Senita cactus - senita moth

A pollination-seed predator

mutualism…

Lophocereus

schotii Upiga virescens

egg

Holland and DeAngelis (2002) model of the

Lophocereus-Upiga mutualism

dP/dt>0

dM/dt<0

dM/dt<0

dP/dt<0

dM/dt>0

# Plants

# M

oth

s

Lophocereus

schottii Upiga virescens

Figure 17_07

competition?

Figure 17_07

Figure 17_08

Apparent competition

Food webs

Paine 1966

Charles

Elton

El Verde rainforest web - trophic (not taxonomic) species

“Keystone species” effect of trophic structure on

species diversity

Lubchenco 1978

Figure 17_09

Figure 17_10

El Verde rainforest web - trophic (not taxonomic) species

Patterns of connectance in food webs (Martinez 1992)

More detailed, dynamical foodwebs

Jonsson, Cohen,

Carpenter (2005)