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EFN512M / EFN010FMolecular Spectroscopy and Reaction Dynamics
Group II – 1st PresentationScanning Tunneling MicroscopeJingming Long, Nanna Rut Jónsdóttir, Kári Sveinbjörnsson & Guðfinnur Baldur Skæringsson
Demonstration date: 16.09.10Presentation date: 05.10.10
Principals of the STM• Developed in 1982• Based on the tunneling effect
and the electrical conductance between two electrodes.
• The electron travels through a potential barrier.
• Low current (10 pA – 1nA)• Requires ultra-high vacuum
Principals of the STM• Movement controled with a Piezo-
material like BaTiO3.• Very sensitive to vibrations.• Different images of the same surface
due to a changing electron statesor or modifications of the tip.
• Pros: No sample damage, atomic resolution.
• Cons: Limited to conductors/semi-conductors, a difficult process to perfom.
• The anomalous contrast (Moiré pattern) of the picture suggest a misoriented lower layer of graphite.
Graphene• A stable 2D crystal, consisting of
carbon.• Good thermal and electrical
conductivity.• 200x stronger than steel.• Applications include us in:
– Single Molecule Gas Detection– Nanoribbons– Transistors– Ultracapacitors – Biodevices
STM
Graphene Layer
Summary• STM based on e- tunneling
through gap between two electrodes.
• Graphite used as calibration.
• Moiré effect suggest unparallel layers.
• Graphene stable 2D crystal where every C is seen.
References• Anomalous superperiodicity in scanning tunneling microscope
images of graphite. M. Kuwabara, D. R. Clarke, and D.A. Smith. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 56, No. 24, 11 June 1990.
• On the STM imaging contrast of graphite : towards a true atomic resolution. F. Atamny et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1999, 1, 4113-4118.
• High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of mesoscopic graphene sheets on an insulating surface. Elena Stolyarova, Kwang Taeg Rim, Sunmin Ryu, Janina Maultzsch, Philip Kim, Louis E. Brus, Tony F. Heinz, Mark S. Hybertsen, and George W. Flynn. PNAS, May 29, 2007, vol. 104, no. 22, 9209-9212.
• The rise of graphene. A.K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov. Nature Materials | VOL 6 | MARCH 2007.
References• Electron states of mono- and bilayer graphene on SiC
probed by scanning-tunneling microscopy. P. Mallet, F. Varchon, C. Naud, L. Magaud, C. Berger,and J.-Y. Veuillen. Physical Review B 76, 041403(R) (2007).
• Scanning tunneling microscopy of graphene on Ru(0001). S. Marchini, S. Günther, and J. Wintterlin*. Physical Review B 76, 075429 (2007).
• Lee, C. et al. (2008). "Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene". Science 321 (5887)