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EG5503 GIS & Earth Observation. Applications. TOPICS. Quantitative remote sensing Rainfall estimation Proxy Air Temperature Agriculture Disaster Management Human Health Hydrodynamics. Quantitative remote sensing?. Estimation of a physical quantity Proxy environmental variables - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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EG5503GIS & Earth Observation
Applications
TOPICS
Quantitative remote sensing Rainfall estimation Proxy Air Temperature Agriculture Disaster Management Human Health Hydrodynamics
Quantitative remote sensing?
Estimation of a physical quantity Proxy environmental variables Application driven Less science and more operational Makes use of algorithms Interfaces with environmental models
Applications that use quantitative RS
Agriculture– NDVI, temperature, rainfall
Health– NDVI, temperature, rainfall, dust, wind
Hydrology– Rainfall
Climate change– NDVI, temperature, rainfall
Weather forecasting– Winds, rainfall
Rainfall estimation
Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) using Meteosat Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission using
radar (TRMM) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)
rainfall measurement using microwave instruments
Rainfall estimation
Pioneered by work of Lethbridge, 1967 Became an operational system thanks to
Milford and Dugdale at TAMSAT (University of Reading)
Based on relationship between period during which convective cloud tops are below a specific threshold and rainfall measured beneath them
Cold Cloud Duration (CCD):
Rainfall estimation
TRMM mission is a joint US/Japan effort coordinated by NASDA (National Space Development Agency of Japan)
TRMM was launched in 1997 – with an initial mission life of 3 years
TRMM data is relayed to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM):
Rainfall estimation
Precipitation Radar (PR) TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy
System (CERES) Lightning Image Sensor (LIS)
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM):
Rainfall estimation
System coordinated by NOAA Became operational in 1987 Uses a 7-channel passive microwave
radiometer
Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I):
Rainfall estimation
Data collected from the SSM/I are used to estimate several geophysical parameters including:
Rainfall Rate Rainfall Frequency Cloud Liquid Water Cloudiness Frequency Total Precipitable Water Snow Cover Sea-Ice Sampling Frequency Ocean Surface Wind Speed (1.0 degree only!)
Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I):
Proxy Air Temperature
LST (land surface temperature) may be converted to a proxy air temperature by means of a solar correction algorithm
Knowing the position of the Sun at the time an image is acquired allows the LST to be transformed into a proxy for air temperature (approx 1m above the ground)
WMO Vs Meteosat Temperatures
R2 = 0.8746
-10
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WMO Temperature
Met
eosa
t T
emp
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ure
N = 58
Temperatures in Celsius
95% Confidence Level
WMO Vs Meteosat Temperatures
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Time
Tem
pera
ture
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WMO METEOSAT
WMO Vs Corrected Meteosat Temperatures
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Time
Tem
pera
ture
(ce
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WMO
CORRECTED
Introduction
Agriculture is big business A nation’s food supply affects both its
economic status and political stability In Europe and the US the greatest concern is
profit and getting crops to market and obtaining a good price – whilst staying cheap
In the developing world the issue is food security and the wellbeing of the population
Introduction
Monitoring of crops from space or aircraft aids decision making
When to irrigate and what fertilizer is needed Management of crop rotation and set-aside
Most large-scale commercial farms are so large that monitoring cannot be made on foot so remote sensing is the clear choice
Spectral signatures of sugar cane species. Source: Galvao et al, 2005
Disaster Management
Uses of RS for Disaster Management
Wildfires Volcanic eruptions Avalanche Tsunami Earthquake Landslides Flooding Extreme weather Drought Disease Refugees Military
Disaster Management
PLANNING MITIGATION
ModellingAssessmentPredictionContingency
Monitoring situationsDeployment of resourcesDecision-makingPublic relations
COST EFFECTIVENESS !!!
Disaster Management
DisasterManagement
PLANNING
MITIGATIONLEARNING
QuickBird used extensively throughout Asian Tsunami Disaster
Human Health
Health and disease often has a spatial component
Climatic, environmental and socio-economic variables affect health
Epidemics and outbreaks spread across a region – either as a function of movement of people or environmental factors
NOAA-AVHRR station: Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
Rainfall maps from Cold Cloud Duration - Meteosat
NDVI and proportion of children testing positive for P. falciparum
Ancilliary geographical information
Malaria Model prevalence and ERA rainfall
Hydrodynamics
stream stream
stream
stream
riverriver river
estuary
THE SEA
Hydrodynamics
From DeMers, 2002
Hydrodynamics
From DeMers, 2002
Further Reading
Cresswell MP, Morse AP, Thomson MC and Connor SJ. (1999). Estimating surface air temperatures from Meteosat land surface temperatures using an empirical solar zenith angle model. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 20 (6), 1125-1132.
Lethbridge M. (1967). Precipitation probability and satellite radiation data. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 95 (7), 487-490
Milford J and Dugdale G. (1990). Estimation of rainfall using geostationary satellite data. In Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture. Edited by Steven M and Clark J. Published by Butterworths, London
Dugdale G, Hardy S and Milford J. (1991). Daily catchment rainfall estimated from Meteosat. Hydrological Processes, Vol 5, 261-270
Further Reading
TRMM Website:
http://www.eorc.nasda.go.jp/TRMM/index_e.htm
SSM/I Website:
http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/ssmi_instrument.gd.html/
TAMSAT (CCD Rainfall) Website:
http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/tamsat/