Novohrad-Nograd Geopark initiativeinvolving Hungary andSlovakia provided a superbexample of countries coop-erating for their mutualbenefit. The keynotespeakers Nikolaos Zourosand Patrick McKeevershared their knowledgeabout the EGN and activi-ties within geoparks. RossDowling discussed thedevelopment, nature, chal-lenges and future of geot-ourism and Jose Brilha pre-sented an overview of thestatus of geoparks withinthe context of the geologi-cal heritage and geocon-servation in Portugal.Margarete Patzak closedthe conference with a pres-entation of UNESCO's per-spective on geoparks. Theinclusion of an article Fromthe Geotourist's Point ofView, written by sixteenyears old Patricia Santos,describing a young per-son's response as a geot-ourist in Naturtejo Geopark

is a welcome addition tothe approximately 90 arti-cles contributed to the con-ference proceedings byspecialists. The publishedproceedings of the 8th

European Geoparks Con-ference New ChallengesWith Geotourism provide abenchmark for aspiringgeoparks and other territo-ries engaged in geotourismactivities.The out -of -doors openingdinner with panoramicviews of the IchnologicalPark of Penha Garcia madethe participants feel wel-come and gave them theopportunity to introducethemselves in convivialsurroundings. On the sec-ond night delegates wereentertained by the fasci-nating sounds of LuisaAmaro and the AdufeWomen Players. At this

event Naturtejo Geoparkpresented the new geop-arks GeoMon Geopark,Wales and AroucaGeopark, Portugal withpersonalized "Adufe" musi-cal instruments which arethe symbol of Idanha-a-Nova, the heart ofNaturtejo Geopark. Twofour -day conferenceexcursions provided partic-ipants with the choice ofeither exploring thePortugese Naturtejo andArouca Geoparks or discov-ering the best monumentsin the Naturtejo Geopark.Associated conferenceevents included the 1stEuropean Geoparks Fairwhich successfully pre-sented many of theEuropean Geoparks toover 20, 000 visitors. TheNature Tourism Businessmeeting involved discus-sions between Portugeseand Spanish tour opera-tors, the staff of NaturtejoGeopark and the Idanha-aNova Management Schoolconcerning the possibilityof developing businesseswith other geoparks. Thearound- the- clock IdanhaFilm and Internet Festivalintroduced the local peo-ple to geoparks and toenvironmentally relatedissues.

Visitors learnabout theGeological mining Park ofSardinia at the1st EuropeanGeoparks Fairin Idanha-a-Nova

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The Geography Department of the University of theAegean and the Natural History Museum of the LesvosPetrified Forest invite you to participate in the intensivecourse on Evaluating Earth Heritage Management whichwill be held parallel to the 9th European GeoparksConference and will involve a variety of lectures, work-shops and fieldtrips. This intensive course is co-organized by the GlobalGeoparks Network and the European Geoparks Network.

ParticipantsInvited to participate in the course are:

geopark staff members (with a university degree)post graduate students working on topics related with geoconservation, environmental education, geotourism, geopark management, geoscientists interested in geoparks

Participants have to submitt application form, accompa-nied by a short CV and an abstract for their presentation.

Information

Intensive Course on Geoparks 2010Language: EnglishParticipation: 20-30 participantsPatronage: UNESCOVenue: University of the Aegean - Department ofGeography, MytileneNatural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Scient. direction: As. Prof. Nickolas Zouros, University of theAegean

Registration Fee: 250 €Early Registration: 200 € (Before July 31)The fee includes the 9th Geoparks Conference fee and les-sons by international staff, the European Geoparks book,didactic material, course field trips and field trip meals.

Accommodation and Meals: 300 € (6 nights in a doubleroom in a hotel and 2 meals daily).

Contact Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark: www.petrifiedforest.grNatural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest:www.lesvosmuseum.grTel. Fax: +30 22510 47033Email: lesvos2010@hotmail.com

Evaluating Earth Heritage Management

4th International Intensive Course on Geoparks

Evaluating Earth Heritage Management1-6 October 2010 - Lesvos, Greece

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2000 - 220102000 - 22010

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Thirty seven European Geoparks working

together on the conservation and the

appreciation of their geological heritage for

sustainable territorial development, are

pleased to welcome you.

We hope that you will enjoy a visit.

European Geoparks Network

European Geoparks Network

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Today, at the start of the21st century we can lookback over a century thathas seen enormousadvances in our under-standing of how our planetfunctions. While we mightstill be unable to predictexactly when an earthquakewill happen or preciselywhen a volcano will erupt,we know why these phe-nomena occur. We knowhow and why mountainranges are formed and weknow how the very face ofour planet changes overmillions of years as the tec-tonic plates of the Earth'scrust continue their relent-less move over the surfaceof the planet. But it wasn'talways like this. For cen-turies, people had no clearunderstanding of Earthprocesses. Nevertheless,people were in awe of theirlandscape and of the plan-et's natural phenomena andstories, myths and legendsarose to help explain them.We, as geoscientists, nowhave explanations for allthese phenomena.However, perhaps we

should ask ourselves howsuccessful are we at sharingthis knowledge with thosewith no formal geologicaltraining? Moreover, howgood are we at preservingthese phenomena and spe-cial landscapes for futuregenerations. Many peopletoday still ask the samequestions our ancestors oflong ago asked. Yet, allacross our planets we haveplaces where the amazingstory of our planet can betold to the non-specialistwithout the need for theuse of the esoteric lan-guage so often employedby geoscientists. Moreoverthese places should be con-served for the future. But itshould not be our aim toconserve them in a sterileway where only the geosci-entist can visit, it should beour aim to conserve in away that the local commu-nities can take ownership ofthese places and wherethey can feel that theseplaces contribute positivelyto their everyday lives.Local communities acrossEurope, China and increas-ingly other parts of theworld, are beginning torealise that their geologicalheritage can provide asource of sustainable eco-nomic benefit to their area.Rather than exploit this her-itage in the non-renewablefashion of the past, there isan opportunity to manage itin a way that conserves itfor the future through thedevelopment of geotourism.This form of sustainableeconomic development hasthe potential to directlyimpact on those rural areas

that have suffered fromeconomic stagnation ordemographic decline. Butwhy should geoscientists beinvolved in such activities?In simple terms, we have todemonstrate to the widerpublic the relevance of geo-logical science in the 21st

Century. We have to re-build the bridge betweenour knowledge of the Earth,it's history and it's land-scape and the total depend-ence of modern societyupon Earth's naturalresources, a link that wasknown to generations past.

The Geopark Concept

In June 2000 representa-tives of four European terri-tories, which had separatelybeen promoting geologicalconservation and sustain-able development, cametogether in Greece to dis-cuss their common socio-economic problems (stag-nant economic develop-ment, high unemployment,rural depopulation and theageing of the remainingpopulation) and how to

The UNESCO GlobalGeoparks Network

Geoparks havebecome popular

tourist destinations in

China. A crowded viewpoint at the top

of MountHuangshan

Global Geopark

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A EuropeanGeoparkInformation corner at the visitor 's centre of theSubbeticasEuropean andGlobalGeopark, Spain

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address these problemsthrough the protection ofgeological heritage and thepromotion of geologicaltourism. The result was thesigning of a conventiondeclaring the creation of theEuropean GeoparksNetwork. The purpose ofthis new designation was toprovide a network withinwhich to share informationand expertise, and to definecommon tools for address-ing these issues.In November 2000, the fourmembers of the new net-work, Reserve Geologiquede Haute-Provence(France), Lesvos PetrifiedForest (Greece),Maestrazgo Cultural Park(Spain), and Vulkaneifel(Germany) invited interest-ed regions and organisa-tions from across Europe tojoin them in learning moreabout geoparks and toapply for membership ofthe new network. From itsformal beginnings in June2000, the EuropeanGeoparks Network grewrapidly and successfully.One of the key early suc-cesses for the EuropeanGeoparks Network was thesigning of an official agree-ment of collaboration withUNESCO (the then Divisionof Earth Sciences) in April2001 which placed the newnetwork under the auspicesof UNESCO, thereby con-firming the network'simportant contributions toconservation and sustain-able development issues inEurope. Since then,UNESCO has played an

important role in the devel-opment of the EuropeanGeoparks Network and hasused the European modelas the one to follow as theyrolled out their GlobalGeoparks Network1.

The Global GeoparksNetwork

At a meeting in the UNESCOheadquarters in Paris inFebruary 2004 representa-tives from the scientificboard of the InternationalGeoscience Programme, theInternational GeographicalUnion and the InternationalUnion of GeologicalSciences along with interna-tional experts on geologicalheritage, conservation andpromotion agreed to theestablishment of a "GlobalNetwork of NationalGeoparks (GGN) under theauspices of UNESCO." Thisdecision was endorsed bythe 1st InternationalGeoparks Conference,Beijing, China, 2004. Threegoals were established forthe new global network, i.e.conserving a healthy envi-ronment, education aboutEarth Sciences to the widerpublic and fostering sus-tainable local economicdevelopment. Currently(May 2010) the GGN com-prises 66 members in 19nations including 37 inEurope, 22 in China, 3 inJapan and one each inAustralia, Brazil, Iran andMalaysia.But what actually is aGeopark? As specified in theoperational guidelines, a

Geopark is not just a collec-tion of geological sites, butis a territory with a particu-lar geological heritage ofinternational significanceand with a sustainable terri-torial developmentstrategy2. It must haveclearly defined boundariesand a sufficient area toallow for true territorial eco-nomic development, prima-rily through tourism.Geological sites must be ofinternational importance interms of their scientificquality, rarity, aestheticappeal and education value.Sites cannot only be relatedto geology but also toarchaeology, ecology, histo-ry and culture. All thesesites in the geopark mustbe linked in a network andconstitute thematic parkswith routes, trails and rocksections that can benefitfrom protection and man-agement measures. Typical activities in a GlobalGeopark include the devel-opment of walking andcycling trails, the training oflocal people to act asguides, education courses,provision of information sig-nage and the developmentof modern museums andvisitor centres. The ulti-mate aim of a GlobalGeopark is to bringenhanced employmentopportunities for the people

A group on ageological walking routewithinthe ReserveGeologique deHaute-ProvenceEuropeanGeopark visitingthe in-siteremains of a fossilisedichthyosaur

Geoparks organize

activities toenhance public

awareness ongeodynamic

processes andnatural hazards.

In Lesvos geopark education-

al activity on volcanoes

includes on lineconnection with

eruptingEyjafjallajokull

in Iceland

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who live there. Theseopportunities are now beingrealised right across theexpanding network but theyare being created in associ-ation with the conservationof the geological heritage ofthe geoparks. But this con-servation is not of therestrictive type. Geoparksuse a holistic approach toconservation where allaspects of a geopark's nat-ural and cultural heritageare valued, conserved andpromoted under the geop-ark label. Geoconservationis implicitly expressed with-in the operational guide-lines of the Global GeoparksNetwork through the strongstatement that no destruc-tion or sale of the geologi-cal value of a GlobalGeopark maybe be tolerat-ed, except for scientific oreducational purposes.Furthermore, a Geoparkhas to develop and enhancemethods and tools for thepreservation and conserva-tion of geological heritage,as well as to support anddevelop scientific researchrelated to the various disci-plines of the EarthSciences. Education andtraining on the natural andgeological environmentcomes as a direct conse-quence of conservation

strategies and aims to pro-mote knowledge and valueof geological heritage, out-lining the concept of geodi-versity in the territory.Sustainable development isconsidered as an essentialpractice for economicdevelopment in the territoryand for the strengthening ofthe management structureand, therefore, for theGeopark itself. Geologicalheritage is evaluated andconsidered from the inhabi-tants' perspective, presenceand needs. The contributionof the Geopark is thus seenthrough the enhancementand promotion of a certainimage related to the geo-logical heritage and thedevelopment of tourismwith related actions. Thisshould have a direct impacton the territory influencingits inhabitants' living condi-tions and environment, lead

to a revalidation of the val-ues of the territory's her-itage and enforce activeparticipation in the territo-ry's cultural revitalization asa whole. Finally, and cru-cially, a Global Geopark hasto work within the networkfor it's further expansionand cohesion, collaboratewith other geoparks andlocal enterprises for theachievement of it's objec-tives, create and promotenew by-products linked withgeological and cultural her-itage in the spirit of compli-mentarity with the otherGlobal Geoparks Networkmembers. In practise this ismostly achieved throughregional networks such asthe European GeoparksNetwork or the Asia-PacificGeoparks and GeoheritageNetwork (which was found-ed in November 2007).

The European GeoparksNetwork: Regional Cooperation

As mentioned above, theGlobal Geoparks Networkoperates primarily throughregional cooperation. Suchregional cooperation is bestexemplified by theEuropean GeoparksNetwork which has beenoperating for ten years.One of the stated aims ofthe European GeoparksNetwork is to exchangeideas and expertise on pro-moting geological aware-ness and sustainable devel-

An example of geoconservationfrom the LesvosPetrified Forest

European Geopark

Informationcenter withthe traditionalChinese architectureat MountHuangshanGlobalGeopark inChina

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opment. It is with this aimin mind that the membersmeet twice a year. The firstmeeting is open to every-one, members and non-members alike. The secondmeeting, the annual meet-ing, is only open to mem-bers of the network. Thesemeetings promote the useof common tools such asthe website (www.euro-peangeoparks.org ), maga-zines, displays, events butalso encourage members todevelop exchanges or proj-ects between smallergroups of geoparks. Once ayear all members partici-pate in European GeoparksWeek. This is a series ofcoordinated events (e.g.guided walks, talks, activi-ties for children) whichoccur during the same weekin all European Geoparks.This annual event is aimedat increasing public aware-ness about Earth science

issues in general and aboutbuilding awareness of theEuropean GeoparksNetwork and our greatshared geological heritage.Not only are members ofthe public in one geoparkinformed about activitiesoccurring there but they arealso made aware of the factthat they are part of a muchwider series of pan-European events.Transnational networkingand sharing of knowledgewill lead to new concepts,outputs and results for fur-ther integration on spatialplanning, transnationalenvironmental problemsand development issues.The creation of quality stan-dards for geoparks servicesand products is one of thekey aims of the network. Aspart of this, an evaluationprocess has been estab-lished that will try to meas-ure the level of quality ininfrastructure, services andsustainable management ineach member of the net-work. The process will berepeated every four yearsto ensure that the level ofquality remains of the high-est order. An evaluationdossier has been drawn upand the evaluation processoccurs in two parts. Firstly,the geopark subject to theevaluation completes a self-evaluation. This is followedby a visit and an evaluationby an independent referee.A geopark which fails toreach a certain quality level

in the evaluation processwill loose it's membership ofthe network. To date thishas happened to three for-mer members. The network continues toexpand, drawing in newexpertise and knowledgefrom all parts of Europe.Many new membershipapplications are pendingand members from acrossthe network are assistingthese territories in theirmembership bids to ensurethe overall high quality ofservices the network insistson is maintained. The net-work is still young and thecoming years will continueto be one of great chal-lenge. With the global part-ners in the Global GeoparksNetwork, the members willcontinue to assist UNESCOin bringing the geoparkconcept to all parts of theworld, especially to thedeveloping world wheresustainable tourism, suchas that developed withingeoparks, could lead to jobcreation in local rural com-munities for the benefitwithin these communities.

P. J. Mc Keever1N. Zouros2, M. Patzak3

References

Eder, F.W., 2004, The Global UNESCO Network ofGeoparks, in Zhao, X., Jiang, J., Dong, S., Li., & Zhao,T., eds, Proceedings of the First InternationalConference on Geoparks: Beijing, Geological PublishingHouse, pp1-3.Frey, M-L., Martini, G. & Zouros, N., 2001, EuropeanGeopark Charter, in Frey, M-L., ed:, European GeoparksMagazine. Issue 1 (2001), 28.Martini, G. & Zouros, N., 2001, European Geoparks: Geological Heritage & European Identity - Cooperationfor a Common Future, in Frey, M-L., ed:, EuropeanGeoparks Magazine. Issue 1 (2001), 4.Zouros, N. & Martini, G., 2003, Introduction to theEuropean Geoparks Network, in Zouros, N., Martini, G.,& Frey, M-L., eds, Proceedings of the 2nd EuropeanGeoparks Network Meeting: Lesvos, Natural HistoryMuseum of the Lesvos Petrifed Forest, pp. 17-21.

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1. Geological Survey of N. Ireland, Colby House,Stranmillis Court, Belfast, BT9 5BF, Ireland2. Department of Geography, Aegean University, Mytilene, GR-81100, Hellas3. UNESCO, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences,1 Rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Young dancersat Langawi

GlobalGeopark,Malaysia,

celebratingthe

InternationalGeopark Fair

Young stu-dents, localpeople andauthorities

celebrateArouca

Geoparkmembership

in theEuropeanGeoparks

Network, witha happening at

the centralsquare of

AroucaMunicipality in

Portugal, liberating

balloons withmessage to

the European citizens, inMay 2009

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Education inEuropeanGeoparksUnderstanding that theEarth, between its origin 4.5billion years ago and thepresent day, has beenchanging constantly can beboth fascinating and excitingespecially for people whoare relatively unfamiliar withthe geosciences. The posi-tions of continents, oceanbasins and mountainranges, the composition ofthe atmosphere, the globalclimate and the nature of lifeon Earth have all changedthrough time. Only physicalprocesses such as erosion,sediment transport and dep-osition by water, wind andice and the crystallisation ofminerals from molten rocksor salt saturated watershave always remained con-stant. Slow lateral (side-ways) movements of theplates which make up theEarth's hard outer shell trig-ger catastrophic earth-quakes which are some-times associated with devas-tating tidal waves (tsunami).Plate boundaries are alsothe sites of volcanic activity.News reports of catastro-phes arising from volcanic

eruptions, earthquakes andassociated tsunami showclearly that plate motionsare forces over which wehave no control. Thusunderstanding thesechanges and processes, thenature of landscapes, thecauses of global climatechange and our place andresponsibility in the dynamicand holistic system whichwe call Earth is a great edu-cational resource. Throughtheir communication skills,European Geoparks con-tribute to informal and for-mal education by sharingtheir accumulated scientific,historical and cultural knowl-edge, and ethical valueswith visitors of all ages. Inthe broadest sense, geop-arks are centres for informaleducation providing touristswith informative and enjoy-able experiences whichenhance their appreciationof geological history, theevolution of landscapes andthe relationship betweengeological resources, land-scapes, and cultural devel-opment. They also create anunderstanding of the needto manage and protect theenvironment and preservethe natural and geologicalheritage for future genera-tions. Geoparks also serveas outdoor laboratories forformal, traditional educationand research in which themain target groups areschoolchildren and universi-ty students1. Introducingeducation about the envi-ronment and geology intothe school curricula andoffering training pro-

grammes for teachers canenhance the transferableskills of individuals and thuscontribute directly and/orindirectly to their social andeconomic prospects. The informal communicationof knowledge is an activitycommon to all geoparks.Exhibitions in informationcentres and local museumsusually tell the story of theEarth's history and chroniclethe geoparks' geology, natu-ral history, archaeology andculture through panels, visu-al images and specimenswhich visitors can touch.These facilities are some-times accompanied by booksand leaflets. Terra. VitaGeopark, Germany2, forexample, reconciles theinterests of tourists and sci-entists by using the conceptof stage design for exhibi-tions in its InformationCentre. This Geopark is alsoinvestigating the potentialfor using the high-tech

Fig. 1. Visitors tothe Museum ofGeology in the

city of Apt,Luberon Geopark,

France, are introduced to life

in an Oligocenelandscape

between 34 and23 million years

ago

Fig. 2. HenllysVale with itslimekilns andthe HenllysVale Collierychimney is oneof the destinations inFforest FawrGeopark,Wales, for schoolchildrenand visitorswho wish tolearn about theGeopark's industrial andcultural history

Fig. 3.Schoolchildrenon a fieldtripto the thePorto FlaviaTunnel in theGeologicalMining Park ofSardinia, Italy

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treasure hunting game geo-caching as a new approachto encourage visitors tolearn about the landscape3.The exhibition area in theheadquarters of LuberonGeopark, France4 , enablesvisitors to appreciate itslandscape and geologicalhistory and to understandthe necessity for conservingthe Earth's heritage pre-served in rocks, fossils andminerals. Exhibitions in theMuseum of Geology in thecity of Apt combine fossilspecimens with pictures ofthe landscapes animals andplants for different geologi-cal time intervals (Fig. 1).By emphasizing and com-municating the fascinationtheir unique geological, nat-ural and cultural heritage,sometimes through adven-ture and fun, geoparksattract people of all agescreating an interest inenhancing their knowledgeand appreciation of the evo-lution of a territory and afeeling for their place withinthe vast space-time continu-um of nature's beautiful andmysterious system .Delivering this informationalso caters for geotourism, anew form of special interesttourism5. It includes thedesign of websites and theproduction of leaflets, guidebooks and panels interpret-ing geosites and the land-scape in which the geologyand other features are inter-

preted in language that isunderstandable to non-spe-cialists so that all visitorscan enhance their knowl-edge through onsite experi-ences. Visitors to geoparkscan also get a sense of thesignificance of geositeswithin a wider context byfollowing geotrails and read-ing easily understandablegeological maps in accom-panying guides, e.g. thewalkers' guide to the NorthWest Highlands Geopark,Scotland6. SobrarbeGeopark, Spain, providesclues along cycle trails whichallow visitors to reconstructthe geopark's geological his-tory7. Visitors to geoparks,however, cannot fail to befascinated to learn that theyare standing in landscapeswhich may have in the past,as revealed by their geology,been situated in differentlatitudes, climates and envi-ronments or exposed to hightemperatures, pressures anddeformational forces severalkilometres below the sur-face. That some territorieswere, at some stage/stagesin their geological history,subject to catastrophicevents such as earthquakesand volcanic eruptions arealso subjects which can cap-tivate visitors' imaginations.Developing an awareness ofhow the geology, landscape,natural history and occur-rence or non-occurrence ofmineral resources hasshaped the lives and cultureof the people who live ingeoparks introduces a socialelement into the apprecia-tion of these territories. In the field of formal educa-tion, geoparks provide idealdestinations for school anduniversity courses requiringexperiences in field work. Allgeoparks deliver pro-grammes for schools. InFforest Fawr Geopark,Wales,for example local school-children are introduced to

the industrial archaeology,and aspects of cultural histo-ry which are related to theformer exploitation of miner-al resources within theGeopark (Fig. 2).Schoolchildren in theGeological Mining Park ofSardenia enjoy excitingfieldtrips when they visit thePorto Flavio Tunnel, an engi-neering masterpiece associ-ated with mineral exploita-tion within the Geopark (Fig.3). Geoparks are alsoproviders of materials andservices to schools andschool teachers. HategCountry Dinosaurs GeoparkRomania has developed fieldactivities as part of theschool curriculum (Fig. 4).Papuk Geopark, Croatiaorganises a childrens work-shop entitled "What is sospecial about volcanoes?".This involves an outdoorsimulation of a volcano andincludes a short lecture(Fig. 5). Geoparks can alsoserve as vocational trainingcentres providing guidancein a variety ofd i s c i p l i n e s . E u r o p e a nGeopark BergstrasseOdenwald, Germany organ-ises Ranger-schools for pri-mary school children (Fig.6). The impressive and pro-fessional presentation to thepublic of this Geopark by itsyoung Rangers at theGeoparks Fair in Osnabruckduring the 3rd InternationalUNESCO Geoparks

15

Fig. 5.Schoolchildrenparticipating in aworkshop "Whatis so specialabout volcanoes?" inPapuk Geopark,Croatia

Fig. 4.Schoolchildren enjoy ageology fieldtrip inHateg CountryDinosaursGeopark,Romania(Photo - DanPalcu)

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Conference (2008) is anexample of what can beachieved when geoparkswork with children. In the field of higher educa-tion for example, CardiffUniversity decided to useFforest Fawr Geopark,Wales, to trainEnvironmental Geosciencestudents in geological map-ping and analysing waterquality in streams. TheGeopark Swabian Alb8,Germany, developed a pro-gramme in which highschool pupils chose anddesigned panels for twogeosites. This is an examplewhere pupils acquired trans-ferable skills throughresearch, the collection andselection of data, interacting

with staff from theUniversity of Tubingen andengaging with communities,property owners and author-ities involved in conservationwithin the geopark. ThisGeopark also provides chil-dren with an opportunity tolearn about fossils by usingfossil preparation techniquesin a specially designed roomin the Meteor CraterMuseum in Steinheim (Fig.7). The GeoBox projectdeveloped by EisenwurzenGeopark, Austria9 providedschoolchildren with a pro-gramme of research con-cerned with the erosion,transport and deposition ofriver gravels which intro-duced them to the disciplineof project design necessaryfor the creation of an exhibi-tion. Eisenwurzen Geoparkalso delivers GeoWorkshopsin which fossils and rocks,collected under supervisionfrom nearby outcrops, areidentified. Schoolchildrencan cut and polish pebblesfrom a stream in close prox-imity to create personal sou-venirs of their visit to theGeopark (Fig. 8). InPortugal, the concepts ofgeosites and geological her-itage are embedded in theschool curriculum and mod-ules on geoconservation aredelivered in the undergradu-ate degree courses of sever-al universities10.Consequently the staffs ofNaturtejo and AroucaGeoparks provide classroom

activities and organize field-trips for schools11. In thephotograph (Fig. 9) school-children examine one of theexceptionally well preservedtrace fossils in the interna-tionally important Vale doPonsul fossil site in theIchnological Park of PenhaGarcia, Naturtejo Geopark,Portugal. The significanceof the water cycle in ground-water transport and extrac-tion provides geoparks withan attractive multidiscipli-nary topic for environmentaleducation12, 13. In AroucaGeopark, Portugal morethan 300 children fromkindergarten and primaryschools participated in theeducational game ''AroundWater'' (Fig. 10). The gamewas devised by Geoparkstaff to raise awarenessamong teachers and chil-dren of the need for waterconservation both within thegeopark and globally.

Fig. 9.Schoolchildrenon a fieldtrip tothe NaturtejoGeopark,Portugal, examine tracefossils exposedon beddingplanes exposedalong theFossils Trail inthe IchnologicalPark of PenhaGarcia

Fig. 7. A schoolboy fromSwabian Alb Geopark,Germany learns about fossilsand fossil preparation techniques in a room specially designed for use bychildren

Fig. 6. Children atthe Bergstrasse

Odenwald Ranger-school

learn how to create a map of

the landscape.This creative and

exciting experience is part

of the Rangeractivities for

primary schoolsin European

GeoparkBergstrasseOdenwald,

Germany

Fig. 8.Schoolchildrenpolish pebblesfrom a nearbystream in theGeoWorkshopin EisenwurzenGeoparks,Austria

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Designing and disseminatinggeo-educational tools arealso important geopark activ-ities. For example the'Geokids' programme in theGeopark Bergstrasse-Odenwald, Germany, is aninteractive programme forchildren aged 8 to 12 whichprovides teachers with infor-mation for project weeks,one-day hiking tours andout-door projects14 . AGeopark rock-box in combi-nation with geologicalposters and simple experi-ments, e.g. demonstratingvolcanic eruptions and sedi-ment transport, provideschildren with a wide range ofexperiences about how theEarth works and how thelandscape in which they livedeveloped. The NorthPennines AONB (Area ofOutstanding Natural Beauty)Geopark, England, has,through its Rockworks proj-ect, generated lesson plans,worksheets and 20 'rockboxes' enabling local school-teachers to use the region'sgeology and landscape indelivering components ofEngland's NationalCurriculum15. The VocationalTraining Centre at theNatural History Museum ofthe Lesvos Petrified Forest,Greece, provides training foryoung unemployed adults inthe techniques of excavatingand preserving fossils, visitormanagement and the pro-motion of geoparks16.European Geoparks are con-

stantly challenged toincrease visitor numbers byproviding enjoyable, stimu-lating and memorable expe-riences. Captivating visitorsby providing new insightsinto a territory through deliv-ering information in readily

understandable forms aswell as satisfying the educa-tional aspirations of studentsof all ages can contributesignificantly to this aim.Cooperation betweenEuropean Geoparks throughthe sharing of good practicein providing informal educa-tion for tourists and develop-ing active and exciting formaleducation programmes cansignificantly change peoples'perception of a territory andpotentially contribute to itseconomic and culturalgrowth.

Tony Ramsay1

Jutta Weber2Heinz Kollmann3

Nikolaos Zouros4

Fig. 10.Schoolchildren participat-

ing in the"Around the

Water" gamein AroucaGeopark,Portugal

References

1. Zouros, N. and McKeever P.J. 2009. European Geoparks Network and Geotourism. In Neto de Carvalho,C., and Rodrigues, J. Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism. Proceedings of the VIII European Geoparks Conference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pp.19 - 23.2. Escher, H. and Kluttig, T. 2007. A new information centre for the Terra. Vita geopark. E G N Magazine,Issue 4, p.21.3. Escher, H. 2009. Geopark Luberon in Apt. Geocaching. A new way to encourage people to learn aboutthe landscape. E G N Magazine, Issue 6, p.25.4. Balme, C. 2008. Geopark Luberon in Apt. New Exhibition Area at the Maison du Park. E G N Magazine,Issue 5, p.18.5. Dowling, R. K. 2009.The growth of global geotourism. In Neto de Carvalho,C., and Rodrigues, J. Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism. Proceedings of the VIII European Geoparks Conference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pp.24-30.6. British Geological Survey. 2004. Exploring the Landscape of Assynt. A walkers guide and map showing the rocks and landscape of Assynt and Inverpolly. Map at 1:50,000 scale. (Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey).7. Poch, J. 2009Geologic itineraries by mountain bike in Sobrarbe Geopark. E G N Magazine, Issue 6,p.22.8. Speidel, W. and Kramer, G. 2007. Geopark Swabian Alb. Pupils adopt a geosite. E G N Magazine, Issue4, p.17.9. Kollmann, H. and Weiskopf, K. G. 2008. Geobox: A geological exhibition by children for children. E G N Magazine, Issue 5, p.16.10. Brilha, J. 2009. Geological Heritage and Geoconservation in Portugal. In Neto de Carvalho,C., andRodrigues, J. Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism. Proceedings of the VIII European Geoparks Conference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pp.31-35.11. Catana, M. M. and Rocha, D. 2009. Geological Heritage and Geoconservation in Portugal. In Neto deCarvalho,C., and Rodrigues, J. Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism. Proceedings of the VIII European Geoparks Conference, Idanha-a Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pp.31-35.12. Fasoulas, C. 2005. Introducing the invisible water routes of karstic systems. An educational project of Psiloritis Geopark. E G N Magazine, Issue 3, p.17.13. Ramsay, T., Bradbury, J. and Channing, A. 2008. Water : From ground to bottle in the Fforest FawrGeopark. E G N Magazine, Issue 5, p.22.14. Weber, J. 2005. ''Geokids''and ''Geoworlds'' Geoeducational tools suitable from regional to global levels in the Geopark Bergstrasse-Odenwald. E G N Magazine, Issue 3, 18.15. Woodley-Stuart, C. and Pickett, E. 2007. ''Rockworks'' in the North Pennines AONB European Geopark. E G N Magazine, Issue 4, p.12.16. Valiakos, I. and Vasiliadou, K. 2008. Vocational training in Geoparks: Collaboration between LesvosPetrified Forest and Bergstrasse Odenwald. E G N Magazine, Issue 5, p.11.

1. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3YE, UK.2. Geo-Naturpark Bergstrasse-Odenwald, Global - European - National Geopark Nibelungenstrabe 41 64653 Lorsch, Germany.3. Nature Park Eisenwurzen, Markt 35, P.C.A.-8933. St. Gallen, Austria. 4.Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, GR-81100, Hellas

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Regional Developmentin European Geoparks

Regional developmentencourages economicallydisadvantaged communi-ties to improve their eco-nomic, social, cultural andenvironmental well beingby realising the full poten-tial of a region's resourcesand its inhabitants. Wealthcreation through theexpansion of sustainableeconomic developmentenhances the quality of lifeand is therefore consid-ered as a prerequisite forregional development.With the exception of theurban English RivieraGeopark, EuropeanGeoparks are located inrural areas experiencingslow economic develop-ment, high levels of unem-ployment and populationdecline. By definition aEuropean Geopark is a ter-ritory which combines theprotection and promotionof the geological heritagewith sustainable local

development1.The European GeoparksNetwork was establishedin 2000 and subsequentlygrew to include 34 geop-arks in 13 European coun-tries by 2009. The devel-opment strategy, which

initially focused on thegeological/geomorphologi-cal heritage and on sus-tainable geological tourism(geotourism), has expand-ed to include and promotethe natural and culturalheritage of these territo-

Fig. 1. Local products for salein the Geoparks

Corner LesvosPetrified Forest

Geopark, Greece

Fig. 2. A''RangersAdventureDay'' at the"Odenwaldquelle" a mineralwater company inthe GeoparkBergstrasseOdenwald,Germany

Fig 3. TheGeo-restaurant"Petiscos &Granitos" inNaturtejoGeopark,Portugal

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ries in order to encouragethe realization of theireconomic potential. At thelocal level sustainableemployment may beachieved by supportingand developing small andmedium sized businesses,for instance those involvedin tourism, gastronomyand the production andsale of local products. Thedevelopment of outdooreducational activities andfacilities for outdoorsports, the utilisation of

cultural assets and the ini-tiation of programmes forthe protection of the envi-ronment can also generatenew and sustainable jobs.The establishment ofinformation centres,museums and exhibitionsgenerates temporaryemployment for designersand provides permanentemployment for local peo-ple. Local development is alsostimulated by activitiesaimed at creating new

geopark souvenirs andhandicrafts, the promotionof local quality productsthrough local festivals andin promotional corners inGeopark information cen-tres (Fig. 1). SomeGeoparks, e. g. Adamello-Brenta, Italy, Subbeticasand Cabo de Gata, Spain,have developed advancedpromotional campaignsthrough the establishmentof a "Park Quality Label".Lesvos Petrified ForestGeopark, Greece, organiz-es an annual agrotourismfestival with the participa-tion of 60 local producersand women's agrotourismcooperatives.NaturtejoGeopark, Portugal, pro-vides 23 private local part-ners with technical assis-tance involving marketingstrategies, qualityenhancement, productinnovation and network-ing. The Geo-restaurant"Petiscos & Granitos" is anexample of one of thisGeopark's successful part-nerships (Fig. 2.).Naturtejo Geopark,Portugal, provides 23 pri-vate local partners withtechnical assistanceinvolving marketing strate-gies, quality enhance-ment, product innovation

Fig. 6. A visitto an inlandsaltworks in

theSubbeticas

Geopark,Spain, where

Triassic salt isexploited

Fig. 5. TheBrecon

Beacons FoodFestival,

October 2009where farmers

from FforestFawr Geopark,

Wales, soldlocal

produce

Fig. 4. A partnerof GeaNorvegicaGeopark,Norway, sells"Fen VolcanoSoup" to a visitor at a festival in thecity of Skien

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and networking. The Geo-restaurant "Petiscos &Granitos" is an example ofone of this Geopark's suc-cessful partnerships (Fig.3 ). Gea NorvegicaGeopark, Norway, hasinspired the creation of arecipe for 'Fen VolcanoSoup' which is served atlocal festivals (Fig. 4). Theannual Brecon BeaconsFood Festival providesfarmers from Fforest FawrGeopark, Wales, with anopportunity to sell theirproducts at a popularevent within the Geopark(Fig. 5). SubbeticasGeopark, Spain, collabo-rates with local enterpris-es, such as a saltworks,which exploits Triassic saltdeposits. Their aim is tocreate new EGN/GGNbranded products (Fig. 6 ). Training programmesinvolving an InternationalIntensive Course onGeoparks2 and vocationaltraining in geoparks havealso been initiated3. TheLesvos Petrified ForestGeopark is running aVocational training centreto train young unem-ployed people as rangersand conservators. TheGeopark Bergstrasse-Odenwald, Germany,offers vocational trainingand engages local stake-

holders as ambassadorsfor the European andGlobal GeoparksNetworks. The "Geopark-on-Site" initiative providesvisitors with attractivetours in which scientificinformation is linked withlocal knowledge and sup-port for the local economyby visits to restaurants,farms and handicraftshops4. The 'LandmarksProject' in the GeoparkHarz Braunschweiger LandOstfalen, Germany, bene-fits from a network ofmembers who share thepromotion of facilities andevents, as well as adver-

tising and marketing theirgeopark through informa-tion sites 5. Geoparkshave also successfully pro-moted sustainable tourismthrough developingcycling trails 6. The cre-ation of a LandscapeModel in the WaterAdventure Park in theNature Park StyrianEisenwurzen, Austria, is anexample of a geoparkusing its technical expert-ise to enhance the facili-ties within a pre-existinglocal attraction (Fig. 7).The Landscape Model pro-motes an understandingof the water cycle through

Fig. 9. Youngpeople builda new path openingaccess for allto the land-scape in theNorth WestHighlandsGeopark,Scotland

Fig. 8. The region-al train "Ulmer

Spatz" at its stopat Munsingen

Railway Station.Munsingen

Railway Station ispart of the

"Swabian AlbRailway" and oneof 14 information

centres in theGeopark Swabian

Alb, Germany

Fig. 7.Familiesenjoy a dayout in theWaterAdventurePark ofSankt Gallen,Nature ParkStyrianEisenwurzen,Austria

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play7. The MadonieGeopark, Italy, hasstrengthened its culturalidentity by publishing astudy on the Preservationand commerce of snow incentral-western Sicily(1500- 1900) by LuigiRomana8. The promotion of accessto geoparks is also animportant component ofsustainable development.The establishment of anInformation Centre atMunsingen Railway Stationby the Geopark SwabianAlb, Germany, encouragesvisitors to use rail links tothe Geopark (Fig 8). TheNorth West HighlandsGeopark, Scotland, has an"Opening Access for All"programme which pro-vides young people in theGeopark with work andtraining in path creationand dry-stone walling (Fig9). In Papuk Geopark,Croatia, an educationaltrail, the "Counts Trail",has had a significant influ-ence on the developmentof tourism (Fig 10).The European GeoparksNetwork shares exper-ences in regional develop-ment and aims tostrengthen cooperationbetween geoparks by cre-ating and implementingcommon strategies fordeveloping geotourism,educational and culturalactivities. DuringEuropean Geoparks Week,geoparks celebrate theirgeodiversity and promotepublic awareness of trans-European geoparks andthe need to protect thenatural heritage9. Applying for funding tosupport regional develop-ment through transnation-al cooperation betweenEuropean Geoparks orthrough geopark-specificprojects is therefore animportant component of a

geopark's activities.European Geoparks have,with the support ofEuropean Union initiativesfor transnational coopera-tion between rural areas inEurope, such as INTER-REG and LEADER, promot-ed aspects of regionaldevelopment within theirterritories. Developmentwithin individual EuropeanGeoparks can also beachieved through regionalor government funding,e.g. the English RivieraGeopark which in 2009received substantial sup-port from the UKGovernment Seachangefunding programme10. Bydeveloping their territoriesthrough working in part-nership with major localgroups, EuropeanGeoparks fulfil many ofthe aims of regional devel-opment programmes. Geoparks are about thepeople who live in themand their interaction withvisitors to their territories.The success of regionaldevelopment programmeswithin geoparks ultimatelydepends on the activeinvolvement of the localpopulation leading to theirsense of ownership andempowerment in influenc-ing future developments

within their region.

Tony RamsayJutta Weber

Heinz KollmannNikolaos Zouros

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References

1. Zouros, N. and McKeever P.J. 2009. EuropeanGeoparks: Tools for Earth heritage, protection andsustainable local development. European Geoparks,pp.15 -31. 2. Zouros, N. 2008. International Intensive Course onGeoparks. E G N Magazine, Issue 5, p. 9. 3. Valiakos, I. and Vasiliadou, K. 2008 Vocational train-ing in Geoparks: Collaboration between LesvosPetrified Forest and Bergstrasse Odenwald. E G NMagazine, Issue 5, p.11. 4. Eckhardt, C. 2009. Geoparks-on-Site, local ambas-sadors for a global network residents' commitment ingeopark development. In Neto de Carvalho,C., andRodrigues, J. Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism.Proceedings of the VIII European GeoparksConference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September(2009), Portugal. p. 98.5. George, K. and Zellmer. H. 2007. The 'LandmarksProject' in the Geopark Harz Braunschweiger LandOstfalen. E G N Magazine, Issue 4, p.11. 6. Pickett, E. 2008. 'Wheels to the Wild' in the NorthPennines AONB. E G NMagazine, Issue 5, p.17. 7. Eisenwurzen great geology in liliput size. E G NMagazine, Issue 6, p.28. 8. Li Puma, P.2008. Snow trenches & snow preserversof the past. E G N Magazine, Issue 5, p.14. 9. Schuller, A. 2009. European Geoparks Week 2008.Europe celebrates its geodiversity. E G N Magazine,Issue 6, p.8. 10. Border, M. 2009. Major investment in EnglishRiviera. E G N Magazine, Issue 6, p.15.

Fig. 10. The Minister ofEnvironmental Protection,Physical Planning andConstruction officially opensan educational trail (Countstrail) in the Park ForestJankovac, Papuk Geopark,Croatia.

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All European Geoparks are,by definition, characterisedby a particular geologicalheritage and can includesites which may be ofarchaeological, ecological,historical or cultural impor-tance1 . The geological her-itage has usually beenuncovered through pioneer-ing scientific research involv-ing regional mapping and isdescribed either in pub-lished geological maps andmemoirs of geological sur-veys or in articles written forscientific journals.Discoveries based on specif-ic aspects of a geopark'sgeological history have con-tributed significantly to thedevelopment of the scienceof geology and include sitesof particular scientific impor-tance (geosites), a prerequi-site for any geopark. Someof these sites are interna-tionally significant and arevisited regularly by academ-ic and industrial geologistsand by groups of school chil-dren and university studentsstudying courses in theEarth sciences. Informationderived from published geo-logical research is expressedin non-scientific languageand used in the design ofwalking and cycle routes,

exhibitions in informationcentres, for geo-educationalactivities and in the produc-tion of educational material.General geological descrip-tions are used in informationcentres and publications torelate the history of theEarth, including the historyof life and the succession ofpast climates and environ-ments. Scientific research,however, is an ongoingprocess which will inevitablylead to new advancementsin our understanding of theEarth's history. Knockan Crag in the NorthWest Highlands, Geopark,Scotland, is an example ofan internationally famoussite where two geologists,Benjamin Peach and JohnHorne2, discovered theprocess of thrust faultingwhereby older 1000-850 mil-lion year old Precambrianrocks were pushed overyounger Cambrian andOrdovician rocks rangingfrom 540 to less than 500million years in age (Fig 1).Their research resolved thebitter debate among 19thCentury British geologistsconcerning the sequence ofrock types at this site. It alsopaved the way for ourunderstanding of how layersof squeezed rocks can breakand slide over each otherwhen continents collide toform mountain ranges. Atthe Knockan Crag VisitorsCentre tourists discoverScotland's turbulent geologi-cal history and learn aboutthe rocks and landscape ofKnockan Crag through poet-ry, sculpture and interactivedemonstrations. In moreancient times the PetrifiedForest of Levos, Geopark,

now designated as a GreekNational Monument3,inspired the philosopherTheophrastus (371-c 287BC) to write in a lost manu-script about "those whichbecome petrified". Now weknow that his observationmight have referred to thepetrified tree trunks and rootsystems in growth positionwhich provide an insight intothe ecology of a sub-tropicalforest in the easternMediterranean region some20 million years ago4.Theophrastus was born inEressos village in theGeopark. He was Aristotle'spupil and successor and hisbook on rocks is consideredas the foundation for thestudy of minerals and rocks.Theophrastus also wroteabout plants and is consid-ered by some as the fatherof botany. Salt deposits in the ItalianMadonie Nature Park andRocca Di Cerere Geopark areevidence of the drying of theMediterranian Sea when, forreasons which are stillunclear, the gatewaythrough the Strait ofGibralter between NorthAfrica and Spain closedbetween 5.96 and 5.33 mil-lion years ago5, 6, the socalled Messinian SalinityCrisis. A number of geoparks con-tain rock sequences whichserve as internationallyagreed reference sectionsfor boundaries on the geo-logical time scale. In the19th Century geologists con-structed a geological columnin which rock layers (strata)are arranged in sequentialorder. Standard names cor-responding to rock units

Research in European Geoparks

Fig. 1. A young 80year old geologist,

Walter from theUSA finallyrealized his

dream of visiting the

exposure of thefamous Moine

Thrust at KnockanNational NatureReserve, North

West HighlandsGeopark,

Scotland, andstraddle 500 mil-

lion yearsbetween his

fingers

G

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within the geological columnhave been developed fortime divisions within thegeological time scale. Thetype sections (stratotypes)for some of these interna-tionally agreed time divi-sions such as periods, seriesand stages occur inEuropean Geoparks. TheSilurian Period (444 - 416million years ago) andLlandovery Series (444 - 428million years ago) werenamed for a local town onthe northern margin ofFforest Fawr Geopark,Wales, and for the CelticSilures Tribe who lived in thearea7. The Anisian Stage(245 - 237 million years ago)within the Triassic Period ((251 - 200 million years ago)is named after the Latinname Anisus, for the riverEnns which flows throughthe village of Grossreifling,the type locality inEisenwurzen Geopark,Austria8. The PliensbachianStage (192 to 184 millionyears ago), within theJurassic Period (200 - 145million years ago) is namedfor Pliensbach a small ham-let in the Geopark SwabianAlb, Germany9. The villageof Barreme in the ReserveGeologique de HauteProvence , France gives itsname to the BarremianStage (130 -125 millionyears ago), while the AptianStage (125 -112 millionyears ago) is named for thetown of Apt in the Luberon

Geopark, France10. TheBarremian and Aptian stagesoccur within the CretaceousPeriod (145 -65 million yearsago). Some geoparks contain theworld's so called "type local-ities" where particular rocktypes were first describedothers possess worldrenowned fossil sites. Pilot'sCove in Geo Mon Geopark,Wales, is the type locality fora rock known as melange11

which forms at collisionzones where ocean platesslide beneath continentalcrust, in a process calledsubduction, creating a rockconsisting of jumbled blocksof ocean sediments, oceanfloor lavas and continentalcrustal rocks of varyingshapes and sizes ( Fig. 2 ).The Tonale Pass in theAdamello Brenta Geopark,Italy, gives its name to therock Tonalite12, a type ofgranite which crystallizedbelow the Earth's surfacefrom a hot liquid melt whichintruded cold, continentalcrustal rocks. The Vale doPonsul fossil site in theIchnological Park of PenhaGarcia, Naturtejo Geopark,Portugal is known interna-tionally for exceptionally wellpreserved trace fossils13.The German GeoparksSwabian Alb and BergstrasseOdenwald are renowned fortheir world renowned fossilsites. In the Swabian AlbGeopark the Lower JurassicPosidonia Oil Shales (185 -175 million years ago) isexposed at the worldfamous Holzmaden andDotternhausen14 sites. Herewell preserved fossils ofammonites and sea lilies arerecorded. The UpperJurassic (155 - 151 millionyears ago) LithographicLimestone at Nusplingen14 isfamous for well preservedfossils of land plants,ammonites, insects, angelsharks and marine croco-

diles. Messel Pit inBergstrasse OdenwaldGeopark, Germany, however,is by far the most famousfossil site amongst theEuropean Geoparks and isdesignated as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site. Itsunique record of plantremains, complete skeletonsof fossil mammals, birds,crocodiles, frogs, fish andinsects, provides valuableinformation concerning theclimate and importantstages in the evolution ofmammals approximately 47million years ago15 .Recently published results ofnew research projects inEuropean Geoparks createan opportunity for updatingexisting knowledge and forintroducing visitors to newand exciting concepts. In2008 geologists from theUniversities of Aberdeen andOxford reinvestigated andreinterpreted a group of lay-ered rocks in the North WestHighlands Geopark,Scotlands, as material whichwas ejected from a 1.2 bil-lion year old meteoritecrater estimated at 10 kilo-metres in diameter16. Themass extinction at theCretaceous /Tertiary bound-ary 65 million years ago hasbeen attributed to a mete-orite impact17. Now, as aresult of detailed researchundertaken in EisenwurzenGeopark, Austria, this viewhas been challenged andthis event involving the

Fig. 2. Pilot'sCove, Geo Mon

Geopark, Wales,is the worldtype site for

melange, a rockcontaining a

huge mixture ofpebbles,

boulders andpieces of rock,

in places a hundred metres

or so across.The melange

originated in acollision zonewhere ocean

crust slidbeneath

continentalcrust

Fig. 3. Scientistsfrom theCroatianGeologicalSurvey analysecore samples ofdolomite andlimestone rocksin order to discover thenature of a subsurfacesequences ofrock layers

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extinction of 60% of species,including the dinosaurs, isattributed to changes in theatmosphere induced by vol-canic activity18. ThePetrified Forest of Lesvos,Greece, uses informationfrom active faults within thegeopark to inform the publicof the nature of seismic haz-ards and how careful plan-ning may reduce the risks tolife and the economy19. Thenecessity for constructing

"life-safe" buildings in earth-quake zones has been high-lighted by the scale ofdestruction and high num-bers of casualties caused bythe recent earthquake in thecity of Port au Prince, Haiti.The recent discovery of theoldest fossilized feather inEurope (late Kimmeridgian,155 -151 million years ago)from the LithographicLimestone of Nusplingen inthe Geopark Swabian Alb,Germany, could play a signif-icant role in our understand-ing of the evolution of feath-

ers20. Drilling holes intorocks and sediments andextracting core samplesfrom beneath the surface isan essential component ofgeological exploration andresearch. The photograph(Fig. 3) shows scientistsfrom the Croatian GeologicalSurvey examining coressamples from a subsurfacesequence rock layers (lime-stones and dolomites).Cores of lake deposits in thehigh altitude lakes ofSobrarbe Geopark, Spain,are currently being investi-gated to determine the his-tory of changes in the cli-mate and environment (Fig.4). Recent investigations atthe Kraus Cave, EisenwurzenGeopark, Austria, revealedastonishing results showinghow the limestone wallswere dissolved and sculptedby sulphuric acid derivedfrom thermal water (Fig. 5).In Fforest Fawr Geopark,Wales, the influence of phys-ical, chemical and biologicalprocesses in the precipita-tion of lime deposits (tufa)from highly alkaline seep-ages (pH 13.5) from quarrywaste (Fig. 6) is currentlybeing investigated at CardiffUniversity. The filled lakebasin at Traeth Mawr pre-serves a completeLateglacial and Holocenesedimentary sequence. Theapproximately 12,000 yearsof climate history shows howthe landscape and vegeta-tion changed in response toa succession of warm andcold intervals21. The range of research activ-ities in geoparks does notonly involve professional sci-entists and is not just con-fined to geological research.The archaeological, naturaland cultural heritages ofgeoparks are also subjectsfor research. LuberonGeopark, France, engagesteams of young people inexcavation techniques

designed to reveal thenature of the relationshipsbetween fossils and therocks in which they occur(Fig. 7). Arouca GeoparkAssociation, Portugal, sup-ports a research programmeinvolving "Scientific Workduring Holidays".Bergstrasse OdenwaldGeopark, Germany, organ-ized a scientific excavationproject for school children incooperation with theHistorical Mining AssociationOdenwald (Fig. 8). InAdamello-Brenta NaturePark, Italy, workers associat-ed with the GlaciologicalCommittee of the AlpineSociety of Trentino collabo-rate with the Park to pro-duce surveys, maps andmeasurements of its gla-ciers. The photograph (Fig.9) shows the recording ofmeasurements for mass bal-ance studies, i.e the icebudget, of the AdamelloGlacier, the longest glacier ofthe Italian Alps. In MadonieGeopark, Italy, recent exca-vations carried out by theUniversity of the city ofL'Aquila, has uncovered theremains of a Roman settle-ment of the 1st-3rd CenturyAD, which was probablyassociated with the nearby

Fig. 7.Scientificexcavationrevealing informationabout ancientenvironmentsby Studyingthe relation-ship betweenfossils androcks at a sitein LuberonGeopark,France

Fig. 6. Limeterraces precipitated

by alkaline streamsderived

from quarry waste inthe Black Mountain,

Fforest FawrGeopark, Wales.

The colours of theterraces are

due, in part, to thinbacterial layers

Fig. 5. Thewallsof Kraus cave,EisenwurzenGeopark,Austria,have beensculptedby sulphuricacidderived fromthermal water

Fig. 4. Drilling sediment cores fromlake deposits in one

of the high mountainlakes in Sobrarbe

Geopark, Spain. Thecores record

environmental andclimatic changes at

high altitudes

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salt mine (Fig. 10). A jointresearch project by theUniversities of Durham andSheffield at Kents Cavern inthe English Riviera Geopark,England, is making discover-ies which will dramaticallyimprove our understandingof life at this important sitebetween 10,000 and 50,000years ago.It is clear that all geoparksshare a legacy of scientificknowledge which was gath-ered in the 19th and 20th

Centuries. This overviewshows that geoparks withtheir special geological her-itage and their wide range ofactivities stimulate the pur-suit of new research and cancreate research projectsinvolving communities andyoung people. These proj-ects, particularly excava-tions, introduce the partici-pants to the excitementinvolved in making new dis-coveries and to the curiosityand enthusiasm which areessential components of allscientific research. Theresults of new scientificresearch will ensure thatgeoparks will continue to ful-fill their role as active cen-tres for providing a holisticview involving Earth history,the natural and cultural envi-

ronment and raise aware-ness of man's responsibilityto conserve and protect theenvironment.

Tony RamsayJutta Weber

Heinz KollmannNikolaos Zouros

Fig. 8. A schoolworking group

engaged in a scientific

excavation inBergstrasse

OdenwaldGeopark,

Germany, concerned

with the history of

mining

Fig. 9. Recordingmeasurements formass balance studies of theAdamello Glacier,Adamello - BrentaNature Park, Italy

Fig. 10. Recentarchaeologicalinvestigations

in the MadonieGeopark, Italy

by theUniversity of

the city ofL'Aquila,recently

destroyed by anearthquake,

revealed a 20metres longcolonnaded

portico from a1st-3rd CenturyAD Roman set-

tlement

References

1. Zouros, N. and McKeever P.J. 2009. European Geoparks Network and Geotourism. In Neto deCarvalho,C., and Rodrigues, J. Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism. Proceedings of the VIII EuropeanGeoparks Conference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pp.19 - 23.2. Peach, B.N., Horne, J., Gunn, W., Clough, CT. and Hinxman, L.W. 2007. Geological Structure of theNorth-west highlands of Scotland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Scotland. His Majesty's StationaryOffice Glasgow.3. Zouros, N. 2009. European Geoparks: The Petrified Forest of Lesvos. European Geoparks, 40-43. 4. Velitzelos. E. and Zouros, N. The Petrified Forest of Lesvos. Topio Publications.5. Li Puma, P. and Modica, R. 2009. Madonie Nature Park. Involving just over 200 million years ofNature. European Geoparks, 64 - 67. Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest, 163 pages.6. Amato, G. and Ingrasciotta, M. V. 2009. Rocca Di Cerere Geopark. Gypsum, Sulpur and Myths.European Geoparks, 68-71. 7. Ramsay, T. 2007. Fforest Fawr Geopark the first European Geopark in Wales. E G N Magazine, Issue4, 26.8. Kollmann, H. A. and Mitterback, R. 2005. The Eisenwurzen a geopark in progress. E G N Magazine,Issue 3, p. 12.9. Hegele, A. 2009. Swabian ammonites, type-localities and volcanoes. E G N Magazine, Issue 6, 26.10. Balme, C. 2009. Luberon Geopark. Exceptional fossilization, unusual landscapes, exploitation ofmineral resources: a territorial project revolving around geology. European Geoparks, pp 89-91. 11. Wood, M. 2009. Geo Mon Geopark. E G N Magazine, Issue 6, 32.12. Ferrari, C. 2009. Adamello- Brenta Nature Park. E G N Magazine, Issue 6, 29.13. De Carvalho, C. N. 2008. Ichnological Park of Penha Garcia Naturtejo Geopark Portugal. E G NMagazine, Issue 5, p. 30.14. Heizmann, E. P. J. 2009. The Geopark Swabian Alb. European Geoparks, pp 96-99. 15. M-L. Frey. 2009. Messel Pit-World Heritage Site. A Unique scientific and magic location in EuropeanGeopark Bergstrasse Odenwald. European Geoparks, 81. 16. Saywell, F. and Mackenzie, F. Meteorite strikes North West Highlands Geopark. E G N Magazine,Issue 6, 27.17. Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, E., Asaro, F., Michel, H.V. 1080. Extraterrestrial causes for the Cretaceous-tertiary extinction. Science, 208, 1095.18. Grachev, A. F. (Editor) 2009. The K/T Boundary of Gams (Eastern alps, Austria) and the nature ofterminal cretaceous mass Extinction. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 63.199 pages.19. Zouros, N., Palvides, S., Soulakellis, N., Chatzipetros, A., Vaseleiadou, K., Valiakos, I. and Bentana,K. 2009. Using Active faults for raising public awareness and sensitisation on seismic hazard: A casestudy from Lesvos Geopark, NE Aegian Sea, Greece. Proceedings of the VIII European GeoparksConference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pages 148-153.20. Schweigert, G., Tischlinger, H. and Dietl, G. 2010 (in press): The oldest fossil feather from Europe.- Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen.21. Walker, M.C. 2007. Traeth Mawr: pollen stratigraphy and glacial chronology. In Carr, S J. et al.,Quaternary of the Brecon Beacons Field Guide. Quaternary Research Association pp 146-150.

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In a Note produced for itsRoundtable Discussion on"Regional Policy andTourism", theOrganization for EconomicCo-operation andDevelopment (OECD)1

highlighted the obviouslink between tourism andregional development.Tourism is identified asone of the world's majorservice and growth indus-tries. However, thegrowth of tourism policiesat national, regional andlocal levels as drivers foreconomic developmentand job creation presentchallenges, both for thepresent and future, whichinclude:

Supportingtourism as an instrumentfor territorial develop-ment with strategiesdesigned for the sustain-able conservation of anarea's heritage.

Creating newforms of marketing linkedto quality standardswhich meet the require-ments of a global market.

Encouraging theemergence of new, lessdeveloped regions ascompetitive tourist desti-nations and revitalizingexisting tourism areasexperiencing a slow downin growth.

Establishing coo-peration between regions

Raising aware-ness of the socialimpacts associated withthe growth of tourism

Since this document wasproduced by the OECD in1999, i. e. one yearbefore the initiation of theEuropean GeoparksNetwork, it is interestingto consider how theEuropean GeoparksNetwork (EGN) has risento the challenges outlinedabove. European Geoparks aremembers of a Networkwhich actively promotestourism as a driver foreconomic developmentand job creation. Since 'AEuropean Geopark is aterritory which includes aparticular geological her-

itage and a sustainableterritorial developmentstrategy'2 geotourism andgeoconservation aremajor components of thedevelopment strategies inall geoparks. Many geop-arks were establishedeither within existingNature Parks (e.g. ParcoDel Beigua Geopark,Italy)3, National Parks(e.g. Fforest FawrGeopark, Wales)4 or Areasof Outstanding NaturalBeauty (e.g. The NorthPennines AONB,England)5, and werealready subject to meas-ures designed to protecttheir natural and culturalheritage. Geoparks aretherefore territories with astrong regional identity,derived from their naturaland cultural characteris-tics. Earth history, natureand landscape combined

European Geoparks: Destinations for Tourism & Geotourism

Fig. 1. Deepgorges such asthe Wasserloch

Gorge, NaturparkStyrian

Eisenwurzen,Austria, are

among the main attractions of theregion. They give

a stupendousinsight into

geologicalprocesses and

contain 250 million years of

the Earth's history

Fig. 2. A guidedexcursion inthe OppedetteCanyon,LuberonGeopark,France

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with cultural and regionaltraditions provide theingredients for developinggeo-tourism. Discovering,how the Earth haschanged over millions ofyears, appreciating thetime scale involved inthese changes combinedwith individual natureexperiences opens thedoor to exciting newproducts such as timewalks, field trips whichinvolve tasting locallygrown products or appre-ciating traditional art andmusic workshops. Duringthe last decade, geoparkshave implemented and

advanced holistic experi-ences of nature combin-ing leisure, enjoymentand adventure with theacquisition of informationand knowledge. Since itsinception in 2000, theEGN emphasized thegrowth and promotion ofgeotourism as a means ofcontributing to the sus-tainable development ofgeopark territories. Thisnew form of special inter-est tourism is now regard-ed as a fast emergingglobal phenomenon withan educational function6. All geoparks use specialfeatures within their land-scapes to attract visitors.The deep gorges andcanyons in the NaturparkStyrian Eisenwurzen,Austria (Fig. 1) and inLuberon Geopark, France(Fig. 2) as well as thewaterfalls of Fforest FawrGeopark, Wales, (Fig. 3)are spectacular naturalattractions. Exploring thegorges and waterfalls pro-vides visitors with anadventure together withinsights into the effects ofthe erosive power ofwater on rocks. InAdamello-Brenta NaturePark, Italy (see photo-graph on cover page)guided excursions intro-duce visitors to the influ-ence of glacial processesin a breathtaking land-scape. Visitors to GeaNorvegica Geopark,Norway, can combineexperiences of the land-scape and geology withthe taste of locally grownvegetables (Fig. 4).Presentations of tradition-al dances, music andstory telling are an essen-tial component ofEuropean Geoparks Weekin Hateg CountryDinosaurs Geopark,Romania (Fig. 5).Panning for gold and the

chance to 'strike-it-rich' isone of the many excitingactivities offered byNaturtejo Geopark,Portugal (Fig 6). In 2010Greenway Ferries, a part-ner of English RivieraGlobal Geopark, England,will develop GeoparkKayak tours in whichtrained guides will leadtours along the coastlineproviding incredible andexciting opportunities toget close to the spectacu-lar geology and coastalwildlife (Fig. 7). NaturparkStyrian Eisenwurzenoffers a combination ofscience and excitementwhen specially trainedguides introduce visitorswith the aid of waterproofguide books toGeoRafting. In somegeoparks, caves and oldmine workings providevisitors with opportunitiesfor exciting adventureswhen exploring theunderground world.Visitors to Geo and NaturePark Terra Vita, Germany,can join a guided tour ofan abandoned iron oremine near the village ofKleinenbremen (Fig. 8).Here former minersdemonstrate the tech-niques used in the pastfor mining the dark red-dish iron ore found at this

Fig. 5.Presentations oftraditional dances,music and storytelling, inSantamaria OrleaSchool, HategCountry DinosaursPark, Romania, during theEuropeanGeoparks Week,2009. (Photo Dan Palcu)

Fig. 4. An international

group of geologists taste

the carrotsgrown in the

rich soil of themarine clay in

the LagendalenValley, GeaNorvegicaGeopark,

Norway

Fig. 3. SgwdGwladus, one of

the many spectacular

waterfalls in theWaterfalls Areaof Fforest Fawr

Geopark, Wales,is a popular

destination for families

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site. Caves are a majorattraction in SubbeticasGeopark, Spain. Morethan 800 recordedabysses and caverns pro-vide experts as well asbeginners with an insightinto a world of subter-ranean labyrinths (Fig. 9).Newly emerging destina-tions for geotourism, e. g.The Northwest HighlandsGeopark, Scotland7, GeaNorvegica Geopark,Norway8, and the NaturePark Styrian Eisewurzen,Austria, are located ingeologically significantareas which alreadyserved as outdoor teach-ing laboratories forschools and universities.Residential fieldtrips tothese and similarlyremote areas can con-tribute significantly totheir economies.Geoparks within estab-lished tourist destinationshave added geotourism totheir portfolios in order toappeal to a special inter-est market and therebyincrease the number ofvisitors to their territories.The Geological and MiningGeopark of Sardinia, Italy,with its unrivalled mininghistory extending from6000 BC to the 20th

Century9, and the uniquePetrified Forest of Lesvos,Greece, are exceptionswhich have always beenprimarily destinations forgeotourists. The PetrifiedForest is also an exampleof a geopark which hasbeen marketed success-fully to tourists who visitthe island of Lesvos forreasons other than geot-ourism. History and/or a combina-tion of history and scienceis an important part of ageopark's cultural her-itage and provides anadditional attraction tovisitors. The poet Sapphowas allegedly born in thevillage of Eressos in thePetrified Forest Geoparkon the island of Lesvosbetween 630 and 612 BC.Her lyric poetry, writtenfrom the perspective ofthe individual dealt withthe big themes of death,love and the gods.Sappho, a now iconic fig-ure, was credited in theancient world as being thefirst poet to speak directlyabout love and todescribe eros as a ''bitter-sweet experience''10.Importantly this liberatedwoman's poetry alsoserved an educational

function for youngwomen. The exploitation of miner-al resources in FforestFawr Geopark, anthracite,ironstone, limestone andsilica sand, the raw mate-rials used for iron smelt-ing, contributed signifi-cantly to the developmentof South Wales as a majorplayer in the IndustrialRevolution. In the early19th Century DavidThomas and GeorgeCrane successfully adapt-ed the hot blast furnaceprocess to burn anthraciteat the Ynysgedwyn IronWorks, Ystradgynlais, avillage on the edge of theGeopark,11. EventuallyDavid Thomas emigratedto Pennsylvania andfounded the Americaniron and anthracite miningindustries. Now theweathered and overgrown

Fig. 7. AGeopark Kayaktour along thecoast of theEnglish RivieraGeopark,England

Fig. 6.Geotourists pan

for gold in theNaturtejoGeopark,Portugal

t

Fig. 8. Formerminers explainthe techniquesfor mining ironore in the Geoand NaturePark TerraVita, Germany

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limekilns, coal and silicamines, quarries and tram-roads are a testament toover 200 years of industri-al activity which played asignificant role in the cul-ture and economic devel-opment of the region.The emphasis on cooper-ation between the EGN's34 members from 13countries represents asignificant departure fromthe frequent isolationismaccompanying competi-tiveness within the touristindustry. In contrast toother tourist destinations,geoparks share commonbackgrounds and experi-ences and advertise eachother's natural and cultur-al characteristics andactivities. Thus, when vis-itors travel to a geoparkfor the first time and leavewith a memorable experi-ence, they are more likelyto develop an interest invisiting others.The network serves as aforum in which territoriescan address and developsolutions to shared socio-economic problems andform partnerships toapply for funding. Forexample, The INTERREGIII C project, EuropeanGeoparks: A Tool forGeotourism Developmentin Europe which wasapproved in 2003,involved a partnership of9 geoparks12. The EGN -Website, the EGNMagazine and advertisingother European Geoparks

in their InformationCentres (GeoparkCorners) are furtherexamples of co-operationdesigned to promote geo-tourism. The growth of geot-ourism, in addition toother forms of tourismactivities, can contributeto the creation of newjobs and, by improvingthe regional economy.benefit the people wholive in geoparks. Theinvolvement of local com-munities is an importantfactor in developing newways for creating sustain-able benefit through geo-tourism. For instance,Messel Pit, a WorldHeritage Site inBergstrasse OdenwaldGeopark, Germany, wassaved from being used forwaste disposal throughthe enthusiastic participa-tion of the local communi-ty of Messel13. Now this isa well managed and pop-ular geotourism destina-tion of international sig-nificance.By promoting geotourism,the EGN combines territo-rial development and theemergence of a specialinterest market with thesustainable preservationof the geological heritage,thus creating interest,awareness and a specialregard for the uniquenessof our environment. TheEGN achieves and main-tains the high qualitystandards, designed to

meet the requirements ofa global tourism market,through its rigorous eval-uation procedure for allnew applicants and its 4-yearly revalidationprocess for continuedmembership within thenetwork14. At the end ofthe day, however, thestrength of the Networkwill always depend on thecooperation of local com-munities in the foundationand development of eachgeopark.

Tony RamsayJutta Weber

Heinz KollmannNikolaos Zouros

References

1. ROUNDTABLE: "REGIONAL POLICY ANDTOURISM" Key policy issues for discussion.www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/32/1902552.pdf2. European Geoparks Network Charter. E G NMagazine, Issue 5.3. Burlando, M. 2005. Beigua Geopark. E G NMagazine, Issue 3, p.29.4. Ramsay, T. 2007. Fforest Fawr Geopark. E G NMagazine, Issue 4, p.26.5. Pickett, E. and Woodley-Stewart, C. 2005. TheNorth Pennines AONB Area of Outstanding Naturalbeauty. E G N Magazine, Issue 2, p.26.p. 29.6. Dowling, R. K. 2009.The growth of global geot-ourism. In Neto de Carvalho,C., and Rodrigues, J.Eds. New Challenges with Geotourism. Proceedingsof the VIII European Geoparks Conference, Idanha-a- Nova, 14-16 September (2009), Portugal, pp.24-30.7. Krabbendam, M. 2009. The North WestHighlands Geopark: Three billion years of Earth'shistory in a dramatic landscape. EuropeanGeoparks, pp.92-93. 8. Dahlgren, S. 2007. Gea Norvegica Geopark. E GN Magazine, Issue 4, p. 27.9. Otelli, L. 2008. The Geological and mining Parkof Sardinia. E G N Magazine, Issue 5, p.28.10. Hughes, B. 2005. Helen of Troy. Jonathon CapeLondon. 458 pp.11. Ley, L. 2005. The Iron Cradle. Glamorgan press,Neath, 173 pp.12. Zouros, N. and McKeever P.J. 2009. EuropeanGeoparks: Tools for Earth heritage, protection andsustainable local development. European Geoparks,pp.15 -31. 13. M-L. Frey. 2009. Messel Pit-World heritage site.A Unique scientific and magic location in EuropeanGeopark Bergstrasse Odenwald. EuropeanGeoparks, pp.81. 14. Zouros, N. and McKeever P.J. 2009. EuropeanGeoparks Network and Geotourism. In Neto deCarvalho,C., and Rodrigues, J. Eds. New Challengeswith Geotourism. Proceedings of the VIII EuropeanGeoparks Conference, Idanha-a- Nova,14-16September (2009), Portugal, p.19 - 23.

Fig. 9. A visit tothe MarmolesCave. One of

the main tourist attractions in

SubbeticasGeopark, Spain

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In 2009, the NaturalGeological Reserve of Haute-Provence installed an inter-active geo-guide system sotourists would be able tovisit the natural and culturalheritage of the area usingGPS. This innovative tool isrelatively new to France. It iscurrently the largest visuallyguided system in the countryboasting almost 1.5 GB of"onboard" files for 5 audio-guided tours focusing on arange of themes (tourism,geology and culture) avail-able in 6 languages.This project is based onstate-of-the-art technologiesthat can be used to best pro-mote and develop the cul-tural possibilities offered bythe Natural GeologicalReserve of Haute-Provenceand the Digne region. Theproject also aims to meetthe expectations of itstourists/ customers lookingfor more independence andmobility. It is supported bystrong partnerships drawingon the complementary inter-ests of both public and pri-

v a t eo rgan i -zat ions(over 50p a r t -n e r s )

including the town of Digne-les-Bains, the Digne Region,the museums, tourist profes-sionals, Digne craftsmen,and service providers. Thepooling of information andwriting of the comments forthe audio guide was a cru-cial, yet complex, step in theproject. This involved work-ing together with the localpeople on various differentthemes (heritage, culture,geology and nature).The Geo-guide provides 5self-guided tours in theDigne region. Two self-guid-ed GPS car tours coverabout forty different sites ofspecial interest scatteredacross the geologicalreserve. You can discoveralpine landscapes in a pris-tine environment, such asthe wild beauty of the BesGorges, geological sites,dense forests opening ontoprairies and the villagesalong the Bleone River.Otherwise, you can ambleyour way through theProvencal heritage, discov-ering sumptuous sceneryshaped by man, includinglavender fields, olive groves,and charming picturesquevillages. Three self-guided culturaltours on foot are available inD i g n e - l e s - B a i n s . T h eMuseum Meander Tour looksat the history of the Earthand the evolution of floraand fauna in the area. TheGassendi Museum Tourincludes a variety of subjectssuch as science, history andfine arts; the PhilosophicalWalkabout is an invitation toturn back the clocks.The Geo-guide includes

audio commentary, videofootage, music and pictures.It also provides a panoramicdescription of the fauna andflora in the Digne region,including landscape read-ings, tourist information,and presentation videos ofthe self-guided tours.Tours for the general publicare available in six lan-guages: French, English,German, Italian, Spanishand Dutch. There are alsotwo special versions avail-able which include a chil-dren's version for theMuseum Meander and anadapted version for Frenchsign language users at theGassendi Museum. A total of70 devices are availablefrom three different collec-tion points at the MuseumMeander, the Tourist Officeand the Gassendi Museum.Visitors are asked to pay asmall fee to rent the equip-ment. Visitors must returnthe equipment to the placefrom where they borrowedit. This project requires anew organisation and avail-able staff to welcome visi-tors (explanation on how touse the equipment, withmanual and automatic func-tions, the touch screen,etc.). The GPtO Station soft-ware is used to update thedata and manage both thetour itinerary and content.This project was implement-ed as part of a 'Rural Centreof Excellence' programmefinanced by the State, theProvence-Alpes-Cote-d'AzurRegion and the Departmentof the Alpes de Haute-Provence.

Sylvie Giraud

Using a Geo-Guide to discover the Natural GeologicalReserve of Haute-Provence

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Bohemian Paradise Geoparkfor sightless visitors

The phone rings and MarekHladik introduces himselfwith words: "Good after-noon, we would like toknow something aboutBohemian ParadiseGeopark." One of our nor-mal daily calls. I respond"OK, when will you show upand what would you like toknow?" Marek specifies:"We are a group of sight-less children from Prague."At that moment it is clearthat the information can betransmitted only with thehelp of four senses. I amalways excited to meet withsightless and purblind chil-dren. The so called"Tyflotouristic group" bringstogether people fromBohemia and Moravia toarrange programmes,weekend sctivities andcamps for visually impaired

children and students. Morethan twenty children andstudents from high schoolsand universities come tothe Geopark with theirleaders. Some have aclouded vision of their sur-roundings, others areunable or only partially ableto distinguish shapes..However, there is muchwhich they can sense aboutthe world around themwithout being able to see..One does not need to feelsorry for the sightless.Their disability makes theirlives more complicated butthey have learnt how to livewith it. A sightless person isable to do most things andparticipate in many activi-ties. Therefore this personis equal among others andher/his ability to recognizeusing the senses of touchor sound is, for example,many times greater thanthat of a "normally sightedperson". Therefore it is achallenge to try and enablea sightless person to expe-rience a "real picture".Visually disabled peoplefrequently display charac-teristics that can be missingin the sighted.For examplethe ability to enjoy themoment, combined with asense of humor and toler-ance. Jana and Tomas helpme to to devote ourselvesto our guests' needs. Thereare many possibilities tointroduce mineralogy, pale-ontology and geology tosightless vistors to theGeopark. I explain that thebasic structural unit of theEarth/s crust are mineralswhich occur as crystals andwhich differ from amor-phous substances in their

shapes and their thermalconductivity. We circulate aspecimen of amathyst crys-tals and a piece of obsidi-an, an amorphous volcanicglass among the children.The crystal in their hands iscooling and the obsidian,quite the reverse, feels as ifit is warming Minerals alsohave distinctive odours.This phenomenon was usedby Swedish geologists inthe 19th.Century who usedtrained dogs in the searchfor ores.. The sightless arevery perceptive. Any cre-ative activity provides themwith an intense experience.One group uses differentbeads to create beautifulnecklaces, bracelets andrings. The second groupstudies an exhibition whichis equipped with Braille.The children and studentsleave after a few hoursenriched by new experi-ences and with souvenirs, i.e. the jewelry, which theyhave created. The leadersacknowledge that we arewell prepared for such vis-its. The biggest reward forme, in addition to thisacknowledgement, is thewords of children: "Thegeology is so interesting!"

Tomas Ridkosil

A studentuses Braille to

investigate ageolgy

exhibitiondesigned for

sightlesspeople

Unsighted students experience touching rocks

Unsighted students feel

the nature and experience the

thermal conductivity of

amethyst(quartz) crystals

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The tragic pictures from thedevastating earthquake thatstruck Haiti on January 12,remind us of the need to beprepared to confront naturaldisasters. In order to informits visitors about the natureof earthquakes The NaturalHistory Museum of theLesvos Petrified Forestorganized an exhibition on"Seismic hazards in Northeastern Aegean" the exhibi-

tion is accompanied by anoriginal educational pro-gramme which has beendesigned by the LesvosPetrified Forest Geopark andruns in the Natural HistoryMuseum in Sigri.The programme has beenenthusiastically welcomedby the schools of Lesvos,and also by other Greekareas who visit the NaturalHistory Museum on theisland of Lesvos. The themeof the programme is a burn-ing issue in Greece andmany other countries wheretowns and villages are locat-

ed along tectonic plateboundaries. Specifically, theprogramme concerns thenature of earthquakes andseismic hazards.The 2-hour programme,which is designed to addressthe basic and secondaryeducational levels, includesa presentation on the causesof earthquakes, the ways inwhich seismic waves travelthrough the Earth and thecatastrophic effects theymight have. Subsequently,the children visit theMuseum's exhibition hallwhere, with the aid of inter-active models, they canvisualise the movements ofthe Earth's plates and theirlinks with the occurrence ofearthquakes. A real seis-mometer records the wavesthat the children produce onthe ground while walking,while screens show therecords of the seismographsin Sigri and the University ofThessaloniki in real time. Aposter exhibition providesfurther information on theconnection between mytho-logical characters and natu-ral phenomena. It also pro-vides information on histori-cal earthquakes in theislands of the northeastAegean, the links betweenlarge faults in these islandsand the most recent tecton-ic activity in the Aegean areaand other catastrophic natu-ral phenomena linked withthe earthquakes. The chil-dren have a great opportuni-ty to see a real fault in theback-yard of the museumand understand how therocks deform, fracture andmove along the fault plane.The highlight of the pro-gramme, without any doubt,is the seismic table installedin the Museum. The installa-

tion can simulate the seismicmovement of some of themost destructive earth-quakes during recent years.Children can sit at theirdesks and experience thetremors felt by the people ofAthens Greece, on the 5thSeptember 1999, of KozaniGreece, on 13th May 1995,Kobe, Japan, on the 17thJanuary 1995, or of Gujarat,India, on the 26th ofJanuary 2001. This activityaims to familiarize the chil-dren with the correct proce-dures that need to be fol-lowed during and immedi-ately after an earthquake.The programme enablesthem to learn and practicethese procedures in a per-fectly safe environment.This new educational pro-gramme of the LesvosPetrified Forest Geopark hasproved a huge success.More than 900 children havealready participated andabout 500 have alreadybooked to take part. Thegreat value of this pro-gramme in an area with veryintense seismic activity suchas the NE Aegean is obvi-ous. Greece is situated atthe front of the EurasianPlate on a collision zone i.e.a convergent plate marginwhere the Eurasian andAfrican plates collide..Greece is therefore one ofthe most seismically activecountries in Europe.Earthquakes are frequentand every-day events insome areas. The pro-gramme aims to the famil-iarize children with earth-quakes and their naturalconsequences. Knowledge isthe most successful weaponagainst the catastrophiceffects of earthquakes.

Nikolaos Zouros

Earthquake simulation & seismic hazard protection

Learn everything aboutthe earthquakes in theLesvos Petrified Forest

Geopark!

The seismic tablein the Natural

History Museumof the Lesvos

Petrified Forest

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With rocks of every era,from the Precambrian to theCarboniferous, Shetland'sgeology spans almost 3 billion years and is moregeologically diverse than anysimilarly sized area inEurope. Where else can youwalk on ancient oceaniccrust, explore an extinct volcano and stroll acrossshifting sands in the spaceof a day?Shetland consists of a groupof over 100 islands, 15 ofwhich are inhabited. Theislands extend 110km fromnorth to south with Fair Islelying a further 35km to thesouth. The total land area is1468km2, but the tortuouscoastline, over 1500km inlength, means that no pointis more than 5km from thesea. In 2009 Shetlandbecame the first completeisland group to join theEuropean Geoparks Net-work. Over the past 700 millionyears Shetland has travelledfrom a location close to theSouth Pole across theEquator to its current latitude of 60o north. On thisjourney it has experiencedoceans opening and closing,

mountains form-ing and eroding, tropical seas,v o l c a n o e s ,deserts, iceages andancient rivers.Evidence ofthese earth-shaking events,changing envi-ronments and anumber ofunique geologi-cal features, canbe foundthroughout the

isles. Geopark Shetland isbringing to life the fascinating stories behindShetland's geology and geographical location, aswell as demonstrating howthese features have influenced every aspect ofliving in the islands, from thelandscape and biodiversity tothe settlement patterns andeconomy. A number of projects havebeen carried out to dateincluding geological walls,geo-art exhibits and information panels throughout the islands.'Shetland's Volcano', the firstin a series of self-guide trails,explores one of the highestenergy coastlines in theworld - Eshaness. Once asupervolcano, this coastlinenow represents 'the bestsection through the flank ofa volcano in the British Isles'.A second self-guide trail willjourney to the bottom of anancient ocean and reveal themassive forces at play whenEngland and Scotland united400 million years ago. Thistrail crosses the ShetlandOphiolite Complex, whichhas been described as 'themost compact, bestexposed, complete andaccessible in the world'.Other projects include ageology garden designed tobring to life the desert andlake environment ofShetland's Devonian Periodthrough the fossilisedremains of animals, plantsand even raindrops. Shetland's geology is animpressive resource forlearning, which is promotedby Geopark Shetland foreducational use at everylevel. Current projectsinclude the development ofgeology based teaching unitsfor local schools. Geopark Shetland is

managed by ShetlandAmenity Trust. The Trust issupported by the multi-agency Geopark ShetlandWorking Group. This groupincludes representatives oforganisations committed tothe long-term future ofGeopark Shetland, such asShetland Islands Council,Scottish Natural Heritage,community groups, tourismoperators and geology advisors. Community ownership andsupport is also generated byworking with local communities to developGeopark projects. GeoparkShetland has held popularevents to promote Shetland'sgeology within the islandcommunity, including guidedwalks, public talks and family activity days. Moreactivities are planned for2010 in celebration of EGNweek, the Scottish GeologyFestival and ShetlandSchools Environment Week. Shetland is a vibrant culturalhub, which is becoming astrong player inthe moderntourist market.With EGN membership, itsgeology hasreceived thesame recognitionas its birdlife, b i o d i v e r s i t y ,archaeology andcultural heritage.Joining the EGNhas furthers t r e n g t h e n e dS h e t l a n d ' stourism productand we look forward to welcoming more visitors, includingother EGN mem-bers, soon.

Sita Hughson

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Geopark Shetland

Eshaness cliffs -

'Shetland's volcano', the

first ofGeopark

Shetland's self-guide

trails, exploresthis high

energy coastline.Copyright

Davy Cooper

Giant's Leg,Bressay - The

Old RedSandstone of

Shetland'sDevonian

period hasbeen carved

by the sea to create this

stunning landmark.CopyrightJonathan

Wills

Climbing inShetland - Littleknown until recently, this addition to therange of outdoorpursuits enjoyedin Shetland israpidly growingin popularity.Copyright AndyLong

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The VouraikosGorge in the

ChelmosVoraikosGeopark

Chelmos - VouraikosGeopark is located in NorthPeloponnese (Greece).Ithas an area of 5654 Km2,with 62 settlements andtowns and a population ofabout 27,125 inhabitants.The Geopark is administrat-ed by the Chelmos -Vouraikos ManagementBody whose aim is to man-

age and protect the region'snatural environment,archaeology and geology.The Geopark consists of amountainous and semi-mountainous terrain with anaverage altitude of about1,391 m. The geologicalstructure and the region'srock types together with therainfall, snowfall, and ero-sion by water contributesignificantly to the nature of

the land-scape, Impo r t a n tgeosites inthe Chelmos- VouraikosG e o p a r kinclude theVo u r a i k o sGorge, con-

tains a rack railway, i.e. arailway designed for use onsteep slopes with a rackbetween the rails whichengages a gear on the loco-motive. The line wasopened in 1896 and is usedby a train called Odontotos.Here the rocks consist ofconglomerates with lime-stones. The rough slopescreate important environ-ments for birdlife within thegorge.The 2 km long Cave of theLakes, close to the villageKastria was created in thelimestones of ChelmosMountain, by an under-ground river some 1,5 mil-lion years ago. Nowadaysthe river cascades over aseries of steps forming thir-teen permanent sinter poolswhich occupy one third ofthe cave. The cave is locat-ed at an elevation of 827metres in the drainagebasin of the Aroanios riverand owes its origin to chem-ical and mechanical erosionalong tectonically controlledfissures. The permanentlyflowing Aroanios Springs inthe Feneos basin are thesource of the AroaniosRiver. The water reachesthe springs through a seriesof sinkholes in the lime-stone. Next to the springs isan old watermill and theEuropean E4 trail crossesthis site. The Ladonas River is suit-able for canoeing- kayakingand rafting. This this gentlyflowing river is ideal forbeginners and children alsooffers opportunities fortrekking, swimming andfishing. The areas aroundthe river are used by fans ofclimbing, biking and huntingas wild boar are known tocome to parts of the river.Visitors to the area rangefrom private individuals to

groups wishing to experi-ence to alternative tourism.The geosite Tsivlou Lake atan altitude of 800 m wasformed by a landslide in1912 which blocked Krathisriver valley. The Doxa Lakeis a small artificial lake withthe small church of St.Fanourios situated in itsmiddle. The monastery ofSt. Georgios on the south-ern shores of the lake has a"secret school" and providesa magnificent view of thelake. Geopark activities includethe annually organiseddescent of Vouraikos Gorge.The participation of walkersfrom all over Europe in thisactivity reflects the interestin the natural beauty andgeology at this site. TheKleitoria EnvironmentalEducational Center ora-ganizes variety of environ-mental education activities.Its eucalyptus trees andgardens create some amaz-ing combinations of colorsin spring.The area of Chelmos-Vouraikos successfully com-bines geology (geosites andgeodiversity) and out dooractivities with the interestsof the visitors.

Nikos Topouzidis

Chelmos - Vouraikos Geopark

A party viewsan under-ground lakeduring a visitto the Cave ofthe Lakes

Rafting onthe gently

flowingLadanas

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A Geopark must respect local and national laws relating to the protection of geological heritage. In orderto be seen to be impartial in its management of the geological heritage, its managing body must not par-ticipate directly in the sale of geological objects* within the Geopark (no matter from where they are) andshould actively discourage unsustainable trade in geological materials as a whole, including shortsightedselling of Earth heritage, minerals and fossils . Where clearly justified as a responsible activity and as partof delivering the most effective and sustainable means of site management, it may permit sustainable col-lecting of geological materials for scientific and educational purposes from naturally renewable sites with-in the Geopark. Trade of geological materials based on such a system may be tolerated in exceptional cir-cumstances, provided it is clearly and publicly explained, justified and monitored as the best option for theGeopark in relation to local circumstances. Such circumstances will be subject to debate and approval bythe GGN / EGN on a case by case basis.

*By geological objects the charter is specifically referring to specimens of rock, minerals and fossils of a type that arecommonly sold in so-called "rock-shops." It does not refer to material for normal industrial and household use whichis sourced by quarrying and/or mining and which will be subject to regulation under national and/or international leg-islation.

European Geoparks Network Charter Against trading in geological objects

The European Geoparks charter was officially accepted on June 5, 2000 in Lesvos, Greece andwas signed by the four founder members of the European Geoparks Network.Every territory wishing to submit candidature to become a European Geopark is obligated toaccept this charter and will sign it at the moment of the official nomination.1. A European Geopark is a territory which includes a particular geological heritage and a sus-tainable territorial development strategy supported by a European programme to promote devel-opment. It must have clearly defined boundaries and sufficient surface area for true territorialeconomic development. A European Geopark must comprise a certain number of geologicalsites of particular importance in terms of their scientific quality, rarity, aesthetic appeal or edu-cational value. The majority of sites present on the territory of a European Geopark must bepart of the geological heritage, but their interest may also be archaeological, ecological, histori-cal or cultural.2. The sites in European Geopark must be linked in a network and benefit from protection andmanagement measures. The European Geopark must be managed by a clearly defined structureable to enforce protection, enhancement and sustainable development policies within its territo-ry. No loss or destruction, directly or via sale, of the geological values of a EuropeanGeopark may be tolerated. In this respect European Geoparks are managed within theframework established by the Global Geoparks Network Charter (see below).3. A European Geopark has an active role in the economic development of its territory throughenhancement of a general image linked to the geological heritage and the development ofGeotourism. A European Geopark has direct impact on the territory by influencing its inhabi-tants' living conditions and environment. The objective is to enable the inhabitants to re-appro-priate the values of the territory's heritage and actively participate in the territory's cultural revi-talization as a whole.4. A European Geopark develops, experiments and enhances methods for preserving the geo-logical heritage.5. A European Geopark has also to support education on the environment, training and devel-opment of scientific research in the various disciplines of the Earth Sciences, enhancement ofthe natural environment and sustainable development policies.6. A European Geopark must work within the European Geopark Network to further the net-work's construction and cohesion. It must work with local enterprises to promote and supportthe creation of new by-products linked with the geological heritage in a spirit of complementar-ity with the other European Geoparks Network members.

Global Geoparks Network Charter

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1. Reserve Geologique de Haute - Provence FRANCE2. Vulkaneifel European Geopark GERMANY3. Petrified Forest of Lesvos GREECE4. Maestrazgo Cultural Park ARAGON, SPAIN5. Psiloritis Natural Park GREECE6. Terra.Vita Naturpark GERMANY7. Copper Coast Geopark IRELAND8. Marble Arch Caves European Geopark NORTHERN IRELAND & IRELAND9. Madonie Geopark ITALY10. Rocca di Cerere Geopark ITALY11. Naturpark Steirische Eisenwurzen AUSTRIA12. Naturpark Bergstrasse Odenwald GERMANY13. North Pennines AONB ENGLAND, UK14. Park Naturel Regional du Luberon FRANCE15. North West Highlands SCOTLAND, UK 16. Geopark Swabian Albs GERMANY17. Geopark Harz Braunschweiger Land Ostfalen GERMANY18. Hateg Country Dinosaurs Geopark ROMANIA19. Beigua Geopark ITALY

20. Fforest Fawr Geopark WALES, UK21. Bohemian Paradise Geopark CZECH REPUBLIC22. Cabo de Gata - Nijar Natural Park ANDALUCIA, SPAIN23. Naturtejo Geopark PORTUGAL24. Sierras Subbeticas Natural Park ANDALUCIA, SPAIN25. Sobrarbe Geopark ARAGON, SPAIN26. Gea Norvegica Geopark NORWAY27. Geological, Mining Park of Sardenia ITALY28. Papuk Geopark CROATIA29. Lochaber Geopark SCOTLAND, UK30. English Riviera Geopark ENGLAND, UK31. Adamello - Brenta Nature Park ITALY32. Geo Mon WALES, UK33. Arouca Geopark PORTUGAL34. Shetlands SCOTLAND - UK35. Chelmos Vouraikos GREECE36. Novohrad - Nograd Geopark HUNGARY & SLOVAKIA37. Magma Geopark NORWAY

The European Geoparks Network today...The Network consists of 37 Geoparks in 15 European countries (April 2010)

www.europeangeoparks.org

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