EGAT INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLD …€¦ · 2.2.4 Cathodic Protection 2-9 2.2.5 Pipeline Construction Method 2-9 2.3 PIPELINE OPERATIONS 2-15 2.3.1 Gas Transmission

MS& ~C3

E-235 VOL. 20

KINGDOM OF THAILAND

PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF THAILAND

NA-TURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FROMBANG PAKONG TO WANG NOI

EGAT - INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT

(WORLD BANK PARTIAL CREDIT GUARANTEE)

DRAFT FINAL REPORT

PREPARED BY

TEAM CONSULTING ENGINEERS CO., LTD.

FOR

BECHTEL INTERNATIONAL, INC.

JUNE 1994

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EZITEAMCONSULTING ENGINEERS CO., LTD.

Our Ref: ENV/853/941237

2 June 1994

Mr. Emad M.KhedrProject Engineer15th Floor, PTT Head Office Building555 Vibhavadi-Rangsit RoadBangkok 10900, Thailand

Dear Sir:

Re: Environmental Impact Assessment of Natural Gas PipelineProject from Bang Pakong to Wans Noi

We are pleased to submit herewith 5 copies of the Environmental ImpactAssessment of the Natural Gas Pipeline Project from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi for yourconsiderations.

We would like to thank the concerned Bechtel International personnel for theirassistances throughout the course of study.

Sincerely yours,

Amnat PrommasutraExecutive Director

51/301-305 Drive-in Center, Ladprao Road, Soi 130, Bangkapi. Bangkok 10240. ThailandTelex: 82855 TRIREX TH. ATTN: TEAM CONSULT. Fax :66 -2-3751070 Tel. : 3773480. 3771770.1

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CHAPTER II

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES

In conjunction with the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project,

PTT requested that Bechtel International, Inc. evaluated the feasibility

of including, in the Project, and additional pipeline extension from Bang

Pakong to Wang Noi. This pipeline extension would supply natural gas to

the Wang Noi Power Plant, the Bangkok Gas Ring, and two peak shaving

plants at Nong Chok and Sai Noi. The supporting facilities for this

pipeline extension would include a 30,000 PH compressor station at Bang

Pakong, five intermediate block valve stations, and a custody transfer

metering station at Wang Noi. A Feasibility Study has been prepared for

the extension and has been submitted to PTT.

The following provides additional information regarding the route

selection for the pipeline beyon what is provided in the Feasibility

Study. Four different alternatives were evaluated for the pipeline route

from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi (Figure 2.1-1).

(1) Alternative 1 - EGAT Route

(2) Alternative 2 - Railway, Highway, and EGAT Route

(3) Alternative 3 - Cross-country and EGAT

(4) Alternative 4 - Follow PTT Existing Line (Bangkok Gas Ring)

to Nong Chok

(1) ALTERNATIVE 1

Alternative 1 follows mainly the EGAT Power Transmission

Lines and is estimated to be approximately 100 km long. Approximately 90%

of the pipeline would be placed in the EGAT ROW (right-of-way) and the

remaining 10% would be installed in land requiring new ROW. The advantages

of this route include; limited impact to land oweners, residents, and

economic activities along the pipeline route; miproved constructatility

due to limited obstruction; and reduced ROW costs. The main disadvantage

of this route are the increase capital and operating costs due the

requirement for installing AG Mitigation facilities along the line.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-11

2-1

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DRAFT FINAL REPORT OF

NATUJA. G.AS PIPELINE PROJECT FROM

BANG PAKONG TO WANG NOI

Table of Contents

Page

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1-1

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1-1

CHAPTER II : PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES 2-1

2.2 PIPELINE FACILITIES 2-4

2.2.1 Pipeline Route 2-5

2.2.2 Pipeline Hazard/Mitigation Measure 2-8

2.2.3 Pipeline Design 2-8

2.2.4 Cathodic Protection 2-9

2.2.5 Pipeline Construction Method 2-9

2.3 PIPELINE OPERATIONS 2-15

2.3.1 Gas Transmission Facilities 2-15

2.3.2 Pipeline Markers 2-16

2.3.3 Gas Leak Control 2-16

2.3.4 Operations Schedule 2-16

2.3.5 Gas Supply/Demand 2-17

2.4 OVERALL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 2-17

2.4.1 Construction Stage 2-17

2.4.2 Operation Stage 2-17

i

CHAPTER II : EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

3.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 3-1

3.1.1 Literature Review 3'1

3.1.2 Study Methodology and Sampling Stations

Description

3.1.2.1 Results of the Study 3-9

3.2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

3.2.1 Literature Review 3-12

3.2.2 Results from Field Work 3-14

3.2.2.1 Plankton Organisms 3-14

3.2.2.2 Benthic Organisms 3-18

3.2.2.3 Aquatic Weeds 3-18

3.2.2.4 Fishery 3-21

3.3 TRANSPORTATION 3-22

3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES 3-22

3.5 LAND USE 3-26

3.5.1 Introduction 3-26

3.5.2 Objective 3-27

3.5.3 Scope of Work 3-27

3.5.4 Study Methodology 3-27

3.5.5 Results of the study 3-27

3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 3-36

3.6.1 Scope of the Study 3-36

3.6.2 Objective of the Study 3-36

3.6.3 Methods of Study 3-36

3.6.4 Results of the Study 3-41

3.6.4.1 The Existing Gas Pipeline Area 3-41

3.6.4.2 The Proposed Gas Pipeline Area 3-61

ii

CHAPTER IV : MAJOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT

4.1 METHODOLOGY 4-1

4.1.1 Hazard Identification 4-1

4.1.2 Quantitative Analysis 4-5

4.2 HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENTS 4-8

4.3 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS 4-16

4.4 HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES 4-16

CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1

5.2 WATER QUALITY 5-1

5.2.1 Construction Period 5-1

5.2.2 Operation Phase 5-2

5.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY/FISHERY 5-3


5.3.2 Operation Period 5-4




5.5 LAND USE 5-5

5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMICS 5-5

iii

C?-fPTER VI : MITIGATION MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT


6.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 6-1


6.2.1.1 Water Quality 6-1

6.2.1.2 Aquatic Ecology/Fisheries 6-6

6.2.1.3 Transportation 6-6

6.2.1.4 Land Use 6-7

6.2.1.5 Socio-Economic 6-7


6.2.2.1 Water Quality/Aquatic Ecology 6-8

6.2.2.2 Transportation 6-8

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT 6-8

6.3.1 PTT Safety Policy 6-10

6.3.2 Operating and Maintenance on Safety 6-10

of Gas Transmission Facilities

6.3.3 Environmental and Safety Training 6-11

6.3.4 Recommendations 6-11

CHAPTER VII ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS


7.2 WATER QUALITY/AQUATIC BIOLOGY 7-1


7.4 INFRASTRUCTURE 7-4

7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 7-4

7.6 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 7-4

iv

CHAPTER VII : ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS (Corit'd)

7.7 CONCLUSIONS 7-5

v

List of Tables

Tables Page

2.3-1 Natural Gas Supply Forecast (mmscfd) 2-18

3.1.1 Water Quality classification of Bang Pakong

River, 1991 3-2

3.1.2 Water Analysis in Khlong Prawet Burirom and

Bang Pakong River on June 1991 3-5

3.1-3 Surface Water Quality by Ones; Classification

and Objectives 3-6

3.1-4 Characteristics of Water Samples to be

Determine 3-10

3.1-5 The Results of Water Quality Sampling Stations

Main Waterways to be Intersected by Pipeline

(December 21-22, 1993) 3-11

3.2-1 Number of Species and Density of Plankton

in Khlong Prawet Burirom and Bang Pakong River

(June 1991) 3-13

3.2-2 Species Composition and Abundances (Organisms/

Litre) of Plankton Organisms in the Gas Pipeline

Project Area, December 21-22, 1993 3-15

3.2-3 Benthic Organisms (Individual Per Square Meter

of Bottom Surface at Five Sampling Stations,

December 21-22, 1993 3-19

3.2-4 Species of Aquatic Weeds Found in Bang Pakong

River, 1993 3-20

3.3-1 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes in 1992 3-25

3.5-1 Type and Area of Land Use on the Pipeline Route 3-35

3.6-1 Sampling Site and Sample size of the Former

Gas Pipeline 3-37

3.6-2 Sampling Site and Sample Size of the Proposed

Gas Pipeline 3-38

3.6-3 General Characteristic of Respondent 3-43

3.6-4 Structure of Household 3-45

3.6 e 5 Occupatio and Economic Status of Respondents 3-49

3.6-6 Land Holding Status and Housing Condition 3-51

vi

Tables Page

3.6=7 information about the Pipeline Project Received

by Those Living Here Before the construction

Phase 3-54

3.6-8 Information about the Pipeline Project

Received by Those Living Here after the

Construction Phase 3-56

3.6-9 Attitude Toward the Former Pipeline Project and

Reactions of Respondents 3-57

3.6-10 Impact from Former Pipeline Project and

Compensation 3-62

3.6-11 Opinion about the Proposed Gas Project 3-64

3.6-12 General Characteristic of Respondent 3-66

3.6-13 Structure of Household 3-68

3.6-14 Occupation and Economic Status of Respondent 3-70

3.6-15 Land Holding Status and Housing 3-73

3.6-16 Knowledge about Pipeline Project 3-74

3.6-17 Attitude Toward the Pipeline Project 3-75

3.6-18 Impact from High Voltage Line 3=79

3.6-19 Impact from the Proposes Pipeline Project 3-80

4.1-1 Input Data for Hazard Evaluation 4-6

4.1-2 Gas Outflow of the Pipeline Leak Rate at 20%

and 100% of Pipe Diameter 4-7

4.1-3 Distance at the End of Turbulent Mixing Phase 4-9

4.1-4 Gas Dispersion Beyong the End of Turbulent

Mixing Phase 4-10

4.1-5 Buoyant Dispersion of the Natural Gas 4-11

4.2-1 The Distance from the Centre of the Fireball

at the Radiation Flux (METRE) 4-13

4.2-2 Instantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition 4-14

4.2-3 Buoyant Dispersion of the Natural Gas at

100% of Pipe Diameter Leakage (28") 4-15

4.3-1 Summary for Impact Assessment 4-17

6.1-1 Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts,

and Mitigation Measures 6-2

vii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTT N

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Since there are rapid growth in various sectors in Thailand, the

energy supply is the main aspects for the country's need. The utilization

of natural gas pipeline system has also been developed in the Gulf of

Thailand during 1970s. The demand of natural gas has been forecasted to

increase from 350 MMCFD in the year 1986 to 2000 MMCFD by the year 2001.

To achieve the increasing demand and the necessity to produce adequate

natural gas supply for the country's need, PTT has engaged Bechtel

International, Inc. to develop the pipeline system from Bang Pakong to

Wang Noi. PTT has also entrusted TEAM Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd. to

prepare the environmental impact assessment.

The Initial environmental evaluation was undertaken for the

natural gas pipeline project from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi in March 1994.

It was indicated that the concerned parameters to be study in the EIA

include water quality, aquatic ecology, land use, transportation, socio-

economic at hazardous assessment. Thus, the content of this EIA will be

limited to the above aspects.

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The main objectives are the preparation of the Environmental

Impact Assessment (EIA) report and the development of the monitoring

program of this project.

The specific objectives of the study are:

(1) To investigate and describe the existing characteristics

and quality of the concerned environmental resources and values of the

study area.

(2) To characterize the environmental aspects that would be

affected by the implementation of the proposed project.

ENV853/94140/CHAP- I

1 -1

(3) To identify the major changes of the environment that may

be expected as a results of the project implementation and development.

(4) To evaluate and forecast the short and long-term impacts

of the proposed project upon the environmental resources and values and to

define the degree of significance and magnitude of the predicted impacts.

(5) To make recommendations on short and long-term measures

to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects and/or to maximize the positive

results of the proposed project.

(6) Based on the results, recommend the appropriate

ernvironmental monitoring programs for the proposed project during project

operation.

This EIA was conducted following the "Environmental Guidelines

for Selected Industrial and Power Development Project" of the Asian

Development Bank (ADB)".

ENV853/94140/CHAP-I

1-2

CHAPTER II

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES

In conjunction with the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project,

PTT requested that Bechtel International, Inc. evaluated the feasibility

of including, in the Project, and additional pipeline extension from Bang

Pakong to Wang Noi. This pipeline extension would supply natural gas to

the Wang Noi Power Plant, the Bangkok Gas Ring, and two peak shaving

plants at Nong Chok and Sai Noi. The supporting facilities for this

pipeline extension would include a 30,000 PH compressor station at Bang

Pakong, five intermediate block valve stations, and a custody transfer

metering station at Wang Noi. A Feasibility Study has been prepared for

the extension and has been submitted to PTT.

The following provides additional information regarding the route

selection for the pipeline beyon what is provided in the Feasibility

Study. Four different alternatives were evaluated for the pipeline route

from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi (Figure 2.1-1).

(1) Alternative 1 - EGAT Route

(2) Alternative 2 - Railway, Highway, and EGAT Route

(3) Alternative 3 - Cross-country and EGAT

(4) Alternative 4 - Follow PTT Existing Line (Bangkok Gas Ring)

to Nong Chok

(1) ALTERNATIVE 1

Alternative 1 follows mainly the EGAT Power Transmission

Lines and is estimated to be approximately 100 km long. Approximately 90%

of the pipeline would be placed in the EGAT ROW (right-of-way) and the

remaining 10% would be installed in land requiring new ROW. The advantages

of this route include; limited impact to land oweners, residents, and

economic activities along the pipeline route; miproved constructatility

due to limited obstruction; and reduced ROW costs. The main disadvantage

of this route are the increase capital and operating costs due the

requirement for installing AC Mitigation facilities along the line.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-I I

2-1

FIGURE 2.1-1 ALTERNATIVE PIPELINE ROUTES

~~ .BX

. . I :~ ! END OF 1 \ XL 36" PIPELINE P -- K -r I' K P 100i- o

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(2) Alternative 2

Alternative 9 follows the railway north from Bang Pakong to

Chachoengsao then follows Highway 304 to the Nong Chok Substation. The

route could then either follow the EGAT ROW or cut cross-country to the

Wang Noi Power Plant. The advantages of this route over Alternative 1

include; AC Mitigation costs/facilities would not be incurrend from Bang

Pakong to the Nong Chok Substation and better accessability to the

pipeline ROW. The disadvantages compared to Alternative 1 include:

significantly higher capital costs due to additional 20 km of pipeline

length; installation of the pipeline along congested. populated railway

and highway ROW; impact on property owners near congested Highway; and

additional horsepower requirements at Bang Pakong due to longer line

length wihic would adversely affect both capital and operating costs.

(3) Alternative 3

Alternative 3 follows the most direct cross-country route

from Bang Pakong to Nong Chok and from Nong Chok to the Wang Noi Power

Plant. The advantages of this route over Alternative 1 include; AC

Migigation costs/facilities would be minor and the pipeline length would

be reduced by 3 to 5 km. The disadvantages compared to Alternative 1

included; high ROW costs, high impact to property owners due to splitting

properties, and higher constructability costs due to more obstructions in

the ROW.

(4) Alternative 4

Alternative 4 follows the existing PTT pipeline along

Highway 34 and heads north and follows Highways 3256 and 3119. A majority

of the line would be in congested Highway ROW. The advantages of this

route over Alternative 1 include: Ac Mitigation costs/facilities would not

be incurred from Bang Pakong to the Nong Chok Substation and better

accessability to the pipeline ROW. The disadvantages compared to

Alternative 1 include: significantly higher capital costs due to

additional 25 km of pipeline length; installation of the pipeline along

congested, populated highway ROW; and additional horsepower requirements

at Bang Pakong due to longer line length which would adversely affect both

capitital and operating costs. This route is practically infeasible due

the the congested ROW along the highways it would parallel.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-I1

2-3

(5) Assessment of Alternative

Alternative 2 and 4 are not feasible due to the increased

pipeline length (+20% over Alternative 1 and due to the significant

congestLon which would be encountered along the highway/railway ROW.

AlterAnative 3 is feasible, however the total cost of this line may be

higher than Alternative 1 due to increased ROW and construction costs even

though the line is 3 km shorter. The main economic activities would be

affected by the installation of a new "virgin" cross-country pipeline.

This disadvantage for Alternative3, makes Alternative 1 the most

attractive route. The Alternative 1 route, which follows the EGAT ROW, is

cost effective, constructible, and minimizes the impact to residents in

Thailand. Based on this information, Alternative 1 is the selected route

for the Bang Pakong to Wang Noi extension.

The following description summarizes the major system components

and service condition:

New 100 km, 36" onshore gas pipeline from Bang Pakong to

Wang Noi Power Station. s s n4 - t rNew compressor station at Bang Pakong and new metering

facilities at Wang Noi Power Station.

Modifications to PTT's existing SCADA facilities at the

Erawan Platforms ERP and ECP, Rayong Gas Separation Plants,

the gas transmission and distribution system and Operations

Center in Chonburi.

The completion dates are scheduled at March 1996 for the onshore

pipelines. The service life for the pipelines and related facilities will

be approximately 40 years.

2.2 PIPELINE FACILITIES

The pipeline facilities related to this project include new

metering facilities at the Wang Noi Power Plant, and a new 100 km, 36"

onshore gas pipeline from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi. Also included are

modifications to the SCADA equipment and software.

ENV853/94140/CHAP- I I

2-4

2.2.1 Pipeline Route

The proposed Wang Noi Power Plant is located just south of

Highway 1, about 100 km North of the Wang Noi Pipeline (WNPL) tie-in with

the Parallel Pipeline at Amphoe Bang Pakong (Figure 2.2-1). The WNPL will

have a wall thickness of 0.375 inches or 0.406 inches (API Grade), in

accordance with ASME 31.8 code.

The WNPL will commence in rice field and head north east one

kilometer to join the EGAT R.O.W. (230 KV line). At this point, the WNPL

will parallel the EGAT line heading north. The pipeline will be 12 meters

to the east of the EGAT towers. The edge of the EGAT R.O.W. is 8 meters

further east, so no new R.O.W. will be required after WNPL's entry into

the EGAT R.O.W. Five meters of temporary work space will be necessary for

construction.

After entering the EGAT R.O.W., the WNPL will head north through

rice fields and low lands 1.5 kilometers to the Highway 3466 crossing.

Highway 3466 is a 6 meter wide asphalt road with an 8 meter wide

canal on the south side and a pond on the north. The highway will be a

standard bore crossing.

From Highway 3466, the WNPL will continue north across more rice

fields, and scattered fish ponds 0.7 kilometers to a major canal

("Khlong") crossing. The Khlong crossing can be open cut during the dry

season.

From the canal, the WNPL will continue to follow the EGAT line

north two kilometers to make an approximate 50° turn to the left.

Appropriate bending will be required to stay maintain the pipeline

alignment inside the EGAT R.O.W. This area is low lands with scattered

houses.

From the 50 P.I., the WNPL will continue northwesterly across

rural roads and three minor canals, which can all be open cut. The terrain

is flat with rice fields and low lands.

At KP 9, the EGAT line picks up a second set of towers from the

Bang Pakong Power Plant. At this point, the proposed WNPL will move in

between the two EGAT powerlines.

There is 22 meters of open work space from edge of towers. The

towers are 8 meters wide. The R.O.W. line is 12 meters from the center of

the towers. This would eliminate the need for temporary work space during

ENV853/94140/CHAP-I1

2-5

- CL

Wj--~-

FIGURE 2.2-1: LOCATION OF STU AREA

j.1.~~~~~~'I1'. .~~~~~~~~~.... ..

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construction and also avoid houses built up along rhe R.O.W. in some

areas.

About 7 kilometers further northwest, the EGAT lines cross the

Bang Pakong River. This is a major river with swift moying currents. The

crossing is almost 500 meters long. The crossing would most likely be

directionally drilled.

After the Bang Pakong River, the route crosses Highway 314 which

will be a standard bore crossing.

North of Highway 314,.the route continues through rice fields,

low lands, and several major and minor Khlongs, all of which should be

open cut with concrete coated pipe, 23 kilometers to the eastern line

railway crossing. The railway crossing will be a cased bore. The WNPL will

also cross the new 24-inch THAPP pipeline, which is under construction at

this time. The THAPP line follows the railway line west 0.6 kilometers and

turns north along a rural road to join the ECAT lines. THAPP line is

parallel to the EGAT lines at this point, on the east side of the R.O.W.,

12 meter offset Accordinzlv, there is no conflict between the WNPL route

and the THAPP line route as the proposed WNPL route is between the EGAT

towers.

The WNPL route continues northwest 11.5 kilometers across more

rice fields, minor Khlongs, and rural roads to Highway 304. At the north

side of the highway is a substation. The proposed WNPL route will leave

the EGAT R.O.W. and head east around the substation and rejoin the EGAT

R.O.W. after 500 meters. At this point, the double EGAT lines split and

the THAPP line follows the more westerly line while the WNPL route will

follow the easterly lines. The WNPL route will stay on the east side of

the towers at an approximate offset of 14 meters. The edge of R.O.W. is 26

meters from the towers, so no temporary work will be required.

The route continues north 15 kilometers across more rice fields,

two major Khlongs, several minor Khlongs, and rural roads to the next

Highway 3312.

At Highway 3312, a short re-route outside the EGAT R.O.W. will be

necessary to avoid ponds for a length of about 600 meters.

After rejoining the EGAT line, the UNPL route will continue for

10 kilometers north across several more minor Khlongs and one major Khlong-

to Highway 305. All crossings will most likely be open cut during the drv

ENV853/94140/CHAP-1I

2-7

season except the hizhway.

From Highway 305, the EGAT line continues north 20 kilometers

across rice fields and several minor Khlongs to a major Khlong crossing

that could be open cut or directionally drilled.

From here, the route contirn-es north alonlg the east Side of the

EGAT line approximately 5 kilometers to terminate at the proposed Wang

Noi Power Plant just south of Highway 1. There are two more major Khlong

crossings south of Highway 1.

2.2.2 Pipeline Hazard/Mitigation Measures

Because the gas pipelines will be located parallel to and

relatively close to high voltage (230 KV and 460 KV power transmission

lines, the pipe itself will be subjected to induced voltage). During

construction, the pipe will be grounded to prevent injury to personnel and

damage to equipments. A permanent grounding system will be installed to

protect pipeline and maintenance personnel and will be connected to the

grounding system for the individual transmission towers.

2.2.3 Pipeline Design

The gas pipelines will be designed in accordance with ASME B

31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems. The pipe wall

thickness and grade will be designed for a maximum operating pressure of

1,044 psig. The wall thickness of the pipe will be increased, as required,

at crossings of highways, railways, major waterways and in areas in close

proximity to inhabited structures as specified in the codes.

The pipe will be externally coated to prevent corrosion.

Pipe block valves will be located at various points on the

pipeline to allow isolation of portions of the system. The block valves

will be equipped with gas driven actuators for ease of operation. Each

valve will be located in a designated fenced/guarded area. Facilities will

be provided at the valve sites to allow venting of the pipeline in the

event of an emergency. Scraper traps will be installed at the Rayong gas

terminal (launcher), Block Valve No.6 (receiver), Bang Pakong Compressor

Station (launcher), and Wang Noi Power Plant (receiver).


2-8

2.2.4 Cathodic Protection

In addition to the external pipe coating, the pipeline will be

protected from corrosion by means of an active cathodic protection system.

Testing stations will be located along the pipelines to allow monitoring

of the cathodic protection system. The 36" pipeline will be electrically

isolated from Block Valve No.6 facilities by means of insulating joints.

2.2.5 Pipeline Construction Method

The onshore pipeline construction will basically be a linear

assembly line, where the equipment and workers move along the pipeline

route at a constant pace, each performing an assigned task. The work

process begins with the preparation of the right-of-way, which serves as

the work site, and ends with the burial of the pipe and the restoration of

the land surface. The following are the major work steps involved in the

construction process:

(1) Rioht-of-Way Preparation

The purpose of this work step is to provide a smooth and

even work area and to facilitate the movement of equipment onto and along

the pipeline route.

(2) PiDe Stringing

Stringing is the delivery and distribution of pipe along the

right-of-way. Specially equipped trucks are used to safely haul the pipe

from the storage yard to the right-of-way.

(3) Trenching

Trenching or ditching is merely the excavation of a trench

in which to lay the pipe. The trench can be excavated using a backhoe or

a specially designed wheel-type ditching machine. In areas containing

rock, blasting is sometimes used if the rock cannot be economically

fractured or ripped using mechanical methods. The depth of the trench is

a function of how much cover is required over the pipe; in normal soils

this is 75 to 80 cms, in rock only 60 cms.

(4) Bending

Individual pipe sections may be bent to ensure that the

completed pipeline contour matches the bottom contour of the trench. The


2-9

bending is done alongside the trench using specialized equipment which

handles the pipe with little or no damage to the exterior coating.

(5) Welding

Welding of the pipe joints is completed in a series of steps

beginning wi.h tLhe line-up oF tne two surfaces 'o critical tolerances,

followed by numerous welding passes. Typically, the welding is done

manually and, on large diameter pipe, two welders work on one weld,

working on opposite sides of the pipe. Welds are visually inspected and

examined by x-ray to determine their quality and acceptability.

(6) External Coating

After acceptance of the weld, the area adjacent to the weld

is cleaned and coated to prevent corrosion. Prior to movement into the

trench, the entire pipeline segment is tested for coating defects and if

found, any defects are corrected.

(7) Lowering-In

The pipe is normally lowered into the trench in long

segments of pipe joints. This critical step is closely coordinated and

supervised. The lifting and movement of the pipe segment is done by "side

boom" tractors which have the ability of making discrete vertical and

horizontal movements..

(8) Backfilling

After the pipe has been placed in the trench, the soil taken

from the trench or another selected material is placed in the trench.

Special care is taken to ensure that there is sufficient material

underneath the pipe as well as above it and also to prevent damage to the

coated pipe. Where the pipe is laid in rocky or rough soils, a padding of

selected material (dirt or sand) is used to support and isolate the pipe

from large rocks, etc.

(9) Crossings

Pipeline crossings of highways, railways, canals or other

pipelines or cables are made in accordance with the requirements of the

owners. In general, major highways will be crossed without disruption of

traffic. To accomplish this, a larger diameter steel casing pipe is bored

and jacked under the highway using specially designed equipment and then

the gas pipeline is slipped through the casing pipe. (Figure 2.2-2 and

2.2-3).

ENV853/94140/CHAP-Il

2-10

I-

z 0 z

0~~~~~~~~

36 ii|2aO

O O.D. 0 0469 "WT. PIPE

PAVED RURAL ROAD CROSSINGSSCALE: NONE

NOTE

MINIMUM COVER INSIDE RURAL ROAD ROW

IS 1.5 METER. CONTRACTOR HAS THE OPTION

TO EITHER JACK BORE OR OPEN cur

PAVEO RURAL ROADS.

HOWEVER TRAFFIC FLOW MUST BE

MAINTAINED,HEAVE WALL PIPE (36" O.D. x 0.469 WT. API 5L 't 65)

SHALL EXTEND ONE METER PAST 0OTH ROW LINES.

FIGURE 2.2-2 :PAVED RURAL ROAD CROSSINGS

0

0 0

SCALE: NONE NT

36 O.D3 x 0.469 WI. API 5L 65 PIPE

(HEAVY WALL CLASS 3) SHALL E-XTEND ACROSS

RURAL ROAD AND ONE METER PAST ROW LINES.

MINIMUM COVER IS 1.5 METER.

ALL DIRT AND LATERITE ROADS WILL BE OPEN CUT.

CONTRACTOR IS RESPONDSIBLE FOR SAFETY

AND FLOW OF TRAFFIC.

FIGURE 2.2-3 :DIRT AND LATERITE RURAL ROAD CROSSINGS

At crossings that are navigable by pleasure or commercial

craft, Contractor shall comply with all special precautionary measures

required by federal, state and local maritime authorities, to prevent or

minimize obstructions to navigation on the water course.

Construction of the pipe across rivers and streams shall be

performed in such a manner as to keep to a minimum the damage to

shorelines, water crossed, adjacent drainage areas, and fish and wildlife

habitats.

(a) Open Cut Crossings

Across streams and river, the pipeline shall normally

be laid by the open cut method as practicable and, where required, it

shall be held in place by means of concrete set-on weights or concrete

coating or screwed anchors.

Cutting of the pipeline ditch in sloped approaches

shall not be undertaken until actual pipe laying is ready to be carried

out in order to minimize silt input into the water course. If necessary,

the work area shall be graded, and other precautions shall be taken, to

pre-ven.t surface run-off from entering the ditch. In additionj the silt

fences, hay bales and other appropriate means will be applied to control

erosion and sediment runoff at all water channels adjacent to the trench

or other earth exposing construction activities.

Following installation of the pipe, the beds of streams

and rivers shall be restored, as neatly as possible, to their former

elevations and grade. Spoil, debris, piling, construction materials, and

obstructions resulting from the construction of the pipeline shall be

removed from the crossing to prevent interference with normal water flow

and use of the waterways, and shall be disposed in a satisfactory manner.

Where practicable, stream and river banks shall be

backfilled and compacted to a point above the high water line and, if

necessary, sandbagged and, or rip-rapped to prevent soil and bank erosion.

As a minimum, compaction shall be to densities equivalent to those of the

surrounding soils (Figure 2.2-4).

(b) Bored Crossings

In certain cases, the jurisdictional authority may

require that installation of the pipeline across the waterway be performed

by boring. Bored crossings shall be installed using a pilot pipe section.

ENV853/94 140/CHAP- I1

2-13

0- 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-JQ-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

z zz

:> 0< 1 36 t. -Q. <

WATER ~ ~~ NTE:36 3LINE O PI

36 O.D. x 0.469 "WT. PIPE CONCRETE COATED MINIMUM COVER FOR KHLONG CROSSINGS

IS 1.5 METER. HEAVY WALL (36-C.D. x 0.469" WT.)

KHLONG CROSSINGS CONCRETE COATED PIPE SHALL EXTEND

SCALE: NONE A MINIMUM OF FIVE METERS PASTTHE TOP BANK ON BOTH SIDES.

CONTRACTOR MAY OPEN CUT, BORE

OR DIRECTIONAL DRILL KHLONG CROSSINGS

FIGURE 2.2-4 :KHLONG CROSSINGS

Once the pilot section- i- in place, the permanent, coated, carrier pipe

shall be welded onto the pilot section and jacked or pulled through the

bore. The pilot section shall then be cut off and removed.

(c) Directional Drilling

The installation of the pipeline crossings may be

accomplished by the use of the directional drilling method. A plan and

profile of each crossing to be installed by directional drilling is to be

approved. Entry and exit points shall be accurately located. Where the

crossing is installed parallel to an existing pipeline, the crossing

design shall ensure that a minimum twenty (20) foot separation is

maintained between the pipelines throughout the full length of the

crossing. Any drilling fluids, muds or chemical additives used shall be

acceptable to the environmental authorities having jurisdiction, and the

containment and disposal of such drilling fluids shall be in accordance

with the permit requirements. It is anticipated that the Bang Pakong River

(which is in the 36" Segment of the Wang Noi Extension) will be

directionally bored.

(10) Testing

The completed pipeline is subjected to a hydrostatic test to

approve its overall integrity. After venting all air from the completed

pipeline a pressure equivalent to 25 percent higher than maximum operating

pressure is applied and held for 24 hours. During this time, the pressure

and temperature are recorded to determine if there is any leakage.

2.3 PIPELINE OPERATIONS

2.3.1 Gas Transmission Facilities

The overall gas transmission facilities consist of the metering

and pressure control offshore on ERP, the 36" submarine pipeline, liquids

removal and dewpoint control at the Rayong gas terminal, onshore

compressor station at Rayong, the 28" onshore pipeline with metering and

pressure control at existing Block Valve No.6, 36" onshore pipeline from

Bang Pakong to Wang Noi, Compressor station at Bang Pakong, and metering


2-15

facilities at Wang Noi. The system will be monitored and controlled via

SCADA from the Operations Center in Chonburi.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and

communications facilities would be required at the Unocal IV platform,

ERP, compression facilities near Block Valve 6, Block Valve sites along

the onshore pipeline route, and at Wang Noi. SCADA data would be sent to

the Operations Center near Chonburi where PTT has an existing SCADA and

Communications system for their current pipeline network.

2.3.2 Pipeline Markers

The onshore portion will be identified by above ground markers

which provide a warning of the presence of the pipeline and phone numbers

for contacting PTT. In addition, kilometer and marker will be installed at

regular intervals to allow identification from the air as well as from the

ground level.

2.3.3 Gas Leak Control

To control the pipeline, including leak detection, on-line

information from the pipeline inlet and outlet will be monitored;

pressure, temperature, density and volumetric flow. Where 2-phases flow is

encountered, including slug flow, densities and volumetric flows will be

obtained by direct measurement and also re-constituted from metering after

separation. On-line pipeline integrity monitoring software in the SCADA

system will perform overall pipeline mass balances, pipeline hydraulics

and rate of change pressure calculations to check for small leaks on a

long-term basis and for leaks on a short-term basis, respectively.

2.3.4 Operations Schedule

The new pipeline system is intended to operate continuously.

Equipment requiring maintenance will have stand-by units to allow a shut-

down without interruption of gas flow in the pipeline. Flow rates will

vary seasonally and throughout the day in conjunction with onshore gas

demand.


2-16

2.3.5 Gas Supply/Demand

Projected offshore suppliers from Erawan, Bongkot, joint

development area U4, and Malaysia Gas fields for each year in the future

are given in Table 2.3-1.

The projected gas demand, for Khanom, Songkhla, Bang Sapang,

Krabi, EGAT power plant at Rayong, Bang Pakong, Wang Noi and Rayong

industrial users and others were computed based on the heating values of

the gas for each year.

2.4 OVERALL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

2.4.1 Construction Stage

The mobilization for the onshore pipeline and compressor station

construction is scheduled to commence in 1995. The offshore pipelin2c

should be ready for pre-commissioning by 1996.

Testing and commissioning are scheduled for completion at the mid

of 1996.

2.4.2 Operation Stage

Actual gas operations in the new system can begin in 1996.

ENV8S3/94140/CHAP- II

2-17

TABLE 2.3-1

NATURAL GAS SUPPLY FORECAST

(mmscfd)

Year UNCAL BONGKOT U4 JDA MALAYSIA TOTAL

I, II, III (B12/27) SOUTHERN

1993 670 150 820

1994 752 200 952

1995 712 250 962

1996 900 300 1,200

1997 900 350 250 1,500

1998 900 350 300 1,550

1999 900 350 300 1,550

2000 900 350 300 150 1,700

2001 900 350 300 200 50 1,800

2002 900 350 300 250 50 1,850

2003 900 350 300 250 100 1,900

2004 900 350 300 250 100 1,900

2005 900 350 300 250 100 1,900

2006 900 350 300 250 100 1,900

ENV853/94141/TAB23-1

2-18

CHAPTER III

FXTSTTNG ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

3.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY

3.1.1 Literature Review

The water quality along Bang Pakong river from Bang Pakong district,

Chachoengsao to Kabin Buri district, Prachinburi 19 stations about 232

kilometres of distance were surveyed by Environmental health division,

Health Department and office of public health Chachoengsao and Prachin

Buri province. Forty-tree parameters were conducted and the quality

results were compared with surface water quality standard. The results of

water quality in Bang Fakong river can be summarized in Table 3.1-1 and

Figure 3.1-1.

(1) Water quality in Bang Pakong, Ban Pho, M4uang, Bang Knia, Bang

Nam Prieo, Phanom Sarakham district of Chachoengsao province and Muang

district of Prachin Buri province were categorized as class 54 which was

not suitable for consumptioiy except transportation. The overall of water

quality along the river was categorized as class 3. In this area some

parameters exceed the standard such as lead and nitrate. The range of lead

is 0.06-0.12 mg/l and 5.89-21.7. mg/l of nitrate interms of nitrogen.

(2) In Ban Sang, Si Maha Phot and Kabin Buri district of Prachin

Buri province, water quality were categorized as class 3 which can be used

for consumption after treatment system. The important parameters in this

area are coliform and fecal coliform bacteria with the range of 5,600-

12,400 MPN/10 ml and 1,350-2,800 MPN/100 ml respectively.

(3) It was found that 7 water quality stations from total 11

stations or about 64% were categorized as class 5.

The study of Team Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd. held on June 1991

for IEE of the Bangkok-Chonburi New Highway Project was sampling the water

quality at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River which were close

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-1

WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION OF BANG PAKONG RIVER, 1991

Area Class Important Average Suitable For

Parameters

Bang Pakong District of 5 Pb 0.12 mg/lChachoengsao Province Nitrate 18.41 mg/I

Ban Pho District of 5 Pb 0.07 mg/lChachoengsao Province Nitrate 5.89 mg/l

Muang District of 5 Pb 0.07 mg/l

Chachoengsao Province Nitrate 6.87 mg/l- Navigation

Bang Khla District of 5 Pb 0.07 mg/lChachoengsao Province Ammonia 0.68 mg/l

Nitrate 12.28 mg/l

Bang Nam Prieo District of 5 Pb 0.08 mg/I

Chachoengsao Province

Phanom Sarakham District 5 Pb 0.08 mg/lof Chachoengsao Province Nitrate 21.7 mg/I

Ban Sang District of 3 Feacal Coliform 1,350 mg/I - Water should be treated andPrachin Buri Province Bacteria MPN/100 ml steritized before consumption

- AgriculturalMuang District of 5 Pb 0.06 mg/l - NavigationPrachin Buri Province

Sri Maha Phot District of 3 Coliform 5,600

Drachin Buri Province MPN/100 mlFeacal Coliform 2,800

MPN/100 ml

Cabin Buri District of 3 Coliform 6,800 - Water should be treated and'rachin Buri Province MPN/100 ml sterilized before consumption'District Seat) Feacal Coliform 1,800 - Agricultural

MPN/1 00 ml

(abin Buri District of 3 Coliform 12,400

'rachin Buri Province MPN/100 mlBridges) Feacal Coliform 2,700

MPN/1 00 ml

3/941 41/T31 -13-2

PRACHINBURI

k / t OZJA~~~RACHANTAKHAMRg

g Y ,GB~~~AN SANG ABKO7;t BKO~~BK9S

V) f ~~~Si MAHA PKAHI BBURI S

EBANG NAM PRIEO

0

X X > B~~~ANG KHLA \

l~~~~®)E CHACHOENGSAO

BKO3!

X CABKO2 LEGEND

\ I )M BAN PHO WATER OUALITY CLASS I

VBNG MKU 9 2

\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 4

5

PROVINCE

DISTRICT

A SAMPLING STATIONS

® CHONBURI

FIGURE 3.1-1: WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION ALONG BANG PAKONG RIVER

3-3

tz the pipeline project.

The result shown that the water at the designated sampling station

was relatively hard with alkalinity ranging from 109-111 mg/l CaC03. The

temperature and pH were quite similar at about 32°C, and pH of about 7.

The dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.2 mg/l at Bang Pakong River to 4 mg/l

at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom; with moderate turbidity at both stations (51-78

NTU). The conductivity was drastically high, 25,463 micromho/cm., at Bang

Pakong River indicating the influence of salt water intrusion. The levels

of oil, grease and lead were lower than NEB standards at both stations

(Table 3.1-2).

According to the analytical results, it is suggested that the water

quality in Khlong Prawet Buri Rom is slightly better than Bang Pakong

River. In comparison with NEB's surface water quality standard, (see Table

3.1-3), the water from Khlong Prawet Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River can be

categorized as class 3 and 4 respectively.

3.1.2 Study Methodology and Sampling Stations Description

A field sampling program was set up consisting of one reconnaissance

visit and one sampling period. Five sampling stations were selected, as

shown in Figure 3.1-2. The sampling stations description are as follow:

There are sampling stations for water quality, namely;

Station 1 (St.l) : Rapeepatra canal

Location : In front of Payom Temple

Canal usage : Domestic and agricultural purposes

Nearby land use pattern : Payom Temple area and residential

area

Canal Conditions : High water level some marginal

aquatic weed, sand and muddy canal

bed.

Station 2 (St.2) : Rangsit canal

Location : In front of Moonjinda Temple

Canal usage : Domestic and agricultural uses

Nearby land use pattern : Moonjinda Temple area and Highway

No.305

ENV853/94140/CHAP-111

3-4

Classifications Objectives/Condition-& Benificial usgesClass 1 Extra clean fresh surface water resources using for:

(1) conservation, not nec zary pass ftiougli water treatment processesrequire only ordinary process for pathogenic destruction(2) ecosystem conservation which basic living organisms can spTeadbreeding naturally

Class 2 Very clean fresh surface water resources using for:(1) consumption which require the ordinary water treatment processbefore uses(2) aquatic organism conservation for living and assisting for fishery(3) fishery(4) recreation

Class 3 Medium clean fresh surface water resources using for(1) consumption but have to pass through an ordinary treatmentprocess before uses(2) agriculture

Class 4 Fairly clean fresh surface water resources using for(1) consumption but require special water treatment process beforeuses.

(2) industry

(3) other activitiesClass 5 The resources which are not classified in class 1-4 and using for

TABLE 3.1-2

WATER ANALYSIS IN KHLONG PRAWET BURI ROM AND

BANG PAKONG RIVER ON JUNE 1991

Parameter Unii PBI. BPK2

Temperature OC 33 32

pH 6.9 7.C5

Alkalinity mg/l CaCO3 111.1 109.08

Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 4 3.2

Conductivity micromho/cm 689.8 25,463

Oil & Grease mg/I 0.2 ND

Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.001 0.021

Turbidity NTU 51 78

Note PB1 = Khlong Prawet Buri Rom

BPK2 = Bang Pakong River

ND = Not Detectable

ENV853/941411r31-2

3-5

TABLE 3.1-3

SURFACE WATER QUAUTY BY ONEB; CLASSIFICATION AND OBJECTIVES

Parameter Untis Standard values for class***

J 1 2 3 4 5

1. Temperature nC 1 n' n n

2. pH value n 5-9 5-9 5-9

3. Dissolved oxygen mg/l n 6 4 2

4. BOD (5 days, 200C) mg/l 1.5 2.0 4.0

5. Coliform Bacteria

- Total Coliform MPN/1 00 ml - 5,000 20,000 -

- Fecal Coliform - 1,000 4,000

6. N03 -N mg/l n-… 5.0 --------

7. NH3-N .n------- 0.5--------

8. Phenols n-------- 0.005 …--.- -

9. Cu …n------- 0.1 --------

10. Ni n-------- 0.1 -------

11. Mn n-------- 1.0…-------

12. Zn n-------- 1.0--------

13. Cd w n 0.005*, 0.05** --- _-.--

14. Cr (Hexavalent) n-------- 0.05 ---- ___

15. Pb n-------- 0.05 ------

16. Hg (total) n …------- 0.002 --------

17. As …n------- 0.01 --------

18. CN n-------- 0.005 …--.- -19. Radioactivity

- Gross Becquerel/l ------- 0.1 --------

- Gross B n …------- 1.0 -------

20. Pesticides (Total) mg/I n …------- 0.05 --------

- DDT ug/l n------- 1.0--------

- BHC n-------- 0.02-------

- Dieldrin n-------- 0.1 -------

- Aldrin n …------- 0.1 -------

- Heptachlor & n-------- 0.1 -------

Heptachlor epoxide

- Endrin n-------- none --------

Note P = Percentile valuen = Naturaln' = Natural but changing not more than 30C.* = When water hardness not more than 100 mg/l as CaCO3

** = When water hardness more than 100 mg/l as CaCO3= Water Classification

ENV853/94141/T31 -33-6

i_n 0 BANG P*- IN DISTRICT /t

j = A i > D / < ~~~~~~~~~~~GRAPHIC SCALEl

t W \) / / RA1 ~~~~~~~~CANAL

n f Nl PIPELINEPIPELROUROUT

§ ^^ P§MfNCE T * TA &IR Dt5TRICT

/ / STS j K K~~~~~~~~~A DISTRICT

r I * 8^~~~~~~BNGKAP DISTFICT _ ; . * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~WATER OUA LITY NG STATION

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LA T KRAN>

t8NGOKDtSTRCT * 3ST

FIGURE 3.1 -2: WATER OlALITY SAMPLING STATIONS IN THE STUIN ARE-A

3-7

W<w>>?~~~~~~ icr e (\k.N32(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~0 5 10 KM.

RAHIC SCALE

Z A t T z -t I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~PIPELINE ROUTE30

r / N"CT | t \ / \OI TtC

ke ~~~~~~~~~~CHACHOEIG~

BA KONG DISTRICT

LEGEND

GULF OF THAILAND X-' < / o' * WATER QUAUTY SAMP STATION

FIGURE 3.1- 2: I CONT' D )

Canal condition Turbid water with debris and muddy

sediment.

Station 3 (St.3) Hok Wa canal

Location : In front of Khlong Chan Temple

Canal usage Agricultural and domestic uses

Nearby land use pattern Khlong Chan Temple and mixed

orchard area

Canal condition High water level and high flow.

Sand and debris were found in canal

bed.

Station 4 (St.4) Prawet Buri Rom canal

Location . In front of Lanboon Temple

Canal usage Agricultural purposes

Nearby land use pattern Temple and domestic area

Canal condition : Some aquatic weed, moderate turbid

water with muddy canal bed.

Station 5 (St.5) Bang Pakong River

Location : In front of Tha-Sa-An Temple

River Usage : Agricultural, Industrial and

Transportation

Nearby land use pattern : Agricultural and Industries areas.

At each sampling site, water samples were collected by using

Water Sampler Bottle. Water samples were collected at the middle of the

canal and at the surface and the mid-depth (3 m below the surface) of the

water column. Determined water characteristics are shown in Table 3.1-4

and standard methods for examination of water and wastewater by AWWA-APHA-

WECF (1992) was employed.

3.1.2.1 Results of the Study

The results of the study on water quality at the designated

sampling stations (Table 3.1-5), on December 21-22, 1993 are presented

below:

The temperature and pH of the stations 1-5 were quite similar

with water temperature ranging from 24.5-28eC and pH from 6.8-7.7,

ENV853/94140/CHAP- ItI

3-9

TABLE 3.1-4

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES TO BE DETERMINE

Water Sample

Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics

Depth - m Conductivity (umhos/cm)

Temperature (air, water) - °C pH

Dissolved Oxygen - mg/l

Suspended Solid - mg/l

Alkalinity - mg/l

Oil & Grease - mg/l

Total Lead - mg/l

ENV853/94141/T31 -4

3-10

TABLE 3.1 -5

THE RESULTS OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS MAIN WATERWAYS

TO BE INTERSECTED BY PIPELINE (DECEMBER 21-22,1993)

St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5

Parameter

S M S M S M S M S M

Depth (m.) 2 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4

Air Temperature (CC) 28 28 27.5 27.5 30 30 28 28 31.5 31.5

Water Temperature CC) 24.5 24.5 25 25 26 26 25 24.5 28 28

pH 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.9 7 7.3 7.5

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/I) 3.8 4 1.6, 1.2 1.8 1.4 5 4.8 5 4.6

Conductivity (umhoslcm.) 280 200 300 230 290 300 1200 1200 >5000 >5000

Alkalinity, as CaCO3 (mg/L) 85.4 85.4 101 101 111 111 212 209 80.7 80.2

Solids, Suspended (mg/L) 8.8 8.8 16.4 19.5 16.8 20.5 11.0 15.2 50.5 46

Oil & Grease (mg/L) <0.20 - 0.20 - <0.20 - <0.20 - <0.20 -

Lead, Total (mg/L) 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 <0.001 0.005 0.006 <3.00i 0.002 0.01

Remark Sampling Station

Sti = Rapeepatra Canal (in front of Payom Temple)

St2 = Rangsit Canal (in front of Moonjinda Temple)

St3 = Hok Wa Canal (Khlong Chan Temple)

St4 = Prawet Burl Rom Canal (Lanboon Temple)

St5 =Bang Pakong River

S = Surface water samples

M = Mid-depth water samples

- = No measurement was taken

ENV853I941 4iTAB31 -5

respectively. The dissolved oxygen were fluctuated at each of station. At

the st6tion 2 and 3 were low concentration (ranged from 1.2-1.8 mg/1)

meanwhile the station 4 and 5 were high concentration (ranged from 4.8-7

mg/1), which indicated the contamination from the different sources and

activities. At all s-mnpling stations for water quality were found total

lead and Oil & Grease, at low concentration. However the total lead at

station 5 Bang Pakong River, 0.01 mg/l was found concentration higher than

the station 1 to 4.

Considering the suspended solid within all waterways, it was

reported that at all sampling stations the SS levels here relatively high

ranging from 8.8 (at Rapeepatra canal) to 50.0 mg/l (at Bang Pakong

river).

From the analytical results, it is suggested that the water

quality on the designated waterways can be classified in class 4 and 5

(see Table 3.1-3), acceding to notification by Ministry of Science,

Technology and Environment.

3.2 AOUATIC ECOLOGY

3.2.1 Literature Review

(1) Plankton and Benthos

Plankton and benthos samples at Khlong Prawat Buri Rom and

Bang Pakong River collected on June 5, 1991. Identification results are

shown in Table 3.2-1, indicated that a total of 6 species of Phytoplankton

were found at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom belong to 3 phyla as follows: Phylum

Chlorophyta 3, Phylum Cyanophyta 2 and Phylum Euglenophtyta 1. A total of

11 species of Phytoplankton were collected at Bang Pakong River belonging

to 3 Phyla as follows: Phylum Chlorophyta 1, Phylum Cyanophyta 2 and

phylum Chrysophyta 8. The number of zooplankton species found at Khlong

Prawat Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River were 7 and 5 respectively.

Concerning the density of planktonic organisms, at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom

the Planktonic density was 36,102 ind/m3 relatively lower than the Bang

ENV853/94140/CHAP-I11

3-12

TABLE 3.2-1

NUMBER OF SPECIES AND DENSITY OF PLANKTON

IN KHLONG PRAWET BURIROM AND BANG PAKONG RIVER (JUNE 1991)

Density (Ind./m3

Group

Khlong Prawet Burirom Bang Pakong River

PHYTOPLANKTON No. of Species: 6 No. of Species: 11

Chlorophyta

- Closterium 132 660

- Ankistrodesmus 1,320

- Senedesmus 660

Cyanophyta

- Oscillatoria 1,650 15,180

- Poiycystis 990 660

Euglenophyta

- Phacus 660 _

Chrysophyta- Chaetoceros _ 4,620

Coscinodiscus _ 12,540

_ Riddulphia _ 660

- Bacteriastrum _ 660

- Planktonella _ 660

- Rhizosolenia 660- Pleurosigma 660

- Fragiilbria . 660

Subtotal 5,412 37,620

ZOOPLANKTON No. of Species: 7 No. of Species: 5

- Rotifera 7,590

- Young Copepod 1,320

- Copepod 17,820 72,930

- Watermite 1,320 660

- Zooflagellates 660

- Cladocera 1,320 660

- Larval stage of 660 6,600

Polychaeta- Protozoa _ 660

Subtotal 30,690 81,510

Grand Total 36,102 119,130

ENV853/94141fr32-1 3-13

Pakong River's of 119,130 ind/m3. It is noted that Phylum Chrysophyta was

found only in Bang Pakong River due to the estuarine condition, of this

river.

According to the results of benthos samples, no benthos were

found in Khlong Prawet Buri Rom and Banz Pakong.River. This can best be

explained by the nature of the river beds which are dredged quite often

thus, the suitable habitat for the benthic organism is relatively scarce.

3.2.2 Results from Field Work

3.2.2.1 Plankton Organisms

Species composition and the abundance of plankton organisms

collected from 5 sampling stations during 21-22 December, 1993 was shown

in Table 3.2-2.

(1) Khlong Prawet Burirom 23 species of plankton organisms was

found and consisted of 10 species of phytoplankton and 13 species of

zooplankton. The abundance of phytoplankton was 1,785 cell/litre and the

zooplankton was only 442 organisms/litre. The phytoplankton population are

consisted of Blue green algae Oscillatoria sp. 1,256 cell/litre or 70.36%

of the total populations.

(2) Khlonz RapeeRatra There were 10 species of phytoplankton

with the total density of 3,709.35 cell/litre. The filamentous blue green

algae SPirogyra sp. was found at the density of 3,466.67 cell/litre or

93.45%.of total number of phytoplankton. Thirteen species of zooplankton

found at the density of 866 individual/litre. Arthropod was the most

abundance group of zooplankton.

(3) Khlong Runz Sit The plankton populations was consisted of

13 species of phytoplankton and 14 species of zooplankton. Phytoplankton

density was 2,104 cell/litre and the zooplankton was 212 individual/litre.

Three species of blue green algae Merismopedia, Oscillatoria and Spirulina

were found at the density of 1,760, 80.67 and 7.33 organisms/litre

respectively.

(4) Khlong Hok Va This water body has low number of species

diversity of plankton organisms. There were only 10 species of

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-14

TABLE 3.2-2

SPECIES COMPOSMON AND ABUNDANCES (ORGANISMS/LITRE)

OF PLANKrON ORGANISMS IN THE GAS PIPELINE PROJECT AREA,

DECEMBER 21-22, 1993

Station

Phylum/Scientific Name . : _

K Prawet K Rapeepatra K Rung Sit K Hok Va K Bang Pakong

Burirom _ River

PHYTOPLANKTON

Phylum Cyanophyta (Blue green algae)

Merismopedia sp. _ _ 1.760 _

Nostoc sp. _ 1733 - - _

Oscilatoria sp. 1,256.67 112.67 80.67 906.67

Spirulina sp. 34.67 _ 7.33 -

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)

aosterium sp. _ 4333 22 10.67

Spirogyra sp. - 3,466.67 - 53.33

Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatom)

Achnanthes sp. 8.67 - - -

Bacillaria paxillifer Hendey - - _ 821.33 192

Bacteriastrum varians Lauder _ _ - 149.33

Chaetoceros peruvianum Brightwell _ - - - 21.33

Ch. pseudocurvisetum Mangin - - - 85.33

Ch. sp. - - - - 42.67

Climacosphenia sp. - - 7.33 - -

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg - - - _ 10.67

C centralis Gran & Angst _ - - - 10.67

C perforatus Ehrenberg - - - - 2133

C sp. - 26 22 21.33 64

Cyclotella sp. - 8.67 7.33 10.67

Cylindrotheca closterium Reimann & Lewin _ - - - 21.33

Diatoma sp. - 8.67 _ 32 -

Ditylum sol Grunow - - _ _ 64

Fragilaria sp. 34.67 _ - -

Gyrosigma sp. - _ - _ 96

Hemiaulus sinensis Greville - _ _ _ 42.67

Mastogloia sp. 8.67 _- _

Melosira grannulata (Ehr.) 303.33 _ 132 _

ENVS53/941414rAB32-2

3-15

TABLE 3.2-2 (Cont'd)

Station

Phylum/Scientific Name

K Prawet K Rapeepatra K Rung Sit 1 K Hok Va K Bang Pakong

_________________________________ Burirom IRiver

Nitzschia longissima (Breb) _ _ _ - 53.33

N. sigma (Kutzing) W. Smith 8.67 _ _ -

N. sp. 69.33 7.33 21.33 10.67

Odontella mobiliensis Bailey _ - - - 10.67

Pinnularia sp. _ _ 733 - -

Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell - _ _ - 10.67

Rh. setigera Brightwell _- - 10.67

Streptotheca thamensis Shrubsole _- - 266.67

Surirella robusta Ehrenberg 8.67 - - -

Synedra sp. - 8.67 2933 32 -

Thalassiosira sp. 4333 8.67 733 - 5333

Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow - - - - 85.33

Pennate 17.33 _ 14.67 10.67

Subtotal Phytoplankton 1,785.34 3.70935 2,104.65 1.920 1.32267

ZOOPLANKTON

Phylum Protozoa (Protozoan)

Centropyxis sp. - _ 4.89 _

Dinobryon sp. 8.67 - - -

Euglena sp. 52 17.33 - 5.33

Phacus sp. - - - 5.33

Tintinnopsis sp. 34.67 8.67 - 5.33

Vorticella sp. - - - - 5.33

Ciliate - - 4.89 74.67

Phylum Aschelminthes (Rotifer)

Asplanchna sp. 26 - - - -

Brachionus sp. 52 - 2.44 - 5.33

Dipleuchianis sp. - - 2.44 5.33

Filinia spp. 8.67 - - 5.33

ENV853194141/rA832-2

3-16


Station

Phylum/Scientific Name

K Prawet K Rapeepatra K Rung Sit K Hok Va j K. Bang Pakong

Burirom , River

Keratella cochlearis (Gosse) _ _ - 5.33

K quadrata (O.F. Miiller) _- - 5.33

K valga (Ehrenberg) - 8.67 - -

K sp. 17.33 - - 5.33_

Lecane 26 26 4.89 -

Monostyla sp. _ 8.67 - 533 _

Notholca sp. 8.67 - 2.44 5.33

Platyias patulus (O.F. Miiller) - - - 5.33

Synchaeta sp. - 8.67 2.44 _

Rotifer 1733 8.67 2.44 26.67

Phylum Coelenterata (Coelenterate)

Cyphonautes larva - - - - 26.67

Phylumn Arthropoda (Arthropod)

Daphnia sp. - 112.67 12.22 -

Lucifer sp. _ _ - - 5.33

Calanoid copepod - 60.67 2.44 5.33

Cycloid copepod 26 199.33 29.33 16 10.67

Harpacticoid copepod 8.67 - - -

Nauplius larva 156 390 132 80 293.33

Phylum Mo]Jusca (Mollusk)

Gastropod _ 8.67 7.33 26.67 5.33

Pelecypod - 8.67 2.44 - 10.67

Subtotal Zooplankton 442.01 866.69 212.63 287.97 362.66

Grand Total 2.227.35 4.576.04 2.317.28 2.207.97 1.68533

Numbers of Taxa or groups

Phytoplankton 10 10 13 10 21

Zooplankton 13 13 14 17 8

ENV853M4141/rA32-2

3-17

phytoplankton found with the total density of 1,920 cell/litre. They

consisted of 2 dominant species which were Blue green algae Oscillatoria

SD. 909.67 org./litre and Diatom Bacilluria paxillifer 821.33 cell/litre.

The species composition and the abundance of plankton organism show the

eutrophic of this water body. Zooplankton was very low abundance and the

total of 17 species with density of 287 ind./l. Rotifer was the dominant

group and 9 species of Rotifer were found.

(5) Bang Pakhong River During the sampling period, the river

was in the influence of sea water. The plankton population was the groups

of the estuarine and marine plankton. The phytoplankton of diatom group

was found with the total density of 1,322 cell/litre from 9 species of

diatom. Eight species of zooplankton were found with the total density of

362.66 ind./litre. The dominant groups were Arthropod nauplius larvae and

Cyphonautes larva.

3.2.2.2 Benthic Organisms

Table 3.2-3 shows abundance of benthic organisms in the bottom

surface from five sampling stations during December 21-22, 1993.

Four sampling sites, Khlong Prawet Burirom, Khlong Rapeepatra,

Khlong Hok Wa and Bang Pakong river are freshwater stations and have

similar species composition of benthic organisms. There were two dominant

groups in these water body, aquatic earthworm of Family Tubificidae and

the chironomid larvae of Family Chironomidae. No mollusk group found at

Khlong Pravet Burirom. In Khlong Hok Wa only Tubificids and Chironomids

species were found at the total density of 1,276 ind./sq.m. The total

abundance varied from 176-1,276 organisms/sq.m. of bottom surface.

There was only polychaete group found in the bottom surface of

Bang Pakhong River at Tha Sa An. The abundance of polychete of 0.1-0.4 cm.

length size was 44 organisms/sq.m.

3.2.2.3 Aauatic Weeds

Twelve species of aquatic weeds (Table 3.2-4) were found growing

both in the Bang Pakong river and marsh areas. Of these, species, i.e.,

ENV853/94 140/CHAP- 111

3-18

TABLE 3.2-3

BENTHIC ORGANISMS (INDIVIDUAL PER SQUARE METER

OF BOTTOM SURFACE AT FIVE SAMPLING STATIONS,

DIE"CENvER '21-22, 1-93

Station

Organisms , _

K Prawet K Repeepatrg KRungSit K Hok IKBang Pakon.Burirom K. River

Phylum Annelida

Class OlgochaeteFam. Tubificidae 88 132 704 1,100 -

Class Polychaete _- - - 44

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Family Chironomidae 88 572 132 176 -

Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

Family Viviparidae

Filopaludina sp. - 88

Class Bivalvia

Family AmblemidaePilsbryoconcha sp. - 44 _

Ensidend sp. _ 44 -

Uniandra sp. _ 44 _ _

Total Density (ind./sq.m.) 176 792 968 1,276 44

ENV853/94141/TAB32-3

3-19

TABLE 3.2-4

SPECIES OF AQUATIC WEEDS FOUND IN BANG PAKONG RIVER, 1993

Thai Name . Scientific Name

Floating type weeds

Ahlztflm Eichornia crassipes Solms.

san Pistia stratiotes Unn.

LLUULtfl Lemna minor

Marginal and grasses

riuiu Eclipta alba Haask.

tiauLwULzi? Polygonum tomentosum WilId.

nnfuin Cyperus difformis Unn.

Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl.

LLWIIUJ Cyperus rotundus Linn.

Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin.

iuririlii Leersia hexandra Sw.

1YIrfl1sn Cyperus procerus Rottx.

Ta Scleria poaeformis Retz.

3-20ENV853/941 411TA632-4

PaK Tob Java (Eichornia crassipes), Chawk (Pistia stratiotes), and Nae Ped

(Lemna minor) were classified as floating type weed and were seen floating

at freshwater zone of the river. The rest 9 species are marginal and

grasses.

3.2.2.4 Fishery

(1) Fish Stecies Comvosition

Tarnchalanukit, et al (1991) reported that altogether 82

species of fishes, shrimps, mantis shrimps, jelly fish, crabs, squid, and

mollusc were caught by set bag and push net in 1991 in Bang Pakong river.

Fish samples collection were also made in the same year (September-

November) with totally 14 families, 27 genera, 37 species of fish and

shrimps were found.

From literature reviewed it can be roughly concluded that

totally 209 species of fish and other aquatic animals were found in the

Bang Pakong river.

All of the above mentioned aquatic animals d. gr ate

naturally up and down in the Bang Pakong river. Some are daily and some

are seasonally migration due mainly to level of water salinity and the

amount of rainfall that is directly affected to salt water intrusion.

(2) Fishery Activities -

The major fishing ground in the river was along both sides

around the river mouth and their main fishing season cover the whole year.

The monthly average fishing trips was 18 with an average of 6 fishing

hours per trip. The amount of fish caught per trip ranging between 2-180

kg. Push net and set bag were very effective that some 60-180 kg was

caught per trip per day. All of the fish caught were for their own

household consumption and sent to local fresh markets.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-111

3-21

3.3 TRANSPORTATION

The proposed gas transmission pipeline route will intersect 6

major highways in Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Bangkok, Chachoengsao, Samut

Prakarn and Chonburi Province, most of which are of asphaltic concrete

pavmment (F'inire 'A 1'-1 Thp n vaernrinilv t,raffi. vn1iime. nn the

concerned highways in 1992 of Route 1, 305, 304, 314 and 3312 are

tabulated in Table 3.3-1.

The highest average daily traffic volume were found on Route 1

with the total of about 31,200 vehicles per day with 45.98 percent -of

heavy vehicle. On the other route the percentage of heavy vehicle is

rather lower than Route 1. And the highway with the lowest average daily

traffic volume was Route 305 with the total of about 15,324 vehicles per

day.

3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES

(1) Chachoengsao Province

(a) Electricity

At present, the electricity power supply in

Chachoengsao could served 73,264 household consumers in 738 villages

(93.29 percent of total villages). EGAT have planned for 3 substations and

three 22 kV. transmission line.

(b) Water Sunolv

Chachoengsao provincial waterworks could generated 460

cu.m./hour supply 11,040 cu.m./day for 6,954 households. Though the demand

for water supply is higher than the supply of the waterworks. For Bang

Pakong waterworks, it could generated 200 cu.m./hour but the water quality

is not quite good due to salt water in trusion.

(2) Pathum Thani Province

(a) Electricity

There are 3 offices under the Provincial Electricity

Authority in Pathum Thani province such as:

- Pathum Thani Provincial Electricity responsible for

Muang, Lat Lu-m Kaeo and Sam Khok district which

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-22

in BAN | *IN DMTRC Tl

.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 KM-/)0 \ 8 < / ~ ~~~~~~~R 1 CANAL

L s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PIPLINE ROUTE

it~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AGI CARNAL

|-90 )) FlTvUMT1 A0 X THA1M WR ISfCT

* / / 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K KA DISTRICT

It ,* BANGKAPI DISTRICT/ \

h j /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LAkT DAN6 DCT

B8ANGKOK DISTRICT*

FIGURE 3.3 -1 : THE MAJO ROAD SYSTEMS RELATE THE STUD AREA3-23

322 327 0 MIE R| 0K .

GRAPHIC SCALE

DISTRICT< ( \ A * G DISTRICT

GULF OF THAILAND *- ---.

FIGURE 3.3 -1: l(CONT'DP)

TABLE 3.3-1

ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES IN 1992

Average Daily lraffic by Type

Route Control Terminl Station % Heavy BI & Tri Motor

No. Section Km. Car & Light Heavy Light Medium Heavy Total Vehicle Cycles Cycles

Taxi Bus Bus Tru:k Truck Truck

1 0301 Jct. Wangnol - 67+300 4,415 173 1,759 12,277 2,550 10,049 31,223 45.9a 27 1,205

Km.80+000

305 0102 Thanyaburi - 25+870 8,052 789 688 3.511I 1,492 2,744 15,324 32.11 126 1,443

Ongkharak

304 0202 Km.17+800 46+223 10.958 728 783 1,360 1.827 2,438 17,894 27.09 59 2,205

(Bangkok Dist.) -

Jet. Bang Pakong

314 0102 Km.51+000 55+000 3.694 299 711 6,131 1,079 2,673 15,387 29.00 32 8a1

(Chonburi Dist.) -

Jct. to Minburi

3312 0101 Jct. R.No.1 - 2+061 7,582 968 652 1,983 1,861 2,966 18,010 34.22 185 3,191

Khhong 114

Source Traffic Engineering Division. Depaitment of Highways

ENV853/94141/TAB33-1

comprised of 32,053 household consumers and 373

large consumers (Industrial and Business) with the

maximum demand of 135 MW.

- Rangsit Provincial Electricity responsible for

Khlong Tmangc prt of Thanryaburi district and

Rangsit market which comprised of 32,000 household

consumers and 525 large consumers with the maximum

demand of 201 MW.

- Thanyaburi District Provincial Electricity

responsible for Thanyaburi, Lam Luk Ka and Nong Sua

district which comprised of 23,940 household

consumers and 269 large consumers with the maximum

demand of 47.5 MW.

- Water Supply

* Pathum Thani Provincial Waterworks was

responsible for 3,600 households in Muang

district and Ban Dua, Bang Luang subdistrict with

the productive capacity of 6,000 cu.m./day.

* Prachathipat Provincial Waterworks was

responsible for 6,151 households in Prachathipat,

Khlong Nung, Khu Kot subdistrict and Rattanakosin

village with the productive capacity of 20,880

cu.m./day.

3.5 LAND USE

3.5.1 Introduction

Pipeline route will pass through a long distance of land.

Although most of the lands are in the vicinity of EGAT Transmission Line,

it might cause some impact to the environment or communities. To study

present land use along the pipeline route can be used to estimate the

impact and can find suitable mitigation measures.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-111

3-26

3.5.2 Objective

-'"he objective of exi.sting land use study along the pipe line

route are as follows:

(1) To study the existing land use patterns along the route

(2) To assess the impacts on land use patterns due to the

project

(3) To recommend appropriate measures to alleviate the

3.5.3 Scone of Work

The land use study has been scoped to cover the route Bang

Pakong-Wang Noi. The widthness of the route is 40 meters.

3.5.4 Study Methodology

The study of land use has been carried out as following steps:

(1) Office Work

Collecting all references, topographic maps, and exact

pipeline route.

(2) Field Work

After obtaining the preliminary information from the office

work, field survey and observation were conducted. The detailed of land

use types were made and all land use types in the map were measured by

suing planimeter.

3.5.5 Result of the Study

In land use survey on the pipeline route, Bang Pakong-Wang Noi,

it was found that the route was located within the vicinity of EGAT

Transmission Line (about 12 meters for single power line and in the middle

line for double power line). So there is no problem about land

acquisition. There are several land use types (Figure 3.5-1). The detail

of each type is as follows:

ENV853/94 140/CHAP-111

3-27

El~ ~ ~ ~ E

2 N

>~~~~~

'-1~~~~-

I- /GCRAPHIC SCAL.EIn

SN-ML3OL

\ / !O___NGAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH

a 1 \ f V \ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~STUDY AREAW:\ / <\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROAD

-151,0 N 1- 1I1 RAILROADRIVER, KHLONG

_ ( 8 KHLONG MA> @ AMPHOE

LANDUSE TYPE

/ |$ \ g \B`KLONG THA S \/

LEGEND

/ 1 ~~~~= PADDY

4 ,; -/ | 2 = MIXED ORCHARDSAMPHOE BAN PAKO \ 3 =FISH POND

4 'NIPA PALM

S B. LANG KHAO 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY

| uZX \ \ >8 ~~~KHAO DIN/

KEY MvAl'i,496,00O N

} / s ' V 1 <A~~~M KHAN5

B <ONG B sANG NANG 2

. ~ANG SAMAE B OEN THAWON

-1,491,000 N

\)BANGSAMAN

\ / / ./WA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NG NOICOMPRESSOR

STATIONB. MAN SAM KLIEO

FIGr 35 I I I- I R I I _Ur

FGlJRE 3,5-1I EXISTING ll.ND USE ON PIPE LINE ROUTE

7C5,OCO E 7i0,000 E 715-00C E

r 2N

- = GP APHIC SCAL2

-1,516,000 Nji o f~

SY MiBOL LEGEND

~ 7 5g/ f <,,;,/ -- GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH 1 PADDY -

5 \ ! q ,' * STUDY AREA 2 MIXED ORCHARDS

\1 \ ( ,/< - ROAD 3 = FISH POND

B K,LONG PRAWET BURl ROM I I I -I-I RAILROAD 4 ' NIPA PALM

7& ,/s RIVER, KHLONG 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY

r 7w-++,, vO ~~~~~AMPHOECD LANDUSE TYPE

<A7\ \1 ~~~. PRENGk

1,511,000 N

\. KRACHANG TOEIl

t B r llb 9 0 ~ ~ ~~~~~~7>9 GL PHRAYA NAKHARA

< e(/ af/ \ ~~~~~~~~~KHLONG K(HWANG

1,~~OBKEN'ODAN1,506,000 N

FIGURE 3 : 8S BA)G KHWAI j)

_ } / \ \ ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~B. Km2t BANG C H A

-1,50t,000 N _

FIGURE 3.5 -1: I CONT 'D)

093,060K E69A,0O@ E

7C3,000 E

N

'-M AYCH LI \ -i

\\ \ Sl \E LAM tIA TAP 2KM_ _

X A / ~~~~~~l/ GPRpHIC SCALE

5 4- /X'

1,527,000 N , ,

K ~~~~~~~~~~~E_ L A 9 ! <!E. LAM NOK KHWAK/

SSUNGYA ~~~~~~~~~~~~ON

#'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A \1

\AA X

( * / /~~ KEY MIAP

S LAM PIATHI JL AM KS EA \ -

AMP LAT KR_G > S'X(HL0N LAM PI-IAONG 5

1i,512,000 N

/~~~~~~~~~~~

-1,517,000 SAMPHOE LATR BANG /E)

o -H-HH-i-i--i-I-RAILROAD 2 =MIXED ORCHARDS

_ RIVER, KHLONG 3 L FISH POND

© AMPHOE 4 = NIPA PALM

CD LANDUSE TYPE 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY

-1,512,000 N

FIGURE 3.5-I: (CONT'D)

f 6E8,000E 693,000 E 69B,OOO E

N2 K-

M HTCH I-4

/ N SI THI-I PAET NO 6

.~~~~~~~~~~~B KHl-

AMPH-OE LAM LUK GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~STUDY AREA

B. KHLONG FET ROAD

-H--Ii--II---RAILROAD

1,539,000 NRIVER, KHLONG

-\ \ t - LANDUSE TYPE

_ --- X~~~~~ K KHLONG St

2 \ ; @ , 4 ~~~~LEGEN D

2 = MIXED ORCHARDS

- tf \ \ \ f || 3 = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FISH POND

5 VILLAGE VICINITY

\ \B. KO KHUN NEN< |

KEY MAP

BLM TON SAL

-1,529,000 N m IN

' I ., , 1 I COI . ,

FIGURE 3.5-1: /CONT'D)

ses,0o7 E 693;00O E 6EsE OO

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IO 5F

-1557000r I) ( 1I6B K ILONG7 (4j N

jB KHLONGC 6 (4)~ j" -'| ' < wr GRAPHIC SCALE

/| 1 B E N 8. KHLONG 8 5)

1,554,000N NHLO 0'7)5)

B LAM PHAKUT MU TH 2 2 i 1B. LAM PHAK KUT MU TH II (1!

AMPHOE TINYaBuRI SYNIBOLB LAM PHAK KT MU THI I GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH

-. - STUDY AREA_ > u 2 . | ; ROAD

| KEY MVIAP _ 2 I-I-4-.-4-i-I-+ RAILROAD

-t,5 9,000 N RIVER, KHLONG-,sc9,00oo N 6, _ .KNLONG7)6)- \ { (§) AMPHOE

(Z... ) LANDUSE TYPE

. } 1 4 /}1 | |B. KHLONG SO) TH) PAET 0. B

LEGEND

= PADDY

2 - MIXEV ORCHAARDS

3 =FISH POND_.KHLONG SOI TH) PAET 09 = NIPA PALM

, / / l 1 1 S |~~. 4 =NiPA PALM|

5 = VILLAGE VICINITY

B INHLONG SOl THI KAO NO 3

l 1i3MAT C H|'_ 11 LNE ( LiN

-1.544,000 N

FIGURE 3.5 -1: CONT'0D1

66e,0L0 E 693,0CO E 698,00C E

-2,576,000 IJ,00 , 2 AKM

PROPOSED GRAPHIC SCALEWANG NOI K

POWER PLANT

0 AMPHOE WANG NOI SYMBOL

GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH

* -\y A1 II . STUDY AREA

, - 1/ I I ; I ROADv < \ | I \I I I 11 q I # I I IRAILROAD

'570 N , | \ B. KHLONG 681) RALRA

-1,575,000 N t , . < l I 2 | ~~~~~~~~~RIVER, KHLONG157i,000/N I I AMPHOED LANDUSE TYPE

,< /)) j 4' >N ~~~~ ~~1 CSW

2 LEGEND

< ' F/ 2 _ I ) 1 PADDYi | I j 2 = MIXED ORCHARDS_ I I . ! 3 = F;SH PONDI'

BKH ,, -j 1 4 = NIPA PALM

-4 N ON I7(2l . B 12 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY

04 1 1 B KHLO 8 t21

44 1 . .

W ~ ~~~~~~~~B. KHYNe 7I S. KHLONG B (3) L

-1,561,000 N

MATCH L_ INE K |A.

FIGURE 3.5-1: I CONT'D /

(1) Paddv field 1

There is 436 rai of paddy field on the route. This area is

located on low land which always flooded in rainy season. Most of paddy

are planted only in rainy season started from July to December. Source

which located in irrigated are can be planted.

(2) Mixed Orchard 2

In the area of Amphoe Thanyaburi and Amphoe Nongsua, fruit

trees are grown on elevated beds with intervening ditches, to improve soil

drainage. Dike are built around the orchard to provide flood protection.

Fruit trees found in the area are tangerine pomelo and mangoes.

(3) Fish Pond : 3

Fresh water fish initially developed on rice fields by

pondering technique. They are found mostly in Amphoe Thanyaburi. The main

species grown are chinese carp and dace. In the area near the sea such as

in Amphoe Bang Pakong, black tiger prawn is commonly found.

(4) Nioa Palm : 4

In the area that is occasionally flooded by sea water, much

as in Amphoe Bang Pakong, Nipa Palm is commonly found.

(5) Village Vicinity : 5

This land use type is located near the village. The area is

always left as idle land only few places that the owners grow rice.

Miscellaneous

The route in also pass roads, canals and river. The name of

roads, canals and river are as follows:

Road : No 315, 314, ARD Road, Luang Pang Road, No. 3120,

No. 304, Ratch Uthit Road, No. 3312, No. 305 and

Irrigation road.

Canals : Ban Kao, Phraya Samut, Prawet Burirom, Udom Chon

Kachon, Phra Ong Chao Chiyanuchit, Luang Pang, San

Saeb, Lower Samwa, Klong Pad and Upper Samwa.

River The Bang Pakong river.

(The area of each land use type is shown in Table 3.5-1).

ENV853/94140/CHAP-Il

3-34

TABLE 3.5-1

TYPE AND AREA OF LAND USE ON THE PIPELINE ROUTE

Map Symbol Land Use Type Area

(rai)

1 Paddy 2,016

2 Mixed Orchard 216

3 Fish Pond 4

4 Nipa Palm 10

5 Village Vicinity 228

Total 2,474

ENV853/94141rAB3S-1 3-35

3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

3.6.1 Scope of the Studv

The socio-economic studied area covers parts of 4 provinces,

i.e., Saraut Prakarn, Chachoengsao, Bangkok and Pathum thani of-which 9

Amphoe (Districts) are involved; these Amphoe are Bang Bo and Bang Phli of

Samut Prakarn, Amphoe Muang and Bang Pakong of Chachoengsao, Minburi and

Lat Krabang of Bangkok, and Lam Luk-Kha, Thanyaburi and Nong Sua of Pathum

Thani. Within these 9 Amphoe, there are 18 Tambon and 27 villages (Muban).

The studied area was divided into 2 categories; the first one

being area which the existing gas pipelines operate (along the highway)

and the second area of the proposed gas pipeline following the high

voltage power line. The first area passes through 11 villages 7 Tambon 5

Amphoe of 3 provinces (Table 3.6-1); the second area passes through 15

villages 11 Tambon 7 Amphoe of 4 provinces (Table 3.6-2).

3.6.2 Objectives of the Study

(1) To obtain knowledge about socio-economic condition of people

living in the areas of the existing and proposed gas pipelines.

(2) To learn of people's awareness of the project including

their perception and opinion of the project in both the existing and

proposed gas pipeline areas, particularly opinion about compensation

payment of the proposed gas pipeline in order to be able to recommend

about this matter meaning fully, if this is necessary.

(3) To study the impact of the existing gas pipeline upon the

nearby communities and the impact of the high voltage power line including

the expected impact of the proposed gas pipeline to be used as basic data

reducing the negative impact of the proposed gas pipeline.

3.6.3 Methods of Study

This study aims at getting first-hand primary data of people

living in communities within 500 meter radius of the proposed gas pipeline

ENV853/94140/CHAP-111

3-36

TABLE 3.6-1

SAMPLING SITE AND SAMPLE SIZE OF THE FORMER GAS PIPELINE

Village T_mbon A Aphroe

No.

9 Bang Cha-Loke Bang Phli Samut Prakarn 10

5 Racha Thewa Bang Phli Samut Prakarn 2

6 Racha Thewa Bang Phli Samut Prakarn 8

2 Min Buri Min Buri Bangkok Metropolis 10

1 Bung Kam Ploi Lam Luk-Kha Pathum Thani 5

3 Rangsit Thanya Buri Pathum Thani 5

3 Bung Ba Nong Sua Pathum Thani 6



4 Bung-Ka-Sam Nong Sua Pathum Thani 4

5 Bung-Ka-Sam Nong Sua Pathum Thani 3

Total 60

Note:

ENV853/94141 /T36- 1 3-37

TABLE 3.6-2

SAMPLING SITE AND SAMPLE SIZE OF THE PROPOSED GAS PIPELINE

Village Tambon Amphoe Province Sample Size

No.

1 Nong Chok Bang Pakong Chachoeng Sao 4

5 Tha-Sa-Arr. Bang Pakong Chachoeng Sao 8

3 Khlong Niyom-Yatra Bang Bo Samut Prakarn 8

4 Preng Bang Bo Samut Prakarn 8

1 Khlong Preng Muang Chachoeng Sao Chachoeng Sao 4

8 Lam Pla Tue Lat Krabang Bangkok Metropolis 6

12 Lam Pla Tue Lat Krabang Bangkok Metropolis 3

4 Tab Yao Lat Krabang Bangkok Metropolis 2

9 Sam Wa-Tawan-Ok Min Buri Bangkok Metropolis 9

14 Sam Wa-Tawan-Ok Min Buri Bangkok Metropolis 7

2 Lam Pak Good Thanya buri Pathum Thani 10

4 Bung Cham Orh Nong Sua Pathum Thani 4

4 Bung Bon Nong Sua Pathum Thani 8



Total 90

Note.

ENV853/94141IT38-2 3-38

or the high voltage power line by interviewing samples with structured

interview schedules. Steps of the study can be divided as follows:

(1) Interview Schedule PreRarations: There are two sets of

interview schedule; the first set for interviewing people living in

.ommunities .f e.ierin.a.r.s .s;nolin. srA t.ha carn. f n.o fn.r .he.a l.i.i

in the area of proposed gas pipeline. Important information contains in

both sets of interview schedule can be elaborated below (detailed

structure appeared in the Appendix A).

(a) For those Living in the Existing Area:

- General information, e.g., sex, age, status within

the family, education, religion, original domicile

and migration.

- Socio-economic information of the household, e.g.,

household size, family members divided by age,

education, employment, occupation, income,

expenditure, debts, land holding, housing

condition and other valuable properties.

- Knowledge and awareness of the existing gas

pipeline of those living here before the

construction and those who moved to live here

after the construction had been completed

including their knowledge of the project.

- Impact of the project recalled from . their

experience of both groups (living before and after

the project construction); their opinions

particularly concern with the compensation paid

and degree of their satisfaction.

(b) Interview Structure for those in the Proposed Area:

- General information, more or less the same with

above.

- Socio-economic information of the household more

or less the same with those in the existing area.

- Impact of the high voltage power line and the

compensation perceived by villagers.

=Information about the proposed gas pipeline

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-39

project which will be constructed parallel to the

high voltage powerline,

- Opinions and attitudes toward the proposed gas

pipeline project.

- Impacts expected from the proposed gas pipeline

project and opinions about rate of compensation

and other relevant matters.

These interview schedules were pretested in the

fields.

(2) Population Frame and Sampling Techniques:

Because the studied area is not very wide only 500 meters

from the pipeline on both sides but very long about 225 km altogether (120

km along existing gas pipeline and 105 km along the high voltage power

line), the method of selecting samples for interview is to be specially

designed by using the military map (ratio 1:50,000) as a basic

information. The existing and proposed gas pipelines (high voltage power

line) are thereafter used as diameters for drawing of samples from

households living within the radius of 500 meter on both sides.

Enumerators were later sent to actually count the numbers of household

some of which situated by canals, amish gardens, close to fish pond, etc.

All of these made the counting very difficult. The population (household)

counting was done on the 4 January, 1994; the samples were designed to be

fairly distributed among various groups of households to be their

representatives as much as we can do.

(3) Sampling Technigues: The Multi-stage Sampling Technique

was employed as follows:

(a) Village Sampling: In order to have samples

distributed fairly and squarely, villages within the span area of 20 km

were picked as samples. However, if found villages of different occupation

or ethnic group, these villages were also picked as additional samples.

By this way, we finally selected 11 villages as samples for the existing

pipeline area (Table 1); for the proposed pipeline area, we used the same

method but with shorter range (13 km) altogether 8 spans. See more details

in Table 3.12-2.

(b) Household SamDling: The purposive method of sample

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 1I1

3-40

selection was used at this stage by considering occupation and ethnicity

as a supplement factor. The sample size was about 10 percent of the

population (household). The total sample selected was 150, 60 of which

being in villages of existing gas pipeline and 90 samples in the proposed

pipeline area.

(4) The Field Survey:

The trained enumerators went out to the field to interview

samples (training was done on the 10th of January 1994) according to plan

set forth earlier.The field survey was conducted during 11-15 and 29

January 1994. The field supervisor has checked the data collected in the

interview schedules to make sure that the collected data are valid and

reliable.

(5) Data Tabulation and Analysis:

Data tabulation and analysis was done in Bangkok by using

computers; the organization of data has been divided into 2 sections,

i.e., those in the existing pipeline and in the area of proposed pipeline.

3.6.4 Results of the Study

3.6.4.1 The Existing Gas Pipeline Area

(1) General Characters of the Samples: It was found that the

majority of samples (86.7%) being in the working age (21-60 yrs.) of

which 30 percent between 41-50 years old. 78.3 percent of samples managed

to complete at the primary level of education; the rest (16.7%) completed

secondary education and. higher. All of the samples reported to be

Buddhists and the majority of them (55.0%) migrated from other places to

live here. However, more than one-half of the immigrants came from nearby

communities within the same provincial boundaries. The most important

reason for coming to live here is economic (63.6%), i.e., to find jobs or

to seek more land to made a living, followed by social reason (27.3%),

i.e., coming along with parents, spouses or for getting marriage. Other

reasons mentioned include being forced to leave former resident (6.1%),

finding better place to live, etc. Thee vast majority of immigrants

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-41

(75.8%) reported having been here less than 10 years; 39.4 percent of

this group lived here not more than 5 years. This seems to suggest that

these communities are not very old. More details on Table 3.6-3.

The Familyv Structure: The family size is 4.8 by the

average with female members a bit more than male members (2.6 to 2.2 per

family respectively): the majority of households (71.4%) have members

beyond school age, 15-55 years old. 47.6 percent of household members

completed primary education; 21.9 percent completed secondary education or

higher and 20.5% were still studying in schools most of which in the

secondary level and this can increase the percentage of those finishing

secondary education considerably in the near future (Table 3.6-4).

More than one-half of the family members (57.6%) being

employed; 20.5 percent being in schools as reported above; 5.9 percent

being children before school age and also being housewife at the same

percentage; 3.1 percent of family members were classified as "old age";

only 6.9 percent reported of being unemployed at the survey time.

Occupation. Income and Expenditure:

It is noticeable that the main occupation of the people in

the area is not agriculture but rather diversified; 27.7 percent of

samples engaged in trading, food shop, groceries, and building materials

in particular; 20.5 percent being hired labour; 17.5 percent worked as

private employees; 13.9 percent industrial workers; only 12.7 percent

worked in agriculture. Other smaller portion of occupations were

government and public enterprise (4.8%) and farm labour (3.0%). 58.3

percent of the samples did not have supplement or second occupation; among

those who did have, hired labour was reported more than other types of

work. More details in Table 3.6-4.

As for household income, it was found that many of the

samples had relatively low income, i.e., less than 6,000 baht/month per

household by the average (40.0%) and exactly the same percentage had from

6,001-15,000 baht/month; only 20.0 percent reported of having more than

15,000 baht/month per household. By the average, it can be said that

households in the existing gas pipeline area have medium income of about

12,105 baht/month per household.

Household expenditure is smaller than income in general

ENV853/94140/CHAP- I I I

3-4 2

TABLE 3.6-3

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENT

Item N =60 Percentage

Total/person (%)

1. Sex

- Male 21 35.0

- Female 39 65.0

2. Age

- Not over 20 years 3 5.0

- 21-30 years 9 15.0

- 31-40 years 15 25.0

- 41-50 years 18 30.0

- 51-60 years 10 16.7

- Over 60 years 5 8.3

3. Education Level

- No Schooling 3 5.0

- Primary 47 78.3

- Secondary (grade 7-9) 5 8.3

- Secondary (grade 10-12)/Vocational 3 5.0

- Bachelor 2 3.3

4. Religion

- Buddhism 60 100.0

ENV553/94141/T36-3

3- 43


Item iN = 60 Percentage

Total/person (%) j

5. Migration

- No 27 45.0

- Yes 33 55.0

5.1 Migration from

- Other Village of This Tambon 6 18.2

- Other Tambon of This Amphoe 1 3.0

- Other Amphoe of This Province 13 39.4

- Other Province 13 39.4. __ __ _________________________ _-------------_------------

5.2 Reasons of Migration

- Seek job li 333

- Follow Parents or Spouse 3 9.1

- Marriage 6 18.2

- No Agricultural Land 10 30.3

- Forced to Move away 2 6.1

- For Convenient Transportation 1 3.0__ __ _________________________ ------------- -------------

5.3 Amount of Time Living here


- 6-10 years 12 36.4

- 11-15 years 1 3.0

- 16-20 years 2 6.1


- No answer 1 3.0

ENV853/94141/T36-3 3 -44

TABLE 3.6-4

STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLD

Item N = 60 Percentage

Total/person (%)

1. Size of Household

(person/household)

- Male 2.2 45.8

- Female 2.6 54.2…_ __ __ ___ ___ ____ ___ ____ ___ __---- - - -- - -- --- -- -- -- -- -- ----- ---

Average (Persons/household) 4.8 100.00

2. Age Range of Household's Member


- 15-25 years 73 25.3

- 26-35 years 58 20.1

- 36-45 years 47 16.3

- 46-55 years 28 9.7

- Over 55 years 29 10.1

Total 288 100.0

3. Education of Household's Member

- No schooling 12 4.2

- Pre school 17 5.9

- Primary school 137 47.6

- Secondary school 39 13.5

- Diploma 14 4.9

- Bachelor 10 3.5

- In school 59 20.5

Total 288 100.0

ENV85319414 1tT36-4 3-45


Item Data N = 60 Percentage

Tota'uperson (%)

In schooling

- Kindergarten 3 5.1

- Primary school 22 37.3

- Secondary school 23 39.0

- Diploma 5 8.5

- Bachelor 6 10.2

Total 59 100.0

4. Working status of Household's member

- Working 166 57.6

- Unemployed 20 6.9

- Retired (senility) 9 3.1

- Children (Pre-school) 17 5.9

- Student 59 20.5

- Housewife 17 5.9

Total 288 100.0

5. Main Occupation of Household's Member

- Agriculture 21 12.7

- Goverment officiaVPublic 8 4.8

Enterprise Employee

- Employee of private sector 29 17.5

- Farm Labour 5 3.0

- Trading 46 27.7

- Hired Labour 34 20.5

- Industrial Labour 23 13.9

Total 166 100.0

ENV853/94141/736-4 3-46


Item Data N = 60 Percentage

Total/person (%)

Trading

- Groceries 16 34.8

- Building materials 2 4.3

- Food stalls 24 52.2- Construction business 2 4.3

- Fresh vegetables 2 4.3

Total 46 100.0

ENV853/941 41/T36-4

with 58.4 percent of samples having less than 6,000 baht a month; 30.0

percent spent from 6,001 to 15,000 baht a month. However, the average

household expenditure was only about 8,580 baht per month. When compare

with family income, if was obvious that most households had higher income

than expenditure about 3,525 baht a month; this corresponded with debt

situations of which 70 percent of samples reported no debts at the survey

time. As for those who were in debt (30.0%), the average unpaid debts per

household were about 157,191 baht a family. More details in Table 3.6-5.

Family Properties: Land ownership in the area is almost

identical in percentage with land rent, i.e., 46.7 and 41.7 percent

respectively; the remaining 10 percent reported living on other's land and

smaller percentage on mortgaged land. 82.4 percent of land was used for

rice farming; 9.7 percent for growing other crops and 8 percent was used

as residential area. More details in Table 3.6-6.

Other important family property is the house itself; the

house structure in the studied area is mostly permanent with 61.7 percent

of the houses being one storey wooden built; 18.3 percent half-brick and

half wood structure; 11.7 percent being wooden shophouse; the rest was

concretely built as houses and shophouses; only 3.3 percent of houses were

reported as temporary shelters being built by bamboo and leaves covering

as roofs. These houses and building were about 56 meter away from the

existing gas pipelines by the average and 90 percent of them were situated

not more than 200 meter from working places. More details in Table 3.6-6.

(2) Information about the Proiect

Among the samples interviewed, 58.3 percent have been

living here before the construction of the gas pipeline; the rest lives

here after the construction. The information about the project was divided

into two periods, i.e., information before the construction and during the

construction of the gas pipeline.

Before the construction period, it was found that 71.4

percent of samples did not receive any information about the project; only

28.6 percent of them received the information. Among those who received

the information, 30 percent received it from the survey technicians,

followed by reading from the notice board in the project area and from

Kamnan and village heads (20% each). Information received was minimal,

ENV853/94140/CHAP- I11

3-48

TABLE 3.6-5

OCCUPATION AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF RESPONDENTS


Total/person (%)

*.~~~~~ .,.a11~J..UJUi1., Main OC Cu- p-a .iri


- Trading 18 30.0

- Employee of Private Sector 10 16.7


- Government Official 3 5.0

- Retired Official 2 3.3


2. Supplementary occupation (more than 1 answer)

- No Supplementary Occupation 35 58.3

- Agriculture 2 3.3

- Trading 5 6.7





- Retired Official 2 3.3

3. Total Income of Household

(baht/household/month)

- Not over 2,000 baht 3 5.0

- 2,001-4,000 baht 10 16.7

- 4,001-6,000 baht 11 18.3

- 6,001-8,000 baht 6 10.0

- 8,001 - 10,000 baht 6 10.0

- 10,001-15,000 baht 12 20.0

- 15,001-20,000 baht 4 6.7

- Over 20,000 baht 8 13.3

Average (baht/HH) 12105.25

ENV853194141/T36-53-49


item N =60 Percentage

Total/person (%)

4. Total Expenses of Household


- Not over 2,000 baht 7 11.7

- 2,001-4,000 baht 15 25.0

- 4,001-6,000 baht 13 21.7

- 6,001-8,000 baht 5 8.3

- 8,001-10,000 baht 7 11.7

- 10,001- 15,000 baht 6 10.0

- 15,001-20,000 baht 2 3.3

- Over 20,000 baht .5 8.3

-------------------------------------------- ___________-__________

Average (baht/HH) 8580.00

5. Debt

- No 42 70.0

- Yes 18 30.0_____--_____________________________-______________--_____________

Average (baht/Debtor) 157,190.99

ENVS53/9414l1383-53-50

TABLE 3.6-6

LAND HOLDING STATUS AND HOUSING CONDIMON


Total/person (%)

1. Status of Land Owner (%)- Owner 28 46.7

- Rented Land 25 41.7

- Free Use of Others' Land 6 10.0

- Working on Mortgaged Land 1 1.7

2. Land Use (Rai/household)

- Residential 0.33 7.8

- Rice Farming 3.47 82.4

- Other Farming 0.41 9.7

Total (Rai/I-H) 4.21 100.0

3. Present Housing Condition

- Single House, Wooden 37 61.7

- Single House, Wooden and Concrete 11 18.3

- Single House, Concrete 1 1.7

- Row House, Wooden 7 11.7

- Concrete Shophouse 2 3.3

- Cottage 2 3.3

ENV853/94141/T36-6 3-51


Item N = 60 rercentage

Total/person (g)

4. Distance between Residential

Area and Pipeline (meter)

- 1-10 24 40.0

- 11-20 12 20.0

- 21-50 10 16.7

- 51-100 6 10.0

- 101-200 8 13.3__ __ _________________________ -------------- --------------

Average (Meter) 55.97

5. Distance between Agricultural

Area and Pipeline (meter)

- not over 10 1 10.0

- 11-50 4 40.0

- 51-100 2 20.0

- 101-200 2 20.0

- over 200 1 10.0

Total 10 100.0

Average Distance (Meter) 103.5

ENV853194141/T36-6 3-52

only that there would be the construction but no other details; 80 percent

of them received the information twice.

During the construction phase, 65.7 percent learned about

the project more from their seeing the construction work going no (69.6%),

followed by reading from the rotice (2d (26.1%) a.nd being told by

relatives (4.3%). Details of the information received were about digging

schedules. However, when asked about their understanding of the project,

68.6 percent did not understand (Table 3.6-7).

As for those coming to live here after the construction

has been completed, 64 percent of them did not know about the project.

Among those who knew, 55.6 percent knew of the project from reading the

notice board in the project area, followed by learning from the project

officials (22.2%) and from the landlord (11.1%). Context of the

information known was mainly from what in the notice board which carried

cautions words about dangerous zone of the gas pipeline. However, 88

percent of them did not really understand the real nature of the project.

More details in Table 3.6-8.

From the data presented above, it suggests that those

coming to live after the construction phase, did not know and did not

understand the nature of the project.

(3) Opinions and Attitudes toward the Existing Project:

In general, it was found that villagers had positive

attitudes and opinions about the project whether from those living here

before or after the construction of the gas pipeline.

Those living here before the construction phase have had

direct experiences various conditions, before, during, immediately after

(1-2 yrs.) later after (4-5 yrs.) the construction until today (1994).

This group therefore was asked about opinions and attitude change in these

periods while the new comers settling down after the construction, only

the present situation was asked to evaluate. Among those living here

before, percentage of favorable attitude change increased gradually from

8.6 before the construction up to 17.1 at present as appeared below (more

details in Table 3.6-9).

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-53

TABLE 3.6-7

INFORMATION ABOUT THE PIPELINE PROJECT RECEIVED

BY THOSE LIVING HERE BEFORE THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE


Totalperson (%)

Living Here before Construction 35 58.3----------------------------------------- ----------.-----------

1. Information received before construction phase

- No 25 71.4

- Yes 10 28.6__--_--_--____________________________-__________. __________

1.1 Source of Information

- Direct Exverience (from survey team) 3 30.0

- Plates at the Project Site 2 20.0

- Village Headman or Tambon Chief 2 20.0

- Relatives 1 10.0

- Project Official 1 10.0

- District 1 10.0__--_--_--____________________________-__________. __________

1.2 Information Text

- Pipeline would be Constructed 10 100.0

1.3 Frequency of Information (times)

-1 2 20.0

-2 8 80.0

ENV853194141/T36-7 3-54



I U LaJVper,un (/O)

2. Information Received on Construction Phase

- No 12 34.3

- Yes 23 65.7-------------------------------------- _----_-_---_-----------



- Relatives 1 4.3

- Direct Experience 16 69.6-------------------------------------- _----------_-----------


- Digging Period 23 100.0

2.3 Frequency of Infornation Recieved (times)

- 1 18 78.3

- More than 2 2 8.7

- Many times (can not identified) 3 13.0

3. Understanding about the Pipeline Project

- Not at all 24 68.6

- Considerable Understanding 11 31.4

3-55ENV853/94141tT36-7

TABLE 3.6-8

INFORMATION ABOUJT THE PIPELINE PROJECTRECEIVED BY THOSE LIVING HERE AFTER THE CONSTRUC1ION PHASE

Item N = 60 PercentageTotalperson (%)

Living here after construction 25 41.7

1. Information Received after Coming to Live Here

-No 16 64.0-Yes 9 36.0

…_--_--__________________________ -- _ _ _ _ _ _…__ _ _ _--____________



- Project Official 2 22.2

- Land Owner 1 11.1- No Answer 1 11.1

…_-- _-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


- Pipeline Direction, Size of Pipeline, 5 55.6

Depth from Surface Level

- Cut-out/dangerous Zone 4 44.4…_--_--_________________________ _____________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.3 Frequency of Information Received (times)

- 2 9 100.0

2. Understanding about the Pipeline Project



ENV853/94141/T36-8

3-56

TABLE 3.6-9

ATTITUDE TOWARD THE FORMER PIPELINE PROJECT

AND REACTIONS OF RESPONDENTS


Total/person (%)

1. Those Living Before Construction:

1.1 Attitude before construction period

- Agree with the project 3 8.6

- Indifferent 7 20.0

- No Answer/No Opinion 25 71.4

Total 35 100.0

1.2 Attitude during the construction period



- Worry 1 2.9

- Not Agree 2 5.7


Total 35 100.0

1.3 Attitude after the construction about 1-2 years



- Worry 1 2.9

- Not Agree 1 2.9


Total 35 100.0

ENV853/94141/T36-9 3-57


Item N = 60 | Percentage

l 1 T~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~otal/person !5l1.4 Attitude after the construction period

about 4-5 years

- Agree 4 11.4


- Not Agree 2 5.7


Total 35 100.0

1.5 Attitude toward the project at present

- Agree 6 17.1


- Worry 4 11.4

- Not Agree 1 2.9

- No Answe/r(No Opinion 3 8.6

Total 35 100.0

Reasons for Agree with the project

- Gas dilivered through pipeline 6 100.0

is convenient, quick and safe------------------------------------ -------------- --------------

Total 6 100.0------------------------------------ -------------- --------------

Worry about

- Gas Leakage 4 100.0------------------------------------ -------------- --------------

Measures taken

- None 4 100.0

Measures should be taken

- None 4 100.0

Reason for not agree with the project

- Explosion 1 100.0

3-58ENVO53/941411T36-9



Total/person (%)

2. Those Living Here after Construction:

2.1 Attitude toward the project at present



- WorTy 6 24.0

- Not Agree 1 4.0


------------------------------------ -------------- --------------

Total 25 100.0-------------------------------------------- ___________-______-___

Reasons for Agree with the project

- Safer than carrying by truck 3 25.0

- Benefit for the country 1 8.3

- Sure of Safety 5 41.7

- Pipeline is far from residential area 2 16.7

- No answer/No Opinion 1 8.3

Total 12 100.0

Worry about

- Gas Leakage 6 100.0

------------------------------------ -------------- --------------

Measures taken

- None 6 100.0

Measures should be taken

- None 6 100.0

Reason for not agree with the project

- Explosion 1 100.0

ENV853/94141fT36-9 3-59

Opinions and Attitudes toward the Existing Project, 1994

Those living before the construction Those

Opinions & Attitudes living

after the

Before During Immediat Later At constructi

construc construc e after present on

-tion a after (4-5 (1994) At Present

tion (1-2 yrs.) (1994)

yrs.)

- Agree with project 8.6 14.3 11.4 11.4 17.1 48.0

- In different 20.0 42.9 4X.6 48.6 48.6 24.0

- Feeling worried - 2.9 2.9 - - 24.0

- Not agree with project 5.7 2.9 5.7 5.7 4.0

- No answer/no opinion 71.4 34.3 34.3 34.3 34.3 -

Among few samples (2.9%) who felt worried about having the

project were afraid of gas leaking from pipes and this feeling was shown

only during the construction and immediately after the construction

periods after which this feeling just disappeared.

As for those who did not agree with having the proiect

(5.7%), most of them were afraid of the gas explosion which was actually

rare. However, this kind of feeling still exists even today.

Among those who came to live here after the construction,

the percentage of favorable attitude was distinctively high (48.0%); their

main reason for this was that they trusted the security measures of the

project (41.7%); other reasons cited were safer than having gas delivered

by trucks (25.0%) and the gas pipeline being far away from residential

area (16.7%). Those who felt worried (24.0%) and did not agree with the

project (4.0%) gave the same reasons with their counter parts above, i.e.,

afraid of gas leaking and gas explosion.

To sum up, people in general have favorable opinion and

attitude toward the project.

(4) Impact of the Gas Pipeline Project:

(a) Impact of the Existing Project: Data from the survey

suggested that negative impact of the existing gas pipeline project was.

not critical; most of the uneasy conditions came during the construction

ENV853/94140/CNAP-III

3-60

period, i.e., disturbance from dust (45.7%), noise (37.1%), vibration

(28.6%), inconvenience in travelling (25.7%), have to change way to get in

and out of one own living place (2.9%). No negative impact reported after

the construction has been completed. More details in Table 3.6-10.

As for compensation for property loss or damage

because of the construction, it was reported that there were only 2 cases

needed to pay compensation for and one of them felt not satisfied with the

compensation paid. One positive impact mentioned was the better road

surface after the construction (Table 3.6-10).

Among those coming to live after the construction, 90

percent of them reported having no negative impact while 10 percent being

afraid of gas explosion.

(b) ExDected Impact of the Proposed Gas Pipeline Proiect:

The vast majority of samples reported of having no positive impact (75.0%)

and no negative impact (83.3%); 25 percent which mentioned positive impact

of the project referred to it as one of many factors for community growth.

Among those who expected negative impact (16.7%.) pointed mostly to

psychological disturbance or deterioration of mental health (70.0%)

including feeling insecure about the safety measures provided by the

project; the rest referred to inconvenience in travelling, poor conditions

in making a living, etc. However, those who felt strongly against the

project's safety measures were not small (40.0%). More details in Table

3.6-11.

3.6.4.2 The Proposed Gas PiDeline Area

(1) General Characters of Samples:

It was found that many characters of the samples in the

proposed area were not significantly different from those of the existing

area. Most of them were in the working age (73.3%), i.e., 21-60 years old;

77.8 percent completed primary education; 14.4 percent finished secondary

school or higher. Minor difference occurred in the religious affiliation

of samples; while all of samples in existing area were Buddhists, 83.3

percent of samples in the proposed area reported of being affiliated to

Buddhism; the rest (16.7%) being Muslim. 67.8 percent of samples migrated

ENV853/94140/CHAP- II I

3-61

TABLE 3.6-10

IMPACT FROM FORMER PIPELINE PROJECT AND COMPENSATION


Total/person (%)

1. Respondent living before construction period

1.1 Impact on construction period

(More than 1 answer)

- No impact 17 48.6

- Noisy 13 37.1

- Dust 16 45.7

- Vibration 10 28.6

- Inconvenient travel 9 25.7

- Have to change way to (from) home 1 2.9

- Smoke from Machine 7 20.0

Total 35 100.0

1.2 Compensation Received from Government

- No 33 94.3

- Yes 2 5.7

Satisfaction about the Compensation

-No 1 50.0

-Yes 1 50.0

3-62ENV853194141/T36-10



Total/person (%)

1.3 Changing of Physical Environment after Construction

Dust

- more 5 14.3

- same 23 65.7

- less 7 20.0

Total 35 100.0

Surface of Road

- better 21 60.0

- same 9 25.7

- worse 5 14.3

Total 35 100.0

2. Impact from Pipeline Project to those living after

Construction Period Impact from Pipeline Project

- None 22 88.0

- Worry about Explosion 3 12.0

__--_--________________________________-___________--__________

Total 25 100.0

ENV853/941 41/T36- 10 3-63

TABLE 3.6-11

OPINION ABOUT THE PROPOSED GAS PROJECT


Tota/person (%)

1. Positive Impact

- No Result 45 75.0

- Have Positive Impact 15 25.0-- --------------------- ------- …-- ------- -- …----

Issues of Positive Impact

- Community Growth 15 100.0

2. Negative Impact

- No Result 50 83.3

- Have Negative Impact 10 16.7…-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - -

- Impact on Occupation 1 10.0

- Mind health/anxious about safety system 7 70.0

- Impact on access road 1 10.0

- No Answer/No Opinion 1 10.0------------------------------------------------------------- …

Total 10. 100.0

3. Confidence on Security System of Pipeline Project

- very much 6 10.0

- much 6 10.0

- considerably 24 40.0

- not much 22 36.7

- not at all 2 3.3…--------------------------------------------…--… -------------

Total 60 100.0

ENV853194141Tr36- 11 3-64

from other places not far from the present location, most of which came

from areas within the same province. Among the immigrants, 55.2 percent

cited social reasons for their settling here, i.e., following parents or

spouses; 44.8 percent cited economic reasons, to find jobs, find land and

following the organization's order, etc. Most of the migrants have been

living here more than 10 years (51.7%). More details in Table 3.6-12.

The Family Structure: Family size in this area was larger

than that in the existing area, i.e., 5.2 persons per family;, sex ratio is

equal, 2.6 for male and female member per family by the average. 61.7

percent of family members were between 15 and 55 years old; 57.3 percent

finished primary education; 14.2 percent finished secondary education or

higher and 19 percent of family members were still studying.

The-majority of household members (67.4%) reported to be

employed and only 2.1 percent being unemployed; the rest was reported as

children before school age, studying, being housewife, and old aged. More

details in Table 3.6-13.

Occupation Income and Expenditure:.

main occupation in the proposed area was primarily in

agricultural field, i.e., 44.4 percent in crop planting, 1.9 percent in

fish/other water animal raising; hired labour (21.1%) and industrial

workers (16.1%) were also widespread; the other occupations commanded

smaller proportion, i.e., trading (9.0%), farm labour (0.9%) and

government and public enterprise (Table 3.12-13). It is noticeable that

42.2 percent of samples did not have supplementary occupation; most of the

supplement occupations reported being hired labour and agriculture (Table

3.6-14).

62.2 percent of samples had less than 6,000 baht/month

household income which was relatively low; only 14.4 percent had more than

15,000 baht a month income. However, the average household income per

month was not so low, i.e., 11,834.41 baht. As for the average household

expenditure, it was reported at 7,011.84 baht a month which is

considerably lower than the monthly income.

ENV853/94140/CHAP- I I I

3-65

TABLE 3.6-12

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENT


Total/person (%)

1. Sex

- Male 46 51.1

- Female 44 48.9

2. Age


- 21-30 years 16 17.8

- 31-40 years 22 24.4

- 41-50 years 11 12.2

- 51-60 years 17 i8.9

- Over 60 years 22 24.4

3. Education Level


- Primary 70 77.8

- Secondary (grade 7-9) 4 4.4

- Secondary (grade 10-12)/Vocational 7 7.8

- Bachelor 2 2.2

4. Religion

- Buddhism 75 83.3

- Islamism 15 16.7

ENV85319414i1T36-12

3-66



Total/person (%)

5. Migration

- No 61 67.8

- Yes 29 32.2

5.1 Migration from

- Other Village of this Tambon 7 24.1

- Other Tambon of this Amphoe 5 17.2

- Other Amnphoe of this Province 4 13.8

- Other Province 13 44.8

5.2 Reasons of Migration

- Seek job 6 20.7

- Follow Parents or Spouse 4 13.8

- Marriage 12 41.4

- No Agricultural Land 5 17.2

- Work Requirement 2 6.9

5.3 Amount of Time Living Here


- 6-10 years 4 13.8

- 11-15 years 4 13.8

- 16-20 years 3 10.3



ENV853/94141 f36-12 3-67

TABLE 3.6-13

STRUCrURE OF HOUSEHOLD

item N.' = 90 Percentage

Total/person (%)

1. Size of Household

(persons/household)

- Male 2.6 50.0

- Female 2.6 50.0

Average (Person/household) 5.2 100.0

2. Age Range of Household's Member


- 15-25 years 83 17.4

- 26-35 years 110 23.0

- 36-45 years 78 16.3

- 46-55 years 24 5.0

- Over 55 years 83 17.4

Total 478 100.0

3. Education of Household's Member

- Pre-School 29 6.1


- Primary School 274 57.3

- Secondary School 51 10.7

- Diploma 13 2.7

- Bachelor 4 0.8

- In School 91 19.0

__ __ _________________________ ------------- -------------

Total 478 100.0

In schooling

- Kindcrgartcn 10 11.0

- Primary School 50 54.9

- Secondary School 21 23.1

- Diploma 8 8.8

- Bachelor 2 2.2

Total 91 100.0

ENV6S3194141tO-13 3-68

TABLFE 3.6-13 (Cont'd)


Total/person (%)

4. Working Status of Household's member

- Working 322 67.4

- Unemployed 10 2.1

- Retired (senility) 18 3.8

- Children (Pre-school) 29 6.1

- Housewife 8 1.7

- Student 91 19.0

---------------------------------- ------------- I -------------

Total 478 100.0

5. Main Occupation of Household's Member


- Fishery 6 1.9

- Govement Official/Public 9 2.8

Enterprise Employee


- Farm Labour 3 0.9

- Trading

- Food Stalls 8 2.5

- Groceries 12 3.7

- Electric Appliansees 2 0.6

- Junk Trade 2 0.6

- Fruits 5 1.6



Total 322 100.0

ENV8531941411T3d-13 3-69

OCCUPATION ANND ECONOMIC STATUS OF RESPONDENT


Total/person (%)

1. Main Occupation


- Trading 9 10.0

- Fishery 4 4.4



- Government Officer 4 4.4

- Farm Labour 1 1.1


2. Supplementary Occupation

- No Supplementary Occupation 38 42.2


- Trading 8 8.9

- Fishery 5 5.6




- Farm Labour 4 4.4


3. Total Income of Household


- Not over 2,000 baht 11 12.2

- 2,001-4,000 baht 25 27.8

- 4,001-6,000 baht 20 22.2

- 6,001-8,000 baht 7 7.8

- 8,001-10,000 baht 9 10.0

- 10,001-15,000 baht 5 5.6

- 15,001-20,000 baht 2 2.2

- Over 20,000 baht 11 12.2

Average (baht/HH) 11,834.41

ENV853/941411T36-14

3-70

Jrca.U-1't tbU1L U)


Total/person (%)

4. Total Expenses of Household


- Not over 2,000 baht 14 15.6

- 2,001-4,000 baht 42 46.7

- 4,001-6,000 baht 11 12.2

- 6,001-8,000 baht 5 5.6

- 8,001 - 10,000 baht 6 6.7

- 10,001-15,000 baht 4 4.4

- 15,001-20,000 baht 3 3.3

- Over 20,000 baht 5 5.6

Average (baht/HH) 7,011.84

5. Debt

- No 44 48.9

- Yes 46 51.1__--_--_________________________--____________ ________-____

Average (baht/Debtor) 326,891.30

ENVa53/94141 /38-143-71

Debt situation here was not very good because 51.5 percent

of households reported to be in debts. The averaze amount of debt

outstanding is relatively high, 326,891.30 baht per indebted household.

However, most of the borrowed money was spent for agricultural productive

cost (Table 3.6-14).

Family Properties:

It was found that the majority of samples (63.3%)

ownedland which being used. mostly for agricultural purposes, i.e.,

gardening (39.0%), rice farming (37.8%), other farming (13.7%), fish pond

(5.4%), shrimp pond (2.2%) and residential area (1.8%). 98.9 percent of

housing being built with hard wood and cement most of which being one

storey wooden (64.4%); only 1.1 percent being bamboo huts. More details in

Table 3.6-15.

(2) Information about the Proposed Gas Pipeline Project

It was reported that 90 percent of respondents did not

know of the project; the 10 percent who did knowing only about the

construction which will be coming some day but nothing else. Most of

those who know (55.5%) received the information 2 times or more; major

sources of information were relatives and neighbors (66.7%) and government

officials (33.3%). More details in Table 3.6-16.

(3) Opinions and Attitudes toward the Proposed Prolect

Opinions and attitudes toward the project in general were

more or less encouraging; about 21 percent of the respondents- had

positive opinions and attitude; 37.8 percent felt indifferent toward the

project and this should be fine because they would not interfere with the

project; however, 32.2 percent did not agree with the project and 8.9

percent felt worried about having the project (Table 3.6-17).

Among those holding favorable attitudes and opinions, 73.7

percent reasoned that the project should benefit the community, especially

when having stationsx for checking gas pressure in appropriate places along

the gas pipeline; 21.1 percent thought that the project would stimulate

national development by providing sufficient gas for usage; the remaining

5.3 percent did not see any bad effect of the project.

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-72

TABLE 3.6-15

LAND HOLDING STATUS AND HOUSING


Total/person (%)

1. Status of Land Owner (%)

- Owner 57 63.3

- Rented Land 24 26.7

- Free Use of Others' Land 9 10.0

2. Land Use (rai/household)

- Residential 0.52 1.8

- Rice Farming 10.79 37.8

- Tree/Fruit Tree 11.12 39.0

- Livestock Raising 0.01 0.0

- Fish Pond 1.55 5.4

- Shrimp Pond 0.64 2.2

- Other Farming 3.90 13.7

Total (Rai/Household) 28.53 100.0

3. Present Housing Condition

- Single House, Wooden 58 64.4

- Single House, Wooden and Concrete 19 21.1

- Single House, Concrete 12 13.3

- Cottage, Wooden 1 1.1

ENV853/94141 /T36- 15

3-73

TABLE 3.6-16

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PIPELINE PROJECT


Tota/person (%)

1. Knowledge about Pipeline Project

- No 81 90.0

- Yes 9 10.0

I __ ____________________________-------------_-------------

Text of Information

- Pipeline will be Constructed 9 100.0__ _____________________________------- -------------____ __

Frequency of Information

- 1 3 33.3

- 2 1 11.1

- More than 2 4 44.4


__ _____________________________------- ------------____.__

Source of Information

- Relatives/Neighbour 6 66.7

- Government Officials 3 33.3

2. Understanding about Pipeline Project

- Not at all/Neighbour 68 75.6


3-74ENV853/94141/T36-16

IA.fLt. J.i-1/

ATITUDE TOWARD THE PIPELINE PROJECT


Total/person (%)

1. Attitude Toward the Pipeline Project

- Agree with the Project 19 21.1


- Worry 8 8.9

- Not Agree 29 32.2

Reasons for those who agree with the project

- Benefit for Community 14 73.7

- Promote National Development 4 21.1

- No Bad Effect from the Project 1 5.3

2. In Case Pipeline Direction is Parallel

to High Voltage Line:

- Agree with the Project 43 47.8


- Not Agree 33 36.7


Resons for those who Agree with the Project

- The project can save some land 13 30.2

- No bad effects expected 13 30.2

- Promote National Development 6 14.0

- Benefit for Community 8 18.6


ENV853/94141rr36-17 3-75



Total/person (%)

Reasons for those who do not agree

- Fear of Explosion 19 57.6

- Land may be expropriated 3 9.1

- Crops wil be damaged 5 15.2

- Will be lost Agricultural land 4 12.1


3. Co-operation with the Project in case

the pipeline passes the area

- Willing to co-operate 42 46.7

- Not willing 32 35.6

- Land is not close to the high voltage line 6 6.7

- Don't be land owner 4 4.4


__ _____________________________ ------------- …

Reasons for those who are not willing

to co-operate

- Fear of Explosion 9 28.1

- Concerned about land holding may be 9 28.1

expropriated

- Crops will be damaged 6 18.8

- Other (eg. no obligation to co-operate 5 15.6

being afraid of unfair treatment)


ENV853/94141/T36- 17 3-76

When learned that the gas pipeline would be laid in

parallel to the high voltage power line, the favorable percentage

increased to 47.8; the percentage of indifference was decreased but

percentage of disagreement with the project was slightly higher to 36.7.

~~~~Y*fl OAl6 tL.L6*%Jv; &vi *fll avvwW- S.

the project would save land (30.22%); if would not have ill effect

(30.2%); it would benefit the community (18.6%) and it would stimulate

national development (14.0%).

Among those having negative attitude, their reasons were

being afraid of gas explosion (57.6%), crops would be damaged (15.2%),

losing agricultural land (12.1%) and being afraid of land appropriation

(9.1%). More details in Table 3.12-17.

When asked about their co-operation in case the project

passes through parts of their land, 46.7 percent of respondents were

please to co-operate but 35.6 percent did not want to co-operate. Others

said their land was far away from the high vpltage power line; the

therefore needed not to co-operate; some said they did not own land.

Those who did not want to co-operate with the project gave

their reasoning as being afraid of gas explosion (28.1%), being afraid

their land would be appropriated (28.1%); their crops would be damaged

(18.8%), the rest said they did not have obligation to co-operate with

the project and being afraid of unfair treatment from the project (Table

3.6-17).

(4) The Impact of the Project

In asking about the project's impact, 2 separate issues

were solicited from the samples; the first about impact of the

construction of high power line which they already experienced and the

second about the expected impact of the proposed gas pipeline project.

Data from the study showed that 53.5 percent of

respondents did not have any bad effect from the construction of high

voltage power line; among those having negative impact, 42.9 percent said

EGAT asked to have rights over their land by paying small amount of money

in return; 40.5 percent reported their land was appropriated; 14.3 percent

mentioned their housing was damaged and another 14.3 percent their crops

were damaged.

ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111

3-77

As for those having compensation from EGAT, 75 percent of

them received compensation -ffor housing and other structures damages about

27, 284.16 baht per household by the average; 12.9 percent received

compensation for rights over land average about 4,683 baht per household,

6.4 percent for crops damage about 2,342 baht per household averagingly

and 5.7 percent compensation for land appropriate average about 5,985.72

baht per rai. More details in Table 3.6-18.

People's experiences from the high voltage power line

project should be valuable for implementation of the proposed gas pipeline

project particularly in paying compensation should be fair according to

the actual price at the time of making agreement.

Impacts expected to occur because of the construction of

the proposed gas pipeline from the respondents; answers were that 51

percent of them did not expect any negative impact while 47.8 percent

expected the negative impact and 41.9 percent of this group reported being

afraid and worried about gas explosion; 16.3 percent afraid of crop

damages; other negative impacts mentioned included occupation disturbance,

land being appropriated, or damaged, noise and air pollution during the

construction and inconvenience in travelling from home to outside and vise

versa. More details in Table 3.6-19.

W4hen asked whether they trusted the project's safety

measure, 33.3 percent did not trust it at all; 26.7 percent a little

confident; 17.8 percent said they trusted it; only 15.5 percent reported

fully trusted.

. Among those expecting positive impact (71.1%) referred to

chances of having jobs during the construction (25.0%) and bringing

progress to the community, more national development as a whole, etc. More

details in Table 3.6-19.

As for compensation for damages during the construction

and other usages, 61.1 percent expected the government should pay the

compensation; only 18.4 percent said no compensation should be paid; the

rest did not answer. Among those favored having compensation suggested the

compensation should be paid in the proportion to the extent of damages

occurred (73.8%) while 4.9 percent said up to the government's decision;

the rest did not give any answer (Table 3.6-19).

ENV853/94140/CHAP- Ill

3-78

TABLE 3.6-18

IMPACTS FROM HIGH VOLTAGE LINE


Total/person (%)

1. High Voltage line passes Residential

Agricultural Area

- Yes 42 46.7

- No 48 53.3

2. Impacts from High Voltage line

(among those who say "yes" only) 1

- Land was expropriated 17 40.5

- EGAT askes for right over land 18 42.9

- Impact on Dwelling/Building 6 14.3

- Impact on Tree/Fruit Tree 6 14.3

3. Compensation Received from EGAT

- Expropriated Land (Baht/Rai) 5985.72 14.9

- EGAT paid for right over land (Baht/HH.) 4682.94 11.6

- Dwelling/Building (Baht/HH.) 27284.16 67.7

- Tree/Fruit Tree (Baht/HH.) 2341.66 5.8

Note: 1/ = Multiple answer

ENV853/94141 /T36-18 3-79

TABLE 3.6-19

IMPACTS FROM THE PROPOSES PIPELINE PROJECT


Total/person (%)

1. Impacts Expect to Receive from the Pipelhne Project

- Will have no impacts 46 51.1

- Will have impacts 43 47.8

- Don't know 1 1.1------------------------------ _----------- ____________________

Total 90 100.0__--_______________________________--___________--_______.____

Impacts will be received t

- Worry about hazardous from pipeline 18 41.9

- Products will be damaged 7 16.3

- Impact on occupation 6 14.0

- Holding Area May be expropriated 5 11.6

- Agricultural Area May be Damaged 5 11.6

- Noisy on construction period 6 14.0

- Dust/Air pollution 3 7.0

- Inconvinence on access road 2 4.7

2. Confidence of Security System of the project

- Very much 1 1.1

- Much 13 14.4

- Considerably 16 17.8

- Little 24 26.7



ENV853/9414 1 fr36-Io 3-8o



Total/person

3. General Opinion of the Project in the Positive Side

- No Effect 26 28.9

- Have Positive Impacts 64 71.1

Positive Impacts Reported:

- More Employment in the Area 16 25.0

- The goverment pays more attention 10 15.6

to the people in the area

- The Project will Benefit the Community 12 18.8

- The Project will Benefit the nation as a whole 2 3.1


4. Opinion About Compensation from the Government

- Not Necessary 17 18.9

- Important Necessary 55 61.1


If Necessary, what criteria should be used

for Compensation

- Extent of Damages Received 45 73.8

- Depending on Goverinent's Decision 3 4.9


Note : '/ Multiple answer

ENV853/94141tT36-19 3-81

CHAPTER IV

MAJOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT

The gas transmission pipeline offers an effective mean of

petroleum product transportation. To maintain the performance and safety

of the transmission system, care have to be taken to ensure that all

safety measures are properly planned and maintained. However, the

hazardous cases could arise, fire and explosion are of the main concerns.

The flAmmable gases have flash points below room temperature and will form

explosive mixtures with air (or oxygen) within certain limits known as the

lower and upper explosion limits. From this point of view, assessment and

evaluation of hazards will be made by calculating the possible magnitude

of disaster from fire and explosion caused by gas and condensate leakages,

4.1 METHODOLOGY

4.1.1 Hazard Identification

The approach for assessment of the above scenario were

selected from the recommended method presented in the World Bank Technical

paper "Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards a Manual" (Technica,

1990). Flammable gas event tree (Figure 4.1-1) was employed in the

approaches for hazard assessment of natural gas leakage. The short

description of methodology and related input data used are as follows:

ENV853/94140/CHAP- IV

4-1

j IS RELEASE j IS THERE I IS THE CLOUD 0 IS THERE I DOES THE RELEASE AFFECT

INSTANTANEOUS ? I IMMEDIATE DENSER DELAYED OTHER EOUIPMENT ON THE

I | IGNITION ? THAN AIR ? IGNITION ? SITE ?I~~~~~~~~~~ a

a a g j j tMODEL ADDITIONAL RELEASES .

FIREBALL | | | YES ; ASSESS" ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | YE I O|_lUtPACTS'I 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NO A1

I .'I I I I j

I ______________ I I FLASlt FIRE OR I ttMOOEL ADDITIONAL RELEASESI I I I ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~EXPLOSION IYES

YES I I I IDENSE CLOUD DISPERSION rES NO 'I_ PACIS

I I '~~~~~~~~~~~YES 1-s- NO ADIABATIC I I -_ 4

EXPANSION J 1 FLASH FIRE OR I MODEL ADOJIJNAL RELEASES II j I I EXPLOSION I YES A

I l I | NO NEUTRAL /BUOYANT DISPERSION YES'| NO A

RELEASE I I I 'NO I ICASE | I i i ; IIULS

. l ~ ~~ I I I I IMODEL ADDITIONAL RELEASES I

I tET FLAUE | I ItYES T ASSESSIYES i I I NIIES?IMA7E a NO IMAT

DURATION MODEL ADTIONAL RELEASES

CALCULATE j F fLASH FIRE OR j O t ENO RELEASE RATE | a I EXPLOSION YES ASSESS

i DENSE CLOUD DISPERSION YES | NO j tMPACTS

a a I YES | NO ________________F _

a I ~~~~~~ETDSERIN I INO J1 DISPERSON FLAStt FIRE OR M MODEL ADDITIONAL REtEASES |

i I I I EXPLOSION YES ASSESSa | NO NEUTRAL /JEUOYANT DISPERSION YES I NO IMPACIS

FIGURE 4 I ; I E TE

FIGURE 4.1-1 :FLAMMABLE GAS EVENT TREE

(1) Release Cases

A set of release cases was considered according to the

facilities of the gas pipeline system as listed below:

Block Value No.6 at Bang Pa Kong

- Pipe leak (36" diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter

: 100% of pipe diameter

Wang Noi Pover.Planto

- Pipe leak (36" diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter

: 100% of pipe diameter

(2) Nature of Releases

For the proposed pipeline and facilities at Wang Noi

Power Plant Bang Pa Kong terminal, both instantaneous and noninstantaneous

releases are considered in a hazard evaluation.

(3) Iznition

A very important part of the analysis is to identify the

sources and probabilities of ignition. The types of ignitions are

classified into two categories according to the timing of the ignition, as

(a) Immediate ignition : In this case the gas is

ignited while it is still escaping from containment. Immediate ignition

can result in a jet flame or a fire ball depending on the nature of the

release (instantaneous and noninstantaneous). These can cause damage in

the immediate vicinity of the release but rarely affect anything outside

the plant boundary.

(b) Delayed ignition : This occurs after the

material has escaped from containment and has formed a cloud drifting down

wind. Delayed ignition can result in an explosion or a flash fire which

can cause damages in a wide area.

(4) Fires/Fire Damage

Fire can affect its surroundings primarily through the

radiated heat. The damage caused by heat radiation can be calculated from

the dose of radiation received; a measure of the received dose is the

energy per unit area of the surface exposed to the radiation over the

duration of the exposure. The other approaches can be calculated by using

the power per unit area received.


4-3

The radiation effect of a fire is normally limited to

the area close to the source of the release (within 200 m as stated in

Technica, 1990). This means that in many cases neighbouring communities

are not affected. However, there are types of fire which could create a

more extensive effect.

Fires can be categorized as follows:

- Pool fire : e.g., a tank fire or a fire from a pool of

fuel spread over the ground or water.

- Jet fire : from the ignition of a jet of flammable

material.

- Fireball and BLEVE : (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor

Explosion) resulting from the overheating of

pressurized vessel by a primary fire. This overheating

raises the internal pressure and weakens the vessel

shell, until it bursts open and releases its contents

as a large and very intense fireball.

- Flash Fire : involving the delayed ignition of a

dispersed vapour cloud which does not cause blase

damage. That is, the flame speed is not as high as in

an unconfined vapour cloud explosion but the fire

spreads quickly throughout the flammable zone of the

cloud.

Fire damage can be estimated based upon correlations

with recorded incident radiation flux and damage levels. The criteria for

damage to people and property from fire is given as follows:

Incident Flux Type of Damage Caused

(kW/m2 )

Damage to Equipment Damage to People

37.5 Damage to process equipment 100% lethality in 1 min.

1% lethality in 10 sec.


4-4

25.0 Minimum energy to ignite 100% lethality in 1 min.

wood at indefinitely long Significant injury in 1

exposure without a flame sec.

12.5 Minimum energy to ignite l%.lethality in 1 min.

wood with a flame; melts 1st degree burns in 10

sec.

4.0 Causes pain if duration

is longer than 20 sec

but blistering is

unlikely.

1.6 Causes no discomfort for

long exposure.

4.1.2 Ouantitative Analysis

The considerations were made for many cases of hazardous events

(Table 4.1-1). In order to focus only on the potential sources of hazard,

some of the events were screened out by considering the following aspects:

(1) Gas Flow

The amount of gas to be released to the environment was

calculated based on the approached listed in Appendix B. The estimated

outflow for different cases of releases are shown in Table 4.1-2.

(2) Impact Evaluation

The first step of impact evaluation was conducted by

comparison the concentration of the gas released (for 20 and 100% pipe

diameter) with the flammable limit of natural gas of which low flammable

limit (LFL) and upper flammable limit (UFL) are 3.83%V and 10.14%V

respectively. If the concentration of either jet or buoyant dispersion is

not in the flammable limit, the ignition will not be induced. Therefore, the

hazardous impact is negligible.


4-5

TABLE 4.1-1

INPUT DATA FOR HAZARD EVALUATION

Facilities Release Cases Nature of Release Ignition Output

Bang Pa Kong-Wang Noi

Pipe diameter 36" Pipe leak Instantaneous Immediate Fireballs

Pressure 1,600 psig 20% pipe diameter Delay Flash fire

Temperature 120°F 100% pipe diameter Noninstantaneous Immediate Jet fires

Molecular weight Delay Flash fire

of gas 25.145

ENV853/94141/TAB41 -1 4-6

TABLE It I E.

GAS OUTFLOW OF THE PIPE LEAK RATE AT 20% AND 100%

OF PIPE DIAMETER

Operation Condition % of pipe leak Gas outflow rate

(% of pipe diameter) (kg/sec)

(Pipe diameter (36"), 20 20,067Pressure 1,600 psia, 100 502,781

Temperature 120°F,

Molecular weight of gas 25.145)

ENV853/941411TAB41-2 4_7

Noninstantaneous Relaase with Immediate Ignition (Jet Dispersion)

The jet dispersion model can calculate the concentration

and the velocity on the jet axis at a given distance from the released spot

which can determine the end of turbulent mixing phase (i.e. the distance at

which the jet velocity equals to the wind speed) presented in Table 4.1-3.

The concentration of dispersed gas beyond the end of turbulent mixing phase

with wind speed of 3 m/s. is shown in Table 4.1-4. In the stable (class A-C)

and unstable (E-F) conditions, the ignitions will not be induced due to the

improper concentration of the gas released.

Noninstantaneous Relbkse with Delayed Iznition (Buoyant Dispersion)

The buoyant dispersions of natural gas were estimated by

using gausian distribution model and amount of gas released. The dispersion

concentrations were calculated for various atmospheric conditions (Table

4.1-5).

Concerning the leakage of 20% of pipe diameter the

dispersion concentrations are all lower than LFL of 3.83% by volume, thus,

the potential hazardous events are negligible.

For the 100% of pipe diameter, the dispersion

concentrations are in the ranged of flammable limit indicating potential

hazard. Thus, the probable impact will be assessed in the next section.

4.2 HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENTS

The potential hazardous cases were identified in section 4.1 and

the assessment for each single event will be conducted as follows:

Block Value No.6 at Bang Pa Kong

This block value No.6 is surrounded by the idle land along the side

of Highway No.3 near the entrance of Bang Pa Kong Thermal Power Plant.

The assessments of the potential hazardous events are as follows:

(1) Instantaneous Release with Immediate Ignitions : Fireballs

and Fire Damages

The instantaneous releases were calculated based on the

gas volume contained in 36" pipe with 1 km. in length. The instantaneous

releases of about 357,659 kg (358 ton) (detail calculation in Appendix B),


4-8

TABLE 4.1-3

DISTANCE AT TBE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE

Pipe Leak X Um Area C

(% of Pipe Diameter) (m) (m/s) (m2 ) (kg/m3) (kg/s)

36"1

20% 60 2.65 1.13E04 1.3481 4.04E04

100% 600 2.66 1.13E04 0.6935 2.08E06

Noe X = distance at the end of turbulent mixing phase

Ur = jet velocity

C = Concentration at distance X,.

Q = jet dispersion rate at X

Wind speed is 3 m/s

ENV853/94141rTAB41 -3

4-9

TABLE 4.1-4

GAS DISPERSION BEYONG THE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE

Atmospheric Stability Class

Pipe Leak (wind speed 3 m/s)

(% of Pipe Diameter) __ _

A B C D [ E F

36"

20% Conc. % volume 1.57 0.63 0.41 0.08 1.42 0.83

Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 -80.10 15.63 37.60

100% Conc. % volume 80.90 32.47 21.00 4.04 73.20 42.94

Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 80.10 15.63 37.61

ENV853/94141 tTAB41 -4

4-lo

TABLrE Ai-5

BUOYANT DISPERSION OF THE NATURAL GAS


Pipe Leak (wind speed 3 mWs)(% of Pipe Diameter) , B l D

A | B | C | D | E | F

36"1

20% Conc. % volume 1.73 0.70 0.45 0.09 1.57 0.92

Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 80.10 15.63 37.60

1iuOy Conc. %s voiume 89.23 9.81 23.6 4.46 U0.73 47.36

Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 80.10 15.63 37.60

Note A-C = Unstable

D = Neutral

E-F = Stable

ENV853/94141/rAB4i -5

4-.1.1

the maximum radis5 of the fireball will be about 174 m. with radiation

intensity of 323 kW/m2. The affected gone with radial energy of 37.5 to 12.5

kW/m2 were ranged from 511 to 885 m without consideration of any mitigation

measures (Table 4.2-1) - The impact from the heat radiation within this zone

is quite significant. Therefore, any development within 0.9 km. from the

block value No.6 should be prohibited to minimize any hazardous events.

(2) Instantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition * Adiabatic

Expansion/Flash Fire

The adiabatic expansion model were utilized to calculate

the radius of the expanded cloud as a function of time (Table 4.2-2). All

of the percent volume of expanded gas were lower than the LFL of 3.8%V.

Thus, the hazardous impact from this case is not significant.

(3) Noninstantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition : Buoyant

Dispersion

The consideration was made only for 100% of pipe diameter

release case. The analyses were conducted at all atmospheric stability

condition (Table 4.2-3). For the stability of 1, 5 and 6, the dispersion

concentrations were higher than the LFL value (3.38%V) with the distance of

1.11 to 178.62 km. However, the stability conditions of the project area are

likely to be in class 2-3 (unstable) and class 5 (stable), the probable

distance with high LFL value are in the range of 2.533 to 19.89 km.

Wang Noi Power Plant

Similar hazard assessment approaches for Bang Pakong Block Value

#6 were conducted for Wang Noi Power Plant. This terminal will be located

within EGAT Boundary. The affected distance from the potential source of

release for radiation intensity of 37.5 kW/m2 - 12.5 kW/ml was ranged from

511 to 885 m. without any mitigation measures. Within this 0.87 km the

impact will be significant. However, the receiving facility will be entirely

in the EGAT premise and within the industrial area. However, it is

recommended that the to be located within 0.88 km radius of the receiving

facilities should be properly designed to withstand the heat intensity and

living quarters must be prohibited.


4-12

l1ABLE 4.2-i

THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIREBAL

AT THE RADIATION FLUX (METRE)

ONSHORE

Release Case

Incident Flux Instantaneous Noninstantaneous

(kW/m 2 )

100% 100%

of pipe diameter of pipe diameter

37.5 510.89 1,128.38

25.0 625.72 1,381.98

12.5 884.90 1,954.41

ENV853/94141jrAB42-1

4-13

TABLE 4.2-2

INSTATANEOUS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNMIION

T Kd Rc Cc ppm. % Volume Rce Ccc Rpe

(second) (mK) (KgdCu.M.) {0.01 25232.94 43.21 2.38E - 02 25602.75 2.56 3618.28 4.03E-08 5268.22

0.05 16874.28 79.01 3.90E -03 4187.41 0.42

0.1 14189.52 102.46 1.79E -03 1919.94 0.19

0.2 11931.92 132.87 8.19E-04 880.29 0.09

0.3 10781.71 154.69 5.19E -04 557.86 0.06

0.4 10033.51 172.32 3.76E -04 403.62 0.04

0.5 9489.11 187.36 2.92E-04 314.01 0.03

1 7979.36 242.97 1.34E-04 143.97 0.01

1.5 7210.16 282.87 8.49E-05 91.24 0.01

2 6709.81 315.09 6.14E-05 66.01 0.01

2.5 6345.75 342.59 4.78E-05 51.36 0.01

3 6063.00 366.84 3.89E - 05 41.83 0.00

4 5642.26 408.63 2.82E-05 30.27 0.00

5 5336.12 444.29 2.19E- 05 23.55 0.00

10 4487.12 576.17 1.OOE-05 10.80 0.00

20 3773.20 747.20 4.61E-06 4.95 0.00

30 3409.47 869.91 2.92E - 06 3.14 0.00

40 3172.87 969.00 2.11E-06 2.27 0.00

50 3000.72 1053.58 1.64E-06 1.77 0.00

60 2867.02 1128.13 1.34E-06 1.44 0.00

120 2410.86 1463.00 6.14E-.07 0.66 0.00

180 2178.46 1703.26 3.89E-07 0.42 0.00

240 2027.29 1897.28 2.81E -07 0.30 0.00

300 1917.29 2062.88 2.19E-.07 0.24 0.00

Note Kd Diffusion coefficient

Rc Core radius

Cc Core conceitration

LFL %V 3.38

ENV853/94141rTAB42-24-14

TABLE 4.2-3


AT 100% OF PIPE DIAMETER LEAKAGE (28")

Stability Wind Speed Max Conc. Dist. of Max. Plue Hight ppm. % Volume

(M/SEC) (G/CU.M) (KM) (M)

1 2 701.28 1.35 1018.4 683291.31 68.33

1 2.5 769.2 1.214 814.7 749469.08 74.95

1 3 830.3 1.114 678.9 809001.79 80.90

2 2 240.81 5.856 1018.4 234632.93 23A6

2 2.5 287.83 4.777 814.7 280446.81 28.04

2 3 333.2 4.042 678.9 324653.01 32.47

2 4 419.72 3.107 509.2 408953.67 40.90

2 5 502.22 2.533 407.4 489337.44 48.93

3 2 145.43 14.97 1018.4 141699.54 14.17

3 2.5 180.47 11.717 814.7 175840.72 17.583 3 21 5 . a C.f 7 R 9 21001l39 2.10

3 4 285.33 7.002 509.2 278010.94 27.80

3 5 354.91 5.483 407.4 345806.12 34.58

4 2 21.145 178.623 3 20602.60 2.06

4 2.5 30.595 114.876 3 29810.20 2.98

4 3 41.498 80.104 678.9 40433.53 4.04

4 4 67.459 45.297 509.2 65728.59 6.57

4 5 98AO9 30.903 407.4 95884.69 9.59

5 2 764.8 19.898 199.1 745181.94 73.79

5 2.5 757.32 17A2 184.8 737893.82 73.20

5 3 751.26 15.626 173.9 731989.26 72.28

5 4 741.8 13.163 158 722771.92 71.57

5 5 734.54 11.524 146.7 715698.15 0.00

6 2 380.89 52.759 165.2 371119.71 37.11

6 2.5 412.74 43.788 153.4 402152.71 40.22

6 3 440.73 37.603 144.3 429424.74 42.94

6 4 488.79 29.571 131.1 476251.94 47.63

6 5 529.66 24.543 121.7 516073.57 51.61

ENV85394141frAB42-3

4-15

4.3 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS

The potential sources of hazardous events were summarized in Table

4.3-1. The most concerned case is for the pipe leakage can cause fire damage

with immediate ignition. Both leak cases, 20% and 100% of pipe diameter, are

considered for the pipeline diameter of 36 inch.

4.4 HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES

The risk of a release can be reduced by using reliability studies

or techniques such as HAZOP which will be developed by the pipeline

engineers and reviewed by PTT to examine the design in detail as described

Hazard Identification Review to improve the operation and control of the

plant. Risks can also be reduced by improving the maintenance and inspection

of the pipeline system.

As well as reducing the consequences and risks of releases, the

analyst should also consider measures to reduce the impact of these

releases. Some possible measures are arranged in order of increasing

involvement of employees and people off-site as follows:

- provision of bunkering or blast walls;

- firewalls/fire-proofing of structures within block valve

previous;

- provision of emergency escape routes for employees;

- provision of safety and emergency training for employees;

- implementation of emergency procedures on and off-site;

- provision of public alert systems and education of public;

- planning and training for evacuation;

- provision of safety buffer-zones around the plant boundary.


4-16

TABLE 4.3-1

SUMMARY FOR INTACT ASSESSMENT

Facilities/ Nature of Ignition Output Result of

Release Cases Release Impact

Onshore (Bang Pa Kon!/Wong Noi)

1) Pipe Leak

100% of pipe instantaneous immediate fireball fire damage in

diameter the radial range

of 504-1, 543 m fromthe release source

instantaneous delay flash fire no impact

20% of pipe noninstantaneous immediate jet dispersion/ no impact

diameter flash fire

100% of pipe noninstantaneous immediate jet dispersion/ no impact

diameter flash fire

20% of pipe noninstantaneous delay Bouyant no impact

diameter flash fire

100% of pipe noninstantaneous delay Bouyant ignition occurred

diameter flash fire at the distance

2.53 to 19.89 km from

the release source

2) Condensate instantaneous adiabatic flash fire no impact

expansion

ENV855/94141/rAe43-1

4-17

CHAPTER V

ENVTPR.7MVNTAT TMPArT A MEJT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The environmental impacts can be classified as short-term and

long-term impacts according to their intensity and duration of occurrence.

Short-term impacts an those which would occur during the construction

phase and could continue for a short period after that. On the other hand,

long-term effects would occur in and continue throughout the operation

phase.

The predicted magnitude of effects in generally stated in

quantitative terms, whenever data and methodology allowed. However, for

some environment components, qualification of impact can not be made thus,

the qualitative analysis is employed.

5.2 WATER QUALITY

5.2.1 Construction Period

Due to the natural setting of project area, the pipeline will

be positioned in the alluvial plain of Bang Pakong and Chao Phraya Basins.

This area is dominated by both natural and man-made canal mainly for

agricultural purposes. Thus, the major impact on waterways resulting from

the pipeline construction will be during ROW preparation, and crossing.

The right-of-way preparation will include the vegetation

clearing, surface levelling and equipment mobilization. These activities

can induce soil erosion on the non-cover surface. However, the ground

disturbance will be short term and occur in the dry season with very low

rainfall intensity. Thus, the soil erosion or suspended solids to be added

into the waterways can be considered as minimal.

Concerning the crossing practices, for the relatively small

khlongs scattered over the project area, the open cut crossing will be

ENV853/94140/CHAP-V

5-1

applied. The trenching of pipeline ditch in Khlong slope will be

undertaken only when the actual pipe laying is ready to minimise silt

input to the waterways. Furthermore, the necessary precautions will be

strictly taken to alleviate surface run off to the Khlong. The appropriatecontrl..4J t.L ~J.&& L'Wer0 J. V-L-L* dU' I nf~W*t Atr * JLo f ME . *- . , - '

contol f sol eosio a,d seimet r of., .g. , h.ay -ales, silt

fences., will be applied to minimize sedimentation in the waterways. These

activities will be concentrated mainly in the dry reason which most of the

canal will dried out and the water in these khlongs are utilized primarily

for agricultural purposes, thus, the impact on water quality can be

perceived as minor.

For the large khlongs and river, e.g., Khlong Rangsit, Khlong

Prawet Buri Rom, Bang Pakong river, etc. The directional drilling will be

applied. This method will utilize the driller bored a few meters under

neath the river bed withbut any disturbance. On the bottom sediment. The

increase of suspended solids in the river is nil. In addition, the

disposal of drilling fluids and muds will be stored in the containers to

be disposed of by the municipality.

Considering the wastes generated by the equipment, machineries

and vehicles (e.g., waste oil, lubricants, coolant, etc.), these type of

waste will be collected at the maintenance unit within the construction

site office. The suitable containers will be designated to store each type

of waste and properly disposed of at the local service facilities.

During the construction period, there will be about 800 worker

involved. With the estimated BOD load of 30 g/person-day (NEB, 1981), the

total BOD load from construction camps will be 24 kg/day. The sanitary

latrines will be provided at the ratio for 15 workers/l latrine at all

construction camp to assure the proper treatment of domestic waste prior

to the dissipation into surrounding soil.

5.2.2 Operation Phase

The gas transmission pipeline will initiate no adverse effect

on water quality during operation. Focusing on the gas leakage, the

pipeline system is installed with state-of-the-art SCADA computerized

system to continuously monitor the pressure, gas flow and volume.

Therefore, the probability of gas leakage is very slim.

ENV853/94140/CHAP -V

5-2

In addition, the section of gas pipeline under the river or

can--!il be burried wit-h approximately 1. m. ofr soil on top of the-I

coated pipeline. This practice will drastically reduce any chances of

pipeline supture due to the any impact force.

5.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY/FISHERY


The direct impact on aquatic ecology from the pipeline

development is due to increase suspended solids in surface water and the

habitat disturbances.

Regarding the small Khlongs, the open cut will be applied. The

canal bed will be trenched with the approximate strip of 1.2 m across the

width of the Khlong. The activities will be concentrated only in the dry

season which most of the small khlongs are dried up. These intermitted

waterways support very low diversity of both plankton and benthic

communities due to the disruption of life during the dry season. Thus, the

impact on the aquatic communities of small khlongs is negligible.

For the large canals and rivers, the different approach, direct

drilling, will be used. The driller will be bored under the river bed with

a few meters under the river bottom. Thus, the impacts on the planktonic

and benthic habitats in terms of suspended solids and disturbances are not

foreseen.

The changes of water quality due to the increase of BOD loads

from the construction camps are not expected due to the adequate provision

of latrine (1 latrine for 15 workers) at every construction camps. The

contaminated leachate are not anticipated.

The only major fishery resource in the project vicinity is the

Bang Pakong river mouth. This river is subjected to the directional

drilling about 10 km. upstream from the river mouth. This approach will

not disturb the river bed, thus the increase suspended solid in the river

is not foreseen, therefore, the downstream fishery area will not be

impacted from the project.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-V

5-3

5.3.2 Operation Period

The pipeline system will be totally buried under approximately

1.5 meter of soil at the bed of waterways. Thus, there will be no contact

with the aquatic lifes and fishery activities. Therefore, the potential

5.4 TRANSPORTATION


Along the 100 km. of the proposed Bang Pakong-Wang Noi pipeline,

there will be some crossings under the major highways, i.e., HW. 3466,

314, railway, 304, 3312, and 305. The potential impacts to be resulted

from the pipeline construction are as follows:

- increase traffic volume closed to the intersected points due

to the mobilization of the project's machineries and

vehicles.

- short term traffic interference on the intersected points

between the gas pipeline and highways.

The readily coated pipe will be transported from the temporary

storage area to the construction site which will be moving constantly. The

mapping of the appropriate pipe transportation route will be planned

carefully, both routing and timing, to alleviate traffic congestion. The

bored crossing technique will be applied in order to avoid any temporary

disruption on the traffic flow of the highway.

At each intersection, the pipeline will be installed by using

a pilot pipe section slipped under the highway. Once the pilot section is

in place, the permanent, coated pipeline will be welded on to the pilot

section and pulled through the bore. The casing will be designed to carry

the extra traffic loads. The interference on the traffics will be

temporary due to the equipment operation, right-of-way preparation.

However, the frontage access or detour will be properly arranged to

alleviate temporary inconvenience during construction at these

intersect ions.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-V

5-4

Thus, by the application of the above practices the short-term

l due to pipelin.e constructilon can be vi ewed as inslgnifi.cant.


The operation of the pipeline project will not cause any impact

on the transportation network due to the utilization of EGAT right-of-way

to avoid any adversed impacts on traffic disruption and land acquisition.

5.5 LANDUSE

Potential impacts on the landuse change can be assessed and

summarized as follows:

(1) Regrading the issue on landuse change due to the project

the study of this issue along the existing PTT pipeline shows evidence

that without access along the pipeline there are no or very limited

landuse changes due to pipeline development. The lands along the ROW are

still being utilized for agricultural purpose.

(2) Permission of temporary use the land for construction of

the pipelines is required for the development of the project. Though the

proposed pipeline route will be aligned on the same strip of lands already

received the ROW utilization from the owners. Additional agreement between

the PTT with each respective owners and EGAT will be necessary

5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMICS

(1) Impact to individuals and familv:

(A) Positive side:

- economically, Job opportunities related to

construction process, e.g., semi-skilled

workers, and non-skill workers;

- economically, generating income for commercial

and services in the areas including food stores,

rented houses, groceries, rented vehicles, etc.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-V

5-5

(b) Negative side:

- Some necessary public facilities may be

insufficient especially during the construction

period; these are water supply, health service,

etc;.

- Social problems may be arised and disrupted the

peaceful life style of the villagers

particularly during the construction period, for

examples, drinking problems, gambling, thefts,

quarrelling, etc. The construction activities

may cause transportation, inconveniences; all of

these make community life more difficult but,

fortunately, it will be last only for a short

period.

(2) Impact to the Country

- promote industrial growth and reduce dependency

on foreign fuel supply.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-V

5-6

CHAPTER VI

MITICATION MEASUES Ar N D E.NVTRONMF.NTAL. kNAGEMENT

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The results from the environmental impact assessment of the proposed

pipeline in the previous chapters pointed out that the level of impacts are

at the acceptable level. However, it is necessary to exercise the appropriate

mitigation measures listed in this chapter to ensure the minimum level of

impacts for the concerned parameters. (Table 6.1-1)

6.2 MITIGATION MEASURES


6.2.1.1 Water Quality

- All major construction activities, e.g., open cut crossing, bore

crossing, directional drilling, etc. must be scheduled during the

dry season. (Mid October-Beginning of May).

- Proper erosion and sedimentation control, e.g., hay bales, and

silt fences should be installed at all concerned waterways

adjacent to the pipeline approaching area.

- Store backfill material away from the bank of waterways to

minimize erosion and rudiment run off.

- Bachfill the ground cover as soon as possible after the pipeline

in place to minimize soil erosion.

- Temporary store the waste oil, lubricants and other waste material

in the designated containers for further disposal.

- Restore river bank conditions to be suitable for natural

vegetative growth.

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-1

TABLE 6.1-1

SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS,

AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Environmental Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure

Component

Meteorology Construction - Severe weather can affect - Properly plan construction

the construction activities, activities. particularly in

September through December

for possible strom encounter.

- Laybarge should be equipped

with adequate number of life boats

- Continuously obtain weather condition.

Soil Construction - On shore pipe laying can - Install silt fences at concerned

induce soil erosion along water channels

the pipeline. - Backfilling and replacement of

groundcover as soon as possible

after burial of pipeline.

- Store backfill material away from

waterways.

- Restore surface condition-to allow

natural vegetation growth.

- Stabilize beach and river banks to

prevent erosion.

- Schedule const. activities in dry season

to minimize erosion.

Aquatic Biology Construction - Habitat disturbances increase - The samc measurcs as those for

turbidity and suspended solid water quality.

in watcr column.

- Toxic contamination of hydrostatic

test chcmical.

Operation - Gas Icakagc from thc pipclinec

nmay affect aquatic lifc.

ENV853/94141/TAB61 -1 6-2

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont-d)

Environmental Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation MeasureComponent

Terrestrial Construction - Additional clearing of trees in - Minimize the additional clearing area.Ecology Huai Mahad Forest. - Set up construction camps

- Wildlife disturbances, away from the forest.- Speed up construction activities

in forest area.- Cooperate with RFD and EGAT

about usage of reserved areas.

Landuse Construction - Loss or damage to the crops - Rent additional lands for mobilizing

adjacent to the right-of-way. construction equipment or temporarycamp.

- Select proper construction period,

if possible, after harvesting.- Fair compensation to crop loss or

damage.

Transportation Construction - Interfere the traffic flow. - Avoid usage of HW.3, 344 and 315 for-Increase traffic volume from equipment transportation.

construction activities. - Provide proper frontage access for theconstruction vehicle.

- Transportation route of constructionvehicles should be carefully plannedto avoid traffic loads.

- The local residcnts should be informedabout the construction schedule to

alleviate traffic congestion.- Provide good signal system.

- Utilizc Laem Chabang and

Map Ta Pliut Ports for transportationof pipeline.

ENV853/94141/TAB61 -1 6-3



Component l

Infrastructure/ Construction - Increased local water demands - Implement the suitable construction

Public Facilities at the pipe coating plant and and supervision method.

during pipeline construction. - Strictly enforcement of proper

- Intersect existing water transmission pre -caution, measures and close

line. supervision during construction.

- Possible accident witb construction - Employ proper grounding method

vehicles and electrical transmissions and proper inspections.

line towers. - Cooperate with local waterworks

- Possible electrical shock from induce about construction activities close to

high voltage to the pipe and other waterpipe.

related facilities.

Socio-economic Construction - Social problems such as different - aosely discipline the workers.

traditions, theft, quarrel and - Cooperated with local authorities.

drug abuse. - Offer fair compensation rate.

- Increase job opportunities. - Provide improved facilities for

- Inconvenience for the local traffic. community.

- Temporarily decrease quality - Give priority to local residents for

of environment in the immediate employment.

vicinity of the pipeline - Select the site for construction

construction area. camps away from communities.

- Sct up Public Relation program for

the local residents.

Public Health/ Construction - Health problems and accidents. - Provide first at unit at the const. site

Safety - Living conditions in construction and barge.

camps. - Establish appropriate working

condition at construction areas.

- Provision of proper health and

environmental sanitation improvement

in workers' communities.

- Provide adequate safety devices and

set stringent regulations.

- Train personnel on usage of safety

cquipnicti.

- Spray watcr on uncovcred ground

to reduce dust.

ENVB53/9414lITAB61 -1



Component

Operation - Public health and occupational - Conduct comprehensive training

health problems. programs, with special attention to

- Harzardous events from gas pollution control safety and fire

leakage. prevention.

- Keep records of accidents.

- Keep equipment in good working

condition.

- Set stringent safety regulation.

- Maintain pipeline and associated

facilities regularly.

- Establish proper contingency plans

for emergencies.

- Post warning sign along pipeline route.

- Follows ASME code for piping

Archaeological/ - No inpact on the existing

Historical Values archaeological and historical

values.

Aesthetic/Tourism - No impact on the existing

aesthetic and tourism.

ENV8s3194141/TAB61 -1 6-5

- Construction camps must be at least 150 m. from the waterways and

equipped with 1 sanitary latrine/ 15 workers.

6.2.1.2 Aquatic Ecolozy/Fisheries

- Consider bore crossing and directional drilling to the maximum

extent.

- Schedule the crossing activities during the dry season (Mid

October-Beginning of May).

- Limit the disturbance on the river bed interms of both area and

timing.

- Practice the appropriate erosion control measures, e.g. silt

fences to minimize sedimentation on river bed.

- Store backfill material away from the river bank to control

sediment run off.

- Locate construction at least 150 m. from the waterways and

equipped with 1 sanitary latrine/ 15 workers.

6.2.1.3 Transportation

- Transport coated pipe from the port to construction site at night.

- Avoid the usage of HW. No. 1, 3, and 315 for heavy equipment

transportation.

- Minimize the timing for bore crossing under the major highway

e.g., HW. No. 305, 304, 314, 3312 and railroad.

- Provide proper frontage road access during the crossing

construction.

- Map out the transportation route for equipment and coated pipe to

minimize traffic. The railroad should also be considered.

- Inform local residents about the construction activities/schedules

and the alternative route should be supported to minimize traffic

congestions.

- Co-ordinate with local authorities, e.g., police community leaders

and highway department, about the construction schedule and this

information can be transfered to local communities,

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-6

6.2.1.4 Land Use

- Schedule the pipeline construction activities during the dry

season to minimize the paddy field disturbances.

- In case of additional area out of ECAT ROW is required for

temporary construction site, the selected areas should cause

minimum disturbance to agricultural product.

- The fair compensation should be paid to land owners.

6.1.2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

In order to facilitating the work the proposed project and preventing

misunderstanding of the project among local people, 4 measures below are

recommended;

- The public relation program with the emphasis on issues (or

information) that disturb villagers' feeling about the project

particularly the safety measures preventing gas explosion

including other benefits derived from having the project. The

public relations program can be done by having a meeting with

people in their community to explain the work process of the

project to them clearly; the meeting can be held periodically,

before launching the project, during the construction, after the

construction; at the same time co-operation from people can be

expected if the public relative program is effective.

- Planning to reduce negative effects as much as possible; this

should be done before the construction work. The project should

also provide facilities for people during the construction,

helping people to live their ordinary life with little

disturbance. It possible, the construction should be done during

the dry season in order to avoid crop damages.

- Compensation rate and paying condition should be fitted with the

participation of the people concerned; if possible, the rate

should be at the present level of commodity price or market price

whether it be land, materials or labour and condition for paying

should not be too complicated to facilitate the compensation

payment.

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-7

- Other procedures for obtaining rights over land, the permission

to use land, and other construction work should also be simple

providing good work and good facilities for living in the area;

continuous communications between project officials and community

seaues Will |lejJ to aLLt.lieve tLh.5 UUJesXtives.


6.2.2.1 Water Ouality/Aquatic Ecologv

- Select the hydrostatic test chemicals accepted worldwide

- Utilize hydrostatic test chemicals at the recommended dosage

- Properly dispose of the hydrostatic test chemicals with the

permission from Department of Harbor

- Install the on-line computerized system to detect any changes in

gas pressures and flow.

6.2.2.2 TransRortation

- Put information on pipeline route in the road maps and/or

topographic maps

- Inform the concerned authorities, e.g., Dept. of Highway, Dept.

of Rural Development, etc., about new pipeline route.

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The Safety and Environment Subdivision of the Gas Pipeline Operation

Department is directly responsible to coordinate the environmental managements

and plan for the Gas Pipeline Project which have been established by the

Safety and Environment Standard Division which is directly under the Deputy

Governor for the Natural Gas Operation. The managements and operations of this

Department will be reported and instructed by the PTT Safety Administration

Committee as shown in the Organization Chart (Figure 6.3-1).

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-8

PTT LINE OF ALIORITI'

I I - _ G~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ENERL AFRs DIMOHN |

.,si~cS :R m

_N OOItEE = L O

TEKALO4 0�cNrcPuTrtr gy | m CrP.rAG P oERT AOSTATIN DEP OC-PtAERhcCR DUAA Z.ET.G REThD

G

9.lasT cs DPERATKNS OL OEPAFtTIAE)(T GIG OFAT

S G O | GJEC AERXTcE WF EN{EhmhEERlhG OEPARnrl~~~~~~~~~

{PRa-ET Ahos-FLYoFir-n CCi4EPaÊn -cvERAT04 DEVELOCPUh &rPAWrMVN qE,Wa bC ERR

qRESEU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Eg AFhCW DEVUFWh OEARTiE

+PLfEJCIMD =Tt. GFALEC ~OEP*RTAGHT4,ET-A. s-Lrs oipw l . _ _

|OIL TOWlhALS AhD TRAhSN9ATFMr CERRhT_ ;A i^ *ns

| tNOIEERINO AND SERV£E DEPARTUEhT|t >_ -

NOTE = = PTT'S ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT BODIES THAT EXIST IN THE LINE OF AUTHORITY

FIGURE 6.3-I : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT BODIES IN PTT LINE OF AUTHORITY 6-9

6.3.1 PTT Safety Policy

PTT's Dolicies on safety can be SUmmari7Ad as follows:

(1) PTT realizes its responsibility on the improvement and

maintenance of good working conditions, working environments and working

approaches with respect to both internal and international standards.

(2) PTT will devote the time and resources in the personnel training

towards fire-fighting and emergency life-saving.

(3) Safety is the responsibility of all personnel and is deemed as

a part of the job. Managements at the department and division levels are

required to include their safety programs in annual planning as the first

priority.

(4) It is the responsibility of all management group and personnel

of all levels to inform all accidents occurred.

6.3.2 Operating and Maintenance on Safety of Gas Transmission Facilities

.The PTT Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline System has been designed

according to the ASME Code for piping. An American National Standard is shown

in Appendix F. The operating and maintenance for gas facilities during

operation period will strictly follow the above operation manual.

The recommended practices to alleviate impacts *on safety during

construction period are as follows:

- Provide first aid unit at the construction site.

- Establish appropriate working conditions at construction site

including good light ventilation systems, proper maintain

vehicles/equipments.

- Set stringent safety regulations construction workers to be aware

of the regulation measures by training or provision of the

information/education.

- Provide appropriate safety equipment including hard hats, safety

glasses, ear plugs or muffs, gloves, and safety boots for

concerned construction workers.

- Train personnel on use of safety equipment and safety procedures,

annually.

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-10

- Keep regular records of accidents, causes and damages to prepare

monthly reports on the concerned matter.

- Keep equipments, machineries and vehicles operational conditions

to reduce accident.

-Post the --a-,-.ing Oi5LU alor.g the p. route with clea

instruction for any prohibited activities.

- Proper training of pipeline operators on standard operating

procedures and emergency procedures.

- Maintain pipeline and associated facilities on annual basis.

- Establish proper contingency plans for emergencies including

provisions for notification of public.

- Strictly follow ASME Code for pipeline operation and maintenance

6.3.3 Environmental and Safetv Training

PTT continuously conduct the environmental and safety training

programs for the pipeline system personnels as follow:

(1) Introductory Course (include Loss Control) : 7 times a year.

(2) Loss Control twice a year or as required by the organization.

(3) Special Skill 3 times a year.

(4) Safety : twice a year.

(5) Fire Fighting Training : once a month.

(6) Hazardous Chemicals : 5 times a year.

6.3.4 Recommendations

The PTT Safety and Environmental sub-division of the Gas Pipeline

Operation Department will be the responsible unit for implementation the

proposed monitoring program. The environmental monitoring program will include

water/aquatic biology samples during construction and operation phases. In

addition, the monitoring of land use changes, socio-economic impacts,

occupational health/safety, transportation/ navigation and solid waste

generations have to be conducted periodically as details stated in Chapter

VII. During both construction and operation period of the pipeline, PTT will

assigned the trained pipeline system and environmental. personnel. to monitor

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-11

and maintain the suitable safety and environmental condition. Furthermore, the

desi.gnated personnel will be trained in e.viron-ental management, safety, fire

control, loss control and hazardous chemical management periodically to

enhance their abilities to improve and maintain the proper environments,

working conditions according to internal and international standards. PTT will

submit the monitoring report every six months throughout the Construction and

first year of operation periods.

ENV853/94140/CHAP6

6-12

CHAPTER VII

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

In order to confirm the actual level of impacts, it is necessary

to conduct the environmental monitoring programs during construction and

operation periods as proposed in Table 7.1-1.

7.2 WATER OUALITY/AOUATIC BIOLOGY

(1) During the crossing activities and 3 months after the

crossing activities quality and aquatic biology monitoring program should

be undertaken at Bang Pa Kong river, Khlong Prawetburirom, Khlong Hok Wa,

Khlong Rangsit and Khlong Rapeepatra at 100 m. upstream and downstream

from the crossing points. The paramneters oU concerned include:

- Depth

- Transparency

- Temperature

- pH

- Conductivity

- Dissolved Oxygen

- Suspended Solids

- Oil and Grease

- Planktonic samples

- Benthic samples

(2) Inspect and Maintain sediment control barriers weekly.

7.3 TRANSPORTATION

- Monthly record on transportation accidents associated with

the project during construction period.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-VI I

7-1

TABLE 7.1-1

THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT

Environmental Phase Monitoring Station Monitoring Period Responsible Cost

Componenu/Parameter Agency (Baht)

1. Water Quality

- Water Quality

* Depth Construction - Bang Pakong river. - During crossing PTT 60,000 baht/

' Temperature activities Khlong.Prawetburirom, activities sampling perioc

* Transparency Khlong Hok Wa, Khlong - Every 3 month after A£40OO

' pH Rangsit and Khlong crossing activities

* Conductivity Rapeepatra at 100 m

Dissolved Oxygen upstream and downstream

* Suspened Solids from the crossing points.

Oil & Grease

- Inspect and maintain sediment Concerned waterways Weekly PTT No additional

control barriers cost (NAC)

2. Aquatic Biology

.21 Planktonic samples Same as (1) Same as (1) Same as (1) PTT 40.000 baht/

2.2 Benthic samples sampling period"Cooo

3. Transportation

- Records of accident Construction Phase Monthly Contractor NAC

- Records of signal installation Construction Phase

4. Infrastructure

- Amount and type of solid Construction Phase The construction areas Weekly Contractor NAC

waste records

- Water supply and drinking Construction Phase The construction areas Weekly Contractor NAC

water records.

- Pick up trash and deposite Construction Phase The construction areas Daily Contractor NAC

in receptacles

- Closely oversee proper waste Construction Phase Construction areas Weekly PTT NAC

disposal problems

- Inspect all waste disposal site Construction Phase Construction areas Monthly PIT NAC

Note: NAC = No additional cost.

ENV853/94141 ITAB71 -1 7-2


Environmental Phase Monitoring Station' 1 Monitonng Period Responsible ! I

Component/Parameter Agency (Baht)

5. Socio-economic

- PR Program Construction Phase - Communities along - Once prior to PTT 200O.00

pipeline route construction period

- Attitude survey of the Construction Phase - Construction site - Once during PTT 150.000

construction workers and and nearby communities the first year of

relted residents construetion

- Socio-ewonomic survey Operation Phase - Nearby communities ' - During the first year PTT 150,000

of the related residents of operation

6. Occupational Safety

- Workers' health Construction Phase Construction area Annual Contractor NAC

examination records

- Workers' illnesses Construction Phase Construction area Monthly Contractor NAC

and accidents

- PITs staff illnesses Operation Phase Project location Monthly PTT NAC

and accidents

- Public health records Operation Phase Project vicinity Twice a year PTT NAC

--. a ghe ;u; liuC

Note: NAC No Additional Cost

ENVBSW/94141rAB71 -1 7-3

Record of signalling device installations during pipe laying

period.

7.4 INFRASTRUCTURE

- Record the weekly amount and type of solid waste generated on

the construction areas.

- Record the amount of weekly water supply and drinking water

for the personnel construction areas throughout the

construction phase.

- Daily pick up trash and properly deposited in the waste

receptacles.

- Closely oversee proper waste disposal problems.

- Inspect all waste disposal sites to assure the proper waste

disposal operations.

7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

- Conduct Public Relation (PR) Program to inform local

residents about the project.

- During construction phase, the attitude survey should be

conducted once during the first year of construction after PR

Program to obtain socio-economic conditions of the

construction workers and attitude of the related residents.

During operation phase, the socio-economic survey should be

undertaken during the first year of the operation to assess

the actual attitude of the related residents.

7.6 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

- "Provide annual health examinations to all workers.

ENV853/94 140/CHAP-VI I

7-4

Monthly records on any illnesses and accidents during

construction and operation phases.

Updated public health record of the project vicinity every

six month to observe any alteration in public health

conditions of local residents.

7.7 CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project

will provide the fuel supply to EGAT Thermal Cycle Power Plant at Wang Noi

and reduce the dependency on foreign energy sources. In addition, the

local economics will receive source benefits in terms of job opportunities

and downstream businesses.

Nevertheless, there are some potential impacts to be related by the

development of this project, i.e., water quality/aquatic biology,

obstruction of transportation, socio-economics and safety aspects. The

anticipated impacts are relatively minor level of short term impacts.

Furthermore, the mitigation measures issued in this report will reduce the

forseen impacts to the acceptable levels. In order to assure the level of

impact and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures, the monitoring

programs were drawn up for the concerned environmental parameters include

water quality, aquatic biology, socio-economic, public health and safety.

With the measures and programs to be implemented by PTT according to this

study, sound environment can be sustained with this development.

ENV853/94140/CHAP-VI I

7-5

CO)

P>

0tTI

.;D

-4I

IllJ

Appendix A

ID Code ..........................Interviewer ...... / .Editor.......................

A STUDY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT GAS PIPELINE PROJECTALONG THE FORMER GAS PIPELINE

Name ... House No ...... Village Name ........ No.Tambon ... Amphoe .... Changwat.

1. General Information of Respondent

1.1 Sex1. Male ..... 2. Female

1.2 Age . years

1.3 Household Status of Respondent..... 1. Head ..... .2. Spouse

..... 3. Children/Son-in-law/daughter-in-law

..... 4. Sibling. 5. Others (Specified) .

1.4 Education Attainment..... 1. No Schooling 2. Primary..... 3. Secondary (grade 7-9)..... 4. Secondary (grade 10-12/Intermediate vocational)..... 5. College Diploma/Advanced Vocational..... 6. Bachelor and Over

1.5 Religion..... 1. Buddhism ..... 2. Chirstainity

..... 3. Islamism ..... 4. Other (Specified)...

1.6 Original Domicile..... 1. Born here..... 2. Migrated from other village of this Tambon..... 3. Migrated from other Tambon of this Amphoe..... 4. Migrated from other Amphoe of this Changwat..... 5. Migrated from other Changwat of this Region

........6. Migrated from other Region, Name the province.

1.7 If migrated from other place, the cause of migration is..... 1. Seek job ..... 2. Followparents/relatives..... 3. Have spouse here ..... 4. No agrt. land..... 5. Work requirement ..... 6. Other (Speified) .

ENVs53/9416/APPEN-A - 1 -

1.8 Living here since B.E .................. (in case continuous stay)If not, specify range of time living here ........................................................................................................................

Amount of time living here ................ year

1.9 Present Housing ConditiOn..... 1. Wooden House ..... 2. Wood/concrete house.... 3. Concrete building ..... 4. Wooden shophouse.... 5. Concrete shophouse ..... 6. Townhouse..... 7. Other (Specified) .

2. Socio-economic Information

2.1 PermanentHouseholdMembers ......... persons, male ......... , female.

Education Occupation

No. Relationship Sex Age pre- in Highest Main Supple-with household school school Attained occupa- mentary

head tion Occupa-tion

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

Notes: 1/ Occupational Code

1. Agriculture2. Govt. Official/Public Enterprise3. Hired farm labour4. Private employed5. Business (trade/industry)6. Services (clothing, barber, etc.)7. Industrial worker8. Other (Specified)..........................................................

ENV853/9416/APPEN-A - 2 -

2.2 Present main occupation (check only one)..... 1. Agriculture (farming, gardening & animal raising)..... 2. Trading/Private career (specify)...... 3. Fishing..... 4. Business owner (specify)...... 5. Business Employee..... 6. Industrial worker..... 7. Government Services/Public Enterprise..... 8. Other (specified).

2.3 Supplementary Occupations..... 1. Agriculture (farming, gardening & animal raising)..... 2. Trading/Private career (specify) ..........................

..... 3. Fishing..... 4. Business owner (specify)...... 5. Business Employee..... 6. Industrial worker..... 7. Government Services/Public Enterprise..... 8. Other (specified)..... 9. None

2.4 Total Household Income .................... Baht/Month

2.5 Estimated Household Expenses .................... Baht/Month(Baht/Year)

2.6 Debts at Present .................... Baht

2.7 Land Holding Status

Land Holding Land Use Distance fromLand Rai Status Gas Pipeline

1/ 2/ (in)/

1. Residential Land2. Productive Land

Plot IPlot 2Plot 3

Note: 1/ Land Holding Code1) Owner 2) Rented Land3) Free use of Others' Land 4) Other (specified) .

2/ Land Use Code1) Cropping 2) Animal Raising3) Fish Culture 4) Idle5) Other (specified) .......................................................

ENV53/9416/APPEN-A - 3 -

3. Knowledge and Attitude about Gas Pipeline Project

3.1 Time of living here.....1. Before or during construction of GPL.....2. After construction of GPL (to 3.7)

3.2 Information acquired and opinion about Gas Pipeline Project at different timesof Construction (by those living here before or during construction of GPL)

Period of ConstructionItems Before During After

1. Did you received information ofthe project

2. What the information youreceived

3. From what sources 1/

4. Frequency of receiving

5. Opinion/feeling to the project, (to 3.3)according with reasons

6. Any actions taken (to 3.3)

Note: 1/ Sources of information code1. Newspaper 2. Radio3. TV 4. Magazine5. Leaflets 6. Village Head, Tambon Chief7. Plates at the Project Site8. Relatives, Acquainted9. Other (specified).

2/ Opinion/feeling code1. Agree 2. Indifferent3. Worried 4.. Not agree5. Protest

ENV853/9416/APPEN-A 4 -

3.3 Your opinion and reactions toward the project after the construction period.

ltems 1-2 years after the 4-5 years after theconstruction construction

1. Opinion/feeling to theproject according withreasons I/

2. Any actions taken

Note: 1/ Opinion/feeling code1. agree 2. indiffereni3. worried 4. not agree5. protest

3.4 You think how much you know about the GPL project..... 1. Not at all ..... 2. Considerableunderstanding..... 3. Good understanding ..... 4. Other (specified).

3.5 What is your opinion of the project at present..... 1. Agree because...... 2. Indifferent..... 3. Worried about.

What action taken to reduce worries......................................What should be done to reduce worries....................................

.4. Not agree because .........................................................Any action taken ..........................................................How (if acted).............................................................

..... 5. Protestbecause .by what action ............................................................

3.6 Impact of GPL Project

3.6.1 During construction of GPL what kind of impact you got. 1. Not as all

2. Yes, i.e.,..... Loud noise..... Dust..... Smoke..... Vibration..... Inconvenient travelling..... Part of land was appropriated..... Have to change way to (from) home..... Have to move building/dwelling..... Impact on occupation because ...... Other (specified).

ENV85319416/APPEN-A - 5 -

3.6.2 Ever received compensation from government about GPL project. 1. No (pass to 3.6.4). 2. Yes

What kind of help/compensation (specify in details) ........................................................................

3.6.3 Are you satisfied with the compensation/help received.1. No because ............2. Yes because ............

3.6.4 Physical change after the construction of GPL compared withconditions before. 1. Dust

..... more

..... same

..... less. 2. Road surface along the GPL

..... better

..... same

..... worse.3. Other, i.e..

3.7 Information received of those living after construction GPL

3.7.1 Did you know about GPL project before moving here..... 1. No

2. YesReasons for moving here

. 1. Seek job..... 2. Follow parent/relatives..... 3. Having spouse here..... 4. No agricultural land.....5. Work requirement..... 6. Other (specified).

3.7.2 Have you ever received information about the project1. No

.2. Yes, about Source of information1. ......................2 ............ ......................3 ............ ......................

.3. Frequency of information .............. times

3.7.3 You think how much you know/understand the GPL project. 1. Not at all.2. Considerable understanding.3. Good understanding.4. Other (specified) ............................................

ENV853/9416/APPEN-A - 6 -

3.7.4 Opinion and Reaction to the Project. 1. Agree because .

.2. Worried about..What action taken to reduce worries ................................What should be done to reduce worries...................

.3. Not agree because.Any action taken? ............. . . .How (if acted) .......................................................................................................................................

3.7.5 What Impacts you got from GPL Project1................................................................................2...............................................................................3................................................................................4................................................................................5. ...............................................................................

4. Other Opinion

4.1 In your opinion, what are positive impacts from GPL project to you and yourcommunity?

1. Increase employment2. Government units give more attention to community3. Bring progress to community, for example.

..... 4. Other (specified).

4.2 What are negative impacts from GPL project to you and your community1. ....................................................................................2. ......................................................................................3. ......................................................................................

4.3 How much your confidence on the GPL Project.1. 100% ..... 2. very much3. Considerably ..... 4. not much5. not at all ..... 6. Other.

5. Other recommendations

5.1 Opinion about people participation on any projects of government (includingwith GPL project)

5.1.1 Participation before project implementation..... giving/following information Form/method..... propose suggestion Form/method..... Other (specified) ........... Form/method

5.1.2 Participation during construction period.* giving/following information Form/method..... propose suggestion Form/method..... support facilities Form/method..... donation (specified) ...... Form/method..... Other (specified) ........... Form/method

ENV853/9416/APPEN-A - 7 -

5.1.3 Participation on O&M period..... Giving/following information Form/method

..... Reporting to official about- gas pipeline damages and

risk conditions Form/method- hehave in a w^ ay that dsoe not damage or

reduce risk of damaging gas pipeline Form/method..... Other (specified) ......... Form/method

5.2 Have people ever participated in decision making on issues which haveimpacts upon them and their community (specified the details)

...................................................................................

5.3 In your opinion, should people participate in decision making on issues whichhave impacts upon them and their community or not (If so, identify the issuesand method of participation)

5.4 Other recommendation .......................................................................................................

ENV853/9416/APPEN-A -8 -

APPENDIX B

DETAiL FOR TYA^RDOUS ASSrSSM.EXT

APPENDIX B

DETAIL FOR HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENT

1. GAS OUTFLOW

Discharges from pipes containing gas under pressure are

calculated using the following formula

(r+l1)Q = YCAP 1 _. 2 (r-l)

RT1 r+lWhere

y = Outflow coefficient

Cd = Discharge coefficient

A, = Area of release (e2)

P1 = Process pressure (Nm2)

M = Molecular weight

r = Specific heats ratio

R = Universal gas constant (J mol'IK')

T, = Temperature of substrate (K)

Q = Release rate (kgs')

1.1 Onshore

Y = 1.0

Cd 1.0

P1 = 7.198x106 Nmi2 (1044 PSIA)

M = 22.798

r = 1.23

R = 8.314 J mol1 K'

T, = 321.72 OK

1.1.1 20% of Pipe Diameter

A, = 0.3974

Q . 11,584 kg s'

ENV853/94140/APPEN-B

Gas outflow from the pipe leak of each operation condition was

estimated employing an above equation and the estimated outflow are

presented in Table 1 below:

1.1.2 l00's of PiPe Diameter

A, = 0.3 9 7 4 -

Q = 289,609

TABLE 1

GAS OUTFLOW OF THE PIPE LEAK RATE AT 20% AND 100%

OF PIPE DIAMETER

Operation Condition % of pipe leak Gas outflow rate

(% of pipe diameter) (kg/sec)

1. Onshore 20 11,584

(Pipe diameter, 100 289.609

Pressure 1,044 psia,

Temperature 120'F.

Molecular weight of gas 22.798)

2. FIREBALLS AND BLEVES

The maximum radius of the fireball is given by

Rf = 2.665 M-327

Where M is the flammable release mass in kilogrammes

The fireball has a duration, tg, given by

tf = 1.089 M0'27

The rate of release of energy by combustion is then given by

Q = Ul:MItr

Where il is the combustion efficiency, found to vary with the

saturated vapour pressure (p,) of the stoud material (in MN/m2) as follows:

11 = .2 7 p 0.32

The radiation flux, I, at a distance r from the centre of the

fi'reball is given by:

I = e4 r-

Where T is the transmissivity, conservatively taken as 1.


,.: Instantaneous Release and Immediate Iqnition at Onshore

The estimation of release is based on the volume contained in the

pipe and 3 km in length.

2.1.1 Pipe Leak 100% of Pipe Diameter

P. = 4,650 psia (68.95 Nm2)psia

S. = 32.06x30 6 Nm`

= 32.06 MN m2

11 = 0.27 P, 0-32

= 0.27 (32.06)032

= 0.8190

Heating Value = 900 BTU/SCF

Hc = 900 BTU X 1,055 JSCF BTU

= 9.495xlO' J/SCF

density of natural gas at 1,044 psig and 1200F

= 4.57 Lbs/Ft 3

density at standard condition 14.7 psia and 60°F

- (4.57 Lbs) ( 14.7 ) (120x460)Ft3 1,044+14.7 60+460

= 0.0708 Lbs/SCF

H,Ic = 9.495x10 5 J x 1 SCF x 1 Lbsi SCF 0.0708 Lbs 0.4536 kg

= 2.96x107 J/kg

M = pV

V = (22 2.333 ft (281") x 0.3048 m)2 x (3,000 m)7

= 4,768.89 m3

M = 4.57 Lbs x ft3 x 0.4536 kj x 4,768.89 m3

ft3 (.3048 m)3 lb

= 349,109.24 kg

Rf = 2.665 M03-7

= 2.665 (349,109.24)0327

= 173.08 m

tf = 1.089 (349,109.24)0.327

= 70.73 sec

Q = onkL!Mtf


= 0.8190 x 2.96x10 7 x 349. 109.22470.73

= 1. 197x10" J/S

I =

4¶r-

at Rf = 173.08

I = 1. 197x10O' J/S4x22 (173)2 m2

I

7

= 318,021.48 J/S m2

= 3.180x105 watt/M 2

= 318 kwatt/m 2

Estimate r for I = 37.5, 25.0, 12.5 and 4.0 kw/m2

r2 = 1.197xlO" J/S4x22xI m2

71/2

I = 3.75 r = 1.197xlO" J/S m2 = 503.89 m4x22 37.5xl0 3 J/S

7

I = 25.0 r = 617.14 m

I = 12.5 r = 872.77 m

I = 4.0 r = 1,542.85 m

2.1.2 PiPe Leak 20'# of Pipe Diameter

P. = 32.06 rMm2

rl 0= 0.8190Hc = 9.495xlO J/SCF

density = 4.57 Lbs/Ft3 at 1,044 psig and 120°F

density at standard condition 14.7 psig and 60°F

= 0.0708 Lbs/SCF

H. = 2. 96x10 7 J/kg

M = pv

v = 190.71 m3

M = 13,961 kg

Rf 2.665 rP 327 = 60.41 m

t, = 1.089 M0.327 24.68 sec

Q = n HM = 0.8190x2.96x10 7x13961t, 24.68

= 1.371x11 0 ° J/S


I = Q = 1.37 1x10 w = 298,913 J/S m2

4 r2 4x22 (60.41)27

= 305 kwatt/m 2

I = 3.75 kw/m2 r = 170.53 m

I = 25.0 kw/m2 r = 208.86 m

I = 12.5 kw/m2 r = 295.37 m

I = 4.0 kw/m2 r = 522.15 m

2.2 Noninstantaneous Release with Immediate Iqnitions Jetf ire

(Onshore)

2.2.1 Pive Leak : 20% of Pipe Diameter

Gas outflow=11,584 kg/s (earlier calculation as shown in Table 1)

Gp n= n Q

'1 = 0.35

Q = 11,584 kg/s

T4 = 2. 96x10 7 J/kg

O-v = 0.35x11,584x2. 96x10 7kg.J

S kg= 1.200xlOl JS'k

I = gQp4jr2

where Xg is an emissivity factor which depends on the material

being burnt; and can be taken as 0.2

r = [(XQp) /41I] )'

- ((0.2x1.200xlOl) /4x22/7xI]'J

I = 37.5 kw/m 2 r = 225.68 m

I = 25.0 kw/m 2 r = 276.39 m

I = 12. S kw/m 2 r = 390.88 m

I = 4.0 kw/m2 r = 690.99 m

2.2.2 Pipe Leak : l00 of Pive Diameter

Gas outflow = 289,609 kg/s

Qp = 0.35x289,609x2.96x10 7

= 3.00Oxl01 2 J/S

4 I r2

I = 37.5 kw/m2 r = 1,128.38 m


I = 25.0 kw/mn2 r 1,381.98 m

I 12.5 kw/m2 r 1,954.41 m

I = 4.0 kw/m2 r 3,454.94 m

TABLE 2

THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIREBALL

AT THE RADIATION FLUX (METRE)

ONSHORE

Release Case

Incident Flux Instantaneous Noninstantaneous

(kW/m2 )

1001 100%

of pipe diameter of pipe diameter

37.5 503.89 1,128.38

25.0 617.14 1,381.98

12.5 872.77 1,954.41

4.0 1,542.85 3,454.94

Jet Dispersion

Deg = Do ,g.a

Do 28"

n os= 0.817

P&.a = 0.027

Deq = 0.7112 0.8170.027

= 3.912 (m)

The Concentration Profile of the Jet

The concentration on the axis of the jet at a distance x from the

crifice is given by :

Cm =b+b,b0

0.32 x .P,.- +1 -Pg.aDeg (P1 3 ) )t

b, = 50.5 + 48.2 Pea - 9.95 P',.

b, = 23.0 + 41.0 Pg,a


The End of the Turbulent Mixina Phase

The speed of the jet will drop with distance along the axis,

until, at a certain point on the axis, the jet speed will equal the wind

speed. The velocity distribution along the axis of the jet is given by

U_ = Po. . b 0.32 x . p+ -Pg, Dec 2

U. PsA 4 Deq Pg, x

Where Ur is the velocity on the axis at a distance x from the

orifice.

U0 the real outflow .velocity of the release, calculated as

follows:

CdSP, ¶ _o 22

TABLE 3

DISTANCE AT THE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE

Pipe Leak X UM Area Cm .

(% of Pipe Diameter) (m) (m/s) (m2) (kg/ml (kg/s)

20% 60 2.74 1.13E04 1.3089 4.05E04

lo0t 300 2.96 2.83E05 0.8590 7.18E05

Note : X = distance at the end of turbulent mixing phase

Ur . jet velocity

C. = Concentration at distance X

Q = jet dispersion rate at X

Wind speed is 3 m/s

ENV8s3/94140/APPEN-B

TABLE 4

GAS DISPERSION BEYONG THE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE



(% of pipe diameter) A B C D E F

20' Conc. % volume 2.65 1.19 0.81 0.19 2.53 1.81

Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.08 6.93 44.40 11.62 24.84

100% Conc. t volume 46.95 21.14 14.40 3.43 44.79 32.11

Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.08 6.93 44.40 11.62 24.84

TABLE 5




(% of pipe diameter) A B C D E F

20% Conc. % volume 2.63 1.18 0.80 0.19 2.50 1.79

Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.10 6.98 44.93 11.69 25.05

100% Conc. % volume 46.95 3.45 2.53 0.56 7.30 5.23

Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.08 6.93 44.40 11.62 24.84

Note A-C = Unstable

D = Neutral

E-F = Stable

Instantaneous Release with Delayed IQnition

Adiabatic Expansion/Flash Fire

1/4d = 0.0137 (V>0)13 E

2'2 X2j

Where V.. is the volume of the gas at standard temperature and

pressure.

E is the energy of expansion

ENV853/94140/APPEN-8

,.

The core radius, r,, and the core concentration, C, as a function

of time are giveny by:

r - 1.36 [4Yt)"2

CC, = 0.0478 Vw

[4Kht2 31

; r - 0.08837 E03 (VV)"3

C, - 172.95 e-'

E 5.05 x 1010 Joule

V 0 - 15,982 m'

Buoyant Dispersion

Dispersion of the flammable gas in the atmosphere was calculated

using Guassian distribution equation namely PTMAX model. The ground-level

concentration when the plume is at distance X down-wind and a height h

above the ground is given by:

C(x,y,h) e Q exp -1 v + _

¶ cyacu 2 cr y 2

where -or a axb

or, cxd

x is the distance down-wind of the source

The values for the parameters a,b,c and d suggested by TNO for

different stability categories; these values are valid when x is greater

than 100 m and are shown in Table below:

Parameter

Stability Category a b c d

Very unstable A 0.527 0.865 0.28 0.90

Unstable B 0.371 0.866 0.23 0.85

Slightly unstable C 0.209 0.897 0.22 0.80

Nurtral D 0.128 0.905 0.20 0.76

Stable E 0.098 0.902 0.15 0.73

Very stable F 0.065 0.902 0.12 0.67

ENVY53/94140/APPEN-B

Documents

EGAT INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLD …€¦ · 2.2.4 Cathodic Protection 2-9 2.2.5 Pipeline Construction Method 2-9 2.3 PIPELINE OPERATIONS 2-15 2.3.1 Gas Transmission