Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with … › Media › Default › bbd › 2013 › ...Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects

Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)

earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for

AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and

non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed

or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any

material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,

distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this program, participants will be able to:

Learn an optimized methodology for sizing and selecting biomass heating equipment.

Learn how to identify what aspects of system design have the greatest impact on performance

and operating cost.

Understand the impacts of proper sizing and application of biomass on operating costs.

Learn what other countries are doing to utilize biomass as part of an comprehensive energy

plan.

Course Evaluations

In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on

the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page.

Accessing the USDA's Value-Added Producer Grant

Introduction to BTEC

Ray Albrecht, P.E.

Technical Advisor

The Biomass Thermal Energy Council (BTEC) is the industry trade association dedicated to advancing the clean and sustainable use of biomass for thermal energy applications.

Why was BTEC established?

1. To promote energy policy that encourages the clean and sustainable use of biomass

2. To educate the public and decision makers on the benefits of environmentally-responsible use of biomass

3. To develop biomass energy research and analysis to enable sound investment and policy decisions

4


BTEC’s Membership* * As of September 14, 2012

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BTEC’s Membership* * As of September 2012

ACT Bioenergy Enviva LP Prosperi ty Ag & Energy ResourcesAFS Energy Systems Ernst Biomass Rainforest Al l ianceAl l iance for Green Heat Evoworld Ray AlbrechtAlternative Energy Solutions International , Inc. Forest Energy Corporation Recast EnergyAmerican Agriculture Movement Fram Renewables Reciprocal Energy CompanyAmerican Biomass FutureMetrics Renewable Energy ResourcesAmerican Boi ler Manufacturers Association Green-Power Repreve RenewablesAmerican Wood Fibers Innovative Natura l Resource Solutions Resource Profess ionals GroupAPEX International Renewable Energy Technology Insti tute Richmond Energy Associates , LLCBear Mountain Forest Products Jackson Lumber Harvester Co RotochopperBen Larson Jesse E. Lyman Pel lets Sandri CompaniesBioBus iness Al l iance of Minnesota Ki lwa Biomass Seattle Steam CompanyBiomass Briquette Systems Klondike Energy Group Sewal l CompanyBiomass Combustion Systems Lignetics of Virginia Skanden EnergyBiomass Commodities Corporation Maine Energy Systems State Univers i ty of New York - ESFBiomass Energy Laboratory Maine Pel let Fuels Association Tarm BiomassBiomass Energy Resource Center Marth The Jordan Insti tuteBiomass Energy Works Messersmith Manufacturing, Inc. Trane - Ingersol l RandBiomass Engineering & Equipment Minnesota Val ley Al fa l fa Producers Twin Ports TestingBionera Resources Inc. Missouri Corn Growers Association Univers i ty of Minnesota DuluthBiowood Energy National Network of Forest Practi tioners Univers i ty of Minnesota MorrisCaluwe Inc. New England Forestry Foundation Vapor Locomotive CompanyCambride Environmental Technologies New England Wood Pel let VecoplanCarbonomics New Horizon VermeerChip Energy Northeast Mi l l Services Vermont Susta inable Jobs FundClean Power Development Ochoco Lumber Vermont Wood Pel letClearStak PA Pel lets ViessmannCompte-Fournier Inc Pel lergy LLC Weis EnvironmentalConfluence Energy Pel letco Western Ag EnterprisesControl Labs Pennsylvania Biomass Energy Association Westervelt Renewable EnergyCorinth Wood Pel let Plum Creek Wilson Engineering ServicesCous ineau Forest Products Pratt & Whitney Power Systems - Turboden Wiscons in Energy Conservation CorporationDejno's Proe Power Systems WoodmasterEbner Vyncke Zi lkha Biomass Energy 6

Technical and Economic Considerations In

Selection of Boiler Size vs Peak Heating Load For

Commercial and Industrial Wood-fired Boiler Systems

“Small can be beautiful”

Raymond J Albrecht, P.E. Technical Advisor Biomass Thermal Energy Council (BTEC) Westerlo, NY 12193 (315) 382-6044 [email protected]

Impacts of Traditional Wood Boiler Oversizing Customary oversizing factor of 2 X or even 3 X peak heating load – whether estimated or known Increased footprint requirements within limited boiler room space Significant capital cost premium for boiler – not linear but still waste of financial resources Moderate capital cost premium for fuel moving components Moderate capital cost premium for flue gas treatment if necessary Excess hours under idle or low part-load operating conditions Efficiency penalty due to increased thermal mass re: start-up for morning heat during Fall/Spring shoulder seasons Increased PM 2.5 and UHC/CO emissions due to lower average flame temperature during part-load conditions

Tool for sizing of wood boilers: ASHRAE Weather Data

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers

Thousands of US/Canada and global locations Averages and maximum/minimum values Temperatures Bin hour temperature data Humidity Wind Speed Solar Radiation Available at www.ashrae.org website

http://www.ashrae.org/

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Outdoor Temperature (deg F)

Heating Bin Hours vs Outdoor Temperature

Hours per year

Heating Bin Hours vs. Outdoor Temperature

Typical northern US location

Design Temp = Minus 5 deg F

4800 hours per year at 55 deg F

or lower

3900 hours occur between 25oF

and 55 deg F

80% of heating output at 50%

or less of peak heating load

Wood-fired boiler sized to provide 100% of peak heating load

Output Analysis - 2 MMBTU/hr wood-fired boiler for entire heating load

Temp bin Annual Heating Wood boiler Oil boiler Total heating Wood boiler Oil boiler

(deg F) hours Load output in bin output in bin output in bin output in bin output in bin

in bin Btu/hr BTU/hr BTU/hr MMBTU/yr MMBTU/yr MMBTU/yr

-5/-1 6 1917000 1917000 - 12 12 -

0/4 58 1750000 1750000 - 101 101 -

5/9 66 1583000 1583000 - 104 104 -

10/14 125 1417000 1417000 - 177 177 -

15/19 243 1250000 1250000 - 304 304 -

20/24 354 1083000 1083000 - 383 383 -

25/29 511 917000 917000 - 468 468 -

30/34 957 750000 750000 - 718 718 -

35/39 720 583000 583000 - 420 420 -

40/44 636 417000 417000 - 265 265 -

45/49 577 250000 250000 - 144 144 -

50/54 585 83000 83000 - 48 48 -

Totals 4838 hrs 3144 3144

Wood-fired output = 3144/3144 = 100 percent of total system output

Wood boiler meets 100% of peak heating load Wood boiler provides 100% of annual heating output

Wood-fired boiler sized to provide 75% of peak heating load Can meet heating load down to about 10 deg F Supplemental boiler provides output only for portion of heating load in excess of 1.5 MM Btu/hr at temperatures below 10 deg F

Output Analysis - 1.5 MMBTU/hr wood-fired boiler plus 500,000 Btu/hr Oil-fired Boiler




-5/-1 6 1917000 1500000 417000 12 9 3

0/4 58 1750000 1500000 250000 101 87 14

5/9 66 1583000 1500000 83000 104 99 5

10/14 125 1417000 1417000 - 177 177 -

15/19 243 1250000 1250000 - 304 304 -

20/24 354 1083000 1083000 - 383 383 -

25/29 511 917000 917000 - 468 468 -

30/34 957 750000 750000 - 718 718 -

35/39 720 583000 583000 - 420 420 -

40/44 636 417000 417000 - 265 265 -

45/49 577 250000 250000 - 144 144 -

50/54 585 83000 83000 - 48 48 -

Totals 4838 hrs 3144 3122 22



Can meet heating load down to about 20 deg F Supplemental boiler provides output only for portion of heating load in excess of 1 MM Btu/hr during temperatures below 20 deg F

Wood-fired boiler sized to provide 50% of peak heating load

Output Analysis - 1 MM BTU/hr wood-fired boiler plus 1 MM Btu/hr oil-fired boiler




-5/-1 6 1917000 1000000 917000 12 6 6

0/4 58 1750000 1000000 750000 101 58 43

5/9 66 1583000 1000000 583000 104 66 38

10/14 125 1417000 1000000 417000 177 125 52

15/19 243 1250000 1000000 250000 304 243 61

20/24 354 1083000 1000000 83000 383 354 29

25/29 511 917000 917000 - 468 468 -

30/34 957 750000 750000 - 718 718 -

35/39 720 583000 583000 - 420 420 -

40/44 636 417000 417000 - 265 265 -

45/49 577 250000 250000 - 144 144 -

50/54 585 83000 83000 - 48 48 -

Totals 4838 hrs 3144 2915 229



Heating Output vs Wood and Oil Boiler Capacity

Horizontal Axis: Wood Boiler Capacity – Percent of Peak Heating Load Vertical Axis: BLUE Percent of Annual Wood Heating Output (also percent Oil Savings) RED Percent of Annual Oil Heating Output

Percent Percent Of Peak Of Annual Heating Heating Output/ Load Oil Savings

25% 63% 50% 93% 75% 99% 100% 100% 125% 100% 150% 100% 175% 100% 200% 100%

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Tota

l He

atin

g Lo

ad B

tu/y

r

Outdoor Temperature deg F

Boiler Output (Btu/hr) vs Outdoor Temperature

2 MMBtu/hr Peak Heating Load

1.0 MM Btu/hr Wood-fired Boiler plus 500,000 Btu/hr Wood-fired Boiler

Plus 500,000 Btu/hr Oil-fired Boiler Used for Peak Load and Low Load

Oil-fired boiler

Wood-fired Boiler

Eliminating the Smoldering Mode

1.0 MM Btu/hr Wood-fired Boiler plus 500,000 Btu/hr Wood-fired Boiler Plus 500,000 Btu/hr Oil-fired Boiler Used for Peak Load and Low Load

Use oil or propane-fired boiler until heating load reaches at least 20-30 percent of capacity of smaller boiler depending on thermal storage “On” temperature for wood-fired boiler might be high 40’s deg F

Output Analysis - 1.5 MMBtu/hr Wood-fired Boiler(s) plus

500,000 Btu/hr Oil-fired Boiler

For Peak Load and Low Load




-5/-1 6 1917000 1500000 417000 12 9 3

0/4 58 1750000 1500000 250000 101 87 14

5/9 66 1583000 1500000 83000 104 99 5

10/14 125 1417000 1417000 - 177 177 -

15/19 243 1250000 1250000 - 304 304 -

20/24 354 1083000 1083000 - 383 383 -

25/29 511 917000 917000 - 468 468 -

30/34 957 750000 750000 - 718 718 -

35/39 720 583000 583000 - 420 420 -

40/44 636 417000 417000 - 265 265 -

45/49 577 250000 250000 - 144 144 -

50/54 585 83000 - 83000 48 - 48

Totals 4838 hrs 3144 3074 70

Wood-fired output = 3074/3144 = 98 percent of total system output – STILL VERY HIGH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Tota

l He

atin

g Lo

ad B

tu/y

r

Outdoor Temperature deg F

Annual Boiler Output (MMBtu/yr) vs Outdoor Temperature

2 MMBtu/hr Peak Heating Load

1 MMBtu/hr Wood-fired Boiler plus 500,000 Btu/hr Wood-fired Boiler plus 500,000 Btu/hr Oil-fired Boiler Used for Peak Load and Low Load

Oil-fired boiler

Wood-fired Boiler

Wood-fired output 98 percent of total output

Thermal Storage

1 BTU = 1 lb Water X 1 deg F delta T Typical practical delta T = Approximately 40 to 60 deg F One gallon Water = 8.33 lbs 100 gallons Water X delta T of 40 deg F = 33,320 BTU of thermal storage 500 gallons Water X delta T of 60 deg F = 250,000 BTU of thermal storage 20,000 gallons Water X delta T of 40 deg F = 6,650,000 BTU of thermal storage 20,000 gallons Water = 2666 ft3 = Tank dimensions of 18 ft L X 18 ft W x 8 ft H

Conclusions 25 % undersizing only 1 % loss of total annual wood heating output and heating oil savings 50 % undersizing only 7 % loss of total annual wood heating output and heating oil savings

Reducing boiler size by 50 % can save 20 to 30 % in capital cost and length of payback period Using oil or propane-fired boiler for low load conditions can prevent smoldering conditions with just small increase in oil/propane use

Shorter payback periods More customers Higher efficiency Lower Fuel Costs

Lower emissions Happier neighbors

“Small can be beautiful”

Examples of Modular Biomass-fired Boiler Systems

Equal-sized pellet-fired boilers

Photo courtesy of Maine Energy Systems

Example of Modular Boiler System I-91 Rest Area in Hartford, VT Pellet-fired boiler in combination with oil-fired boiler System also includes thermal storage system (white tank)

Photo courtesy of Tarm USA

Example of Modular System with Unequal-sized Boilers

Photos courtesy of Viessmann and Wilson Engineering Services

Bruderhof Mount Academy Esopus, New York 1.8 MM Btu/hr and 4.2 MM Btu/hr wood-fired boilers

Sullivan County School District LaPorte, PA 2.8 MMBtu/hr Biomass-fired boiler Plus Thermal Storage New oil-fired boiler for both low loads and peak loads

Photos courtesy of: AFS Energy Systems Wilson Engineering Services Wood Education and Resource Center

Bellows Falls Middle School

Bellows Falls, VT

0.5 MM Btu/hr and 1 MM Btu/hr pellet-fired boilers

Photo courtesy of ACT Bioenergy

Craftsbury Outdoor Center Craftsbury, Vermont

Photos courtesy of WR Boilers of Fairfield, Vermont and Lopper North America LLC

Integrated energy system of industrial-grade logwood-fired boiler (240,000 Btu/hr) with 150 kW biodiesel-fired CHP and solar thermal plus 20,000 gallons thermal storage system

http://www.craftsbury.com/pdf/ski.trailMap.pdf

Thank You!

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Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with … › Media › Default › bbd › 2013 › ...Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects