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7/31/2019 Effects of Technological Growth
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Effects of Technological Growth:
Engineering ethics
Ethics and morality are among the most difficult subjects to define and discuss.
To some critics any use of technology leads to increasing alienation and
dehumanization; thereof, technology is considered far from moral. However, most
people recognize the great improvement in the quality of human existence which has
been possible only with the input of technology. For them, the issue is to maximize
the gains and minimize the loses; stemming from technology. Hence, they focus
upon the principal practitioners of technology, the engineers, and wish to examine
the moral nature of the decisions made by these practitioners.
Ethical codes can be of help in most instances that confront us, but dilemmas do
arise in which it seems there are no suitable alternatives. In such a case, all external
guides are helpless, and it is, indeed, necessary to resort to ones own internal
values.
The greatest moral dilemmas, in society, are those related to war. Engineers, say
some, are immoral if they work on weapons, because their clear moral duty is to
oppose war by refusing to be involved in those activities which support it.
Undoubtedly, the best known critic of product safety (and engineers) is Ralph Nader.
It is his thesis that engineers identify their personal objectives too closely with those
of the companies for which the work. He feels that the professional creed of
engineers should require them to be independent of corporate directions.
A more militant approach is that taken by the committee for social responsibility in
engineering (CSRE) seeks to challenge the present orientation of engineering and
declares that its objectives are to end unemployment and pollution and provide
adequate medical care, housing, education, transportation and communication
systems for all people. To implement these objectives, engineers are to be
organized in groups to oppose corporate power.
The Institution of Engineers, a professional body in India, has its own Code of Ethics
for its corporate members. The same is reproduced below:
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Code of Ethics of Corporate Members
The Code
1. A corporate Member will co-operate members in his profession by the fre inter-
change of information and experience and will contribute to the work of
engineering institution to the maximum effectiveness he is capable of.
2. A Corporate Member will endeavour to protect the engineering profession from
misrepresentation and misunderstanding.
3. A Corporate Member will refrain from expressing publicly an opinion on an
engineering subject unless he is informed as to the facts relating to that subject.
4. A Corporate ---- will express an opinion only when it is founded on adequate
knowledge and --- conviction if he is serving as a witness before a court or
commission.
5. A Corporate Member will not divulge any confidential findings or actions of an
engineering commission or committee, of which he is a member, without
obtaining official consent.
6. A Corporate Member will take care that credit for engineering work is given to
those to whom credit is properly due.
7. A Corporate Member will not offer his professional services by advertisement or
through any commercial advertising media, or solicit profession work either
directly, or through an agent, or in any other manner derogatory to the dignity of
the profession.
8. A Corporate Member will not submit a proposal for an engineering engagement
unless he is invited to do so.
9. A Corporate Member will not directly or indirectly injure the professional
reputation or practice of another Corporate Member.
10. A Corporate Member will exercise restraint in criticizing the work of another
Corporate Member and remember that the proper forum for technical criticism is
an engineering society or the engineering press.
11. A Corporate Member will not try to supplant another Corporate Member in a
particular employment.
12. A Corporate Member will not complete unfairly with another Corporate Member
by charging fees below those customary for others in his profession practicing in
the same field and in the same area.
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13. A Corporate Member will not associate in work with an engineer who does not
conform to ethical practices.
14. A Corporate Member will act in professional matters for his client or employer as
a faithful agent or trustee.
15. A Corporate Member not will misrepresent his qualifications to a client or
employer or to the profession.
16. A Corporate Member will not disclose information concerning the business or
technical affairs of his client or employer without his consent.
17. A Corporate Member will present clearly the consequences to be expected if his
professional judgment is overruled by a non-professional authority where he is
responsible for the professional adequacy of the work.
18. A Corporate Member will act with fairness and justice between his client or
employer and the contractor when dealing with contracts.
19. A Corporate Member will not be financial interested in the bids as or of a
contractor on competitive work for which he is employed as an engineer unless
he has the written consent of his client or employer.
20. A Corporate Member will not receive any commission, discount or other indirect
profit in connection with any work with which he is entrusted.
21. A Corporate Member will make his status clear to his client or employer before
under taking an engagement if he may be called upon to decide on the use of
inventing equipment or any other thing in which he may have a financial interest.
22. A Corporate Member will immediately inform his client or employer of any
interest in a business which any compete with or affect the business of his client
or engineer.
23. A Corporate Member will not allow an interest in any business to affect the
engineering work for which he is employed or may be called upon to perform.
24. A Corporate Member will engage or advice engaging engineering experts and
specialists when in his judgment such services are to the interests of his client or
employer.
25. A Corporate Member will not review the work of another Corporate Member for
the same client, except with the knowledge of the second Corporate Member,
unless such engineering engagement or the work which is subject to review is
terminated.
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26. A Corporate Member will not accept financial or other compensation from more
than one interested party for the same services pertaining to the same work,
without the consent of all interested parties.
27. A Corporate Member will subscribe to the principle of appropriate and adequate
compensation for those engaged in engineering work, including those in
subordinate positions.
28. A Corporate Member will endeavour to provide opportunity for the professional
development and advancement of engineers in his employ.
29. A Corporate Member, if he considers that another Corporate Member is guilty of
uneth8ical, illegal or unfair practice, will present the information to the Council of
the Institution for action.
30. A Corporate Member who is engaged in engineering work in a country aboard
will order his conduct according to the professional standards and customs of
that country, adhering, as closely as is practicable to the principles of his Code.
In a word world whose predicament are far beyond the capacity of individual
countries to solve. The Club Rome has decided to adopt a global perspective to
seek a deeper understanding of interactions within the tangle of contemporary
problems to suggest effective solutions and to take a longer term perspective in
studies than governments do. How? With the contributions of its members about
main Global Issue and as we hope your texts and proposals.
Environment
Environment is one of the main concerns of the Club of Rome expressed In Its first
Report Limits to Growth 1972, one of Its main focuses.
Mostly man-made damage to nature has expanded to such an extant that it might
put at stake the very survival of Humankind. It is the responsibility of each
government, but also of each individual; to act in order to eradicate the macro-
pollutions which are affecting water, air and earth and endangering the health of
human beings. Environment is an important facet of the global issue we have to
face, interlinked with energy, population explosion in some countries, poverty and
underdevelopment. Our concern is to increase general awareness as much as
prevention.
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Demography
The world population has more than trebled since 1900 and doubled since 1950. The
impact of this demographic growth has had tremendous consequences on
environment, employment, health, food & water availability... here are contradictory
trends: in some countries an increasing ageing population as In Europe, or Japan;
while in the poorest countries, such as in Africa there is a population explosion,
which means providing education, housing, jobs, etc. For all the young people
arriving on the market.
Development
After 40 years of development policies, starvation, malnutrition and poverty still exist
in a number of developing countries or in large part of them. Moreover poverty is
now expanding in the so-called rich countries of the North. Why? It is unacceptable
and the Club of Rome has made a number of proposals to put an end to this
Intolerable situation which is the source of suffering, immigration, criminality, drug
trafficking. It is also acting in liaison with Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs),
Governments, International Institutions of both the North and the South to contribute
to improving the present situation.
Values
Man cannot live by bread alone. There is an increasing need to look for a system of
values, common or compatible, respecting the different cultures and ethos.
Governance
Is this world ungovernable? Why are governments not able to solve the most
important issue such as unemployment, environmental pollution,, corruption,
criminality, terrorism?
The Club of Rome has been studying this very important issue for several years and
there are a number of cases which have to be attacked.
What should be the role of the civil society in governance?
Work in the Future
New technologies have created a real revolution in reducing the amount of human
work thanks to robots, computers, telecommunication and now the combination of
these different items which we call Multimedia. Another aspect of this new situation
is due to the globalization of the economy and the effect of delocalization. The Club
of Rome is studying what Is the future of work. How the available work will be
distributed. Therefore how human life, so long based on work, will be organized in
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the future, what will be the activities of human beings, in terms of works occupations
services for the community, training, leisure, etc.
Information Society
Communication has many different meaning. Real communication means dialogue,
negotiations far removed from any manipulation. In the information society it is
essential to give communication its full signification.
New Technology
The speed of development of new technologies in the field of computers and
telecommunication, biotechnologies, new materials, space is almost unbelievable.
These technologies represent significant progress for the good of humankind, but the
negative impact of these technologies in some cases should not be neglected. What
will be the consequences on Government, the management of corporation, values,
education, but also on the individual psychology and behavior and on societies?
Education
Systems of education are less and less adapted to the new issues, to the new
emerging global society we are presently involved in. New priorities force us to
redefine the role of education, which should be conceived as a permanent learning
process. Transmission of knowledge is no longer sufficient, and new objectives such
as developing ones own potential and creativity, or the capacity of adaptation to
change are becoming essential in a rapidly changing world.
The New Global Society
The world is changing rapidly. We have to understand these new data in order to
have a better understanding of other cultures, other languages, other modes of
reasoning. The Club of Rome, taking advantage of its hundred members
coming from 52 countries on the five continents and its 30 National
Associations with different professional backgrounds, different philosophies
and experiences is particularly ready to discuss this new global society and to
encourage individuals to be actors and not victims of this new world.
World Economic and Financial Order
The globalization of the economy and of the information has changed the general
picture we were accustomed to. There are no regulations, no ethics, and we have to
learn how we wish to live with this globalization, which favours the rich over the poor
and affects so many facets of individual and collective existence.
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Responsibility of Engineering
Due care must enter into the design and production stages on the product.
In general, manufacturers responsibilities would extend to the following three areas.
i.) Design: The design engineer should ascertain whether the design of an article
conceals any dangers. Whether it incorporate all feasible safety devices, and
whether it uses materials that are adequate for the purpose the product is
intended to serve.
ii) Production: The Engineer in charge of production should control the
manufacturering process so as to eliminate any defective items, identify any
weakness that become apparent during production and ensure that short cuts,
substitution of inferior materials, or other economizing measures are not taken
during the manufacture that would compromise the safety of the product.
iii) Information: The engineer in charge of manufacture should fix labels, notice or
instruction on the product that will warn the consumer of all dangers involves in
using or misusing the item.
In the case of drugs, professionals with responsibility of manufacturing, have a
duty to warn physician of any risks or dangerous side effects of using the
products.
Marketing and Professional Ethics
Marketing misallocates scarce economics resources. Marketing also involves too
much competitive promotion. Marketing is also considered wasteful. It is felt that
there are too many middle men especially in retail trade. And marketing is said to
create too much materialistic and artificial values. Advertising and saies promotion
encourage consumers to place too much emphasis on the satisfaction of material
wants and to substitute material values for moral values. The midas touch of
advertising tries to convert all human weakness and strivings into cash. Offensive
and misleading promotion is a poor substitute for carefully planned promotion of
creative selling.
Marketing adversely influences our environment or ecology. Disposable or
throwaway packages have created problem of pollution in big cities. Papers napkins,
disposable diapers, diapers, drinking cups, bottles, beverage cans, etc. have added
pollution though we enjoy convenience.
Refineries, power plants, fertilizer and chemicals and paper industries etc. are
responsible for pollution of our environment.
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Appropriate Technology Movement of Schumacher & Later Developments
The economist E.F. Schumacher has claimed that the most pressing social need at
present is finding ways of decreasing consumption. Increasing consumption has led
to a rapid industrial expansion that has polluted much of the natural environment and
has rapidly depleted our non renewable resources. Unless we limit consumption, we
will soon out run the finite natural resources our planet possesses with disastrous
consequences for us all.
Advancement in technology would find ways to minimize the consumption of non-
renewable resources without sacrificing standard of living and also find out suitable
substitutes of non-renewable resources.
Schumacher was a profound western thinker of the modern times. About the decline
in aesthetic, ethical, cultural and spiritual values, Schumacher has remarked
At present there can be little doubt that the whole of mankind is in moral danger not
because we are short of scientific and technology know-hows but because we tend
to use it destructively, without wisdom.
"Wisdom helps us discriminate between true knowledge and false knowledge.
Wisdom also helps decide the significance of knowledge and right use of knowledge.
Wisdom is the way knowledge is used to add value to life,
But the really important question of human existence to-day is how to lead a good
life and how to be a good human being, and how to create a good society.
ENVIRONMENT & POLLUTION
Environment
Degradation and Pollution
Environment is concerned with the relationships of living things and their
environment. It provides a framework by which can be seen that all living things
related to other living things, and they are like-wise related to their physical
environment.
Pollution of air, water and soil is caused by several agents. The main among them
are:
i) Natural Pollution
ii) Population explosion
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iii) High Standard of Living of People
iv) Deforestation
v) Vehicular Traffic
vi) Dams and Canals
vii) Agriculture
vii) Population Explosions & Industrial Growth
Sustainable Development
This refers to development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
The right to development must be fulfilled so as to meet developmental and
environmental needs of present and future generation.
The Govt. and the public must work together for eradicating poverty is an
indispensable requirement for sustainable development. International actions in the
field of environments of interest are needs of countries.
In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall
constitute an integral part of the development process and can not be considered in
isolations from it.
To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, the
engineering professionals should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of
production and consumption.
Also the Governments -should promote appropriate demographic policies.
The creativity ideals and courage of the youth should be mobilized for building a
good society in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future
for all.
Environmental Regulations, Eco-friendly Technologies
a) Eco-friendly Technologies & Products: Process technology is intimately
linked up with pollution control technology. During the last 5 decades, in
many advanced countries, several process technologies have undergone
changes and replacement.
Many innovations involving pollution-free process technologies have resulted
from research investigation on pollution on control measures.
Example: Eco friendly Technologyies:
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1) Recycle of waste paper and old News print followed by-deinking process
this technology has been accepted world-wide as an eco-friendly technology
which does not encourage de-forestation for manufacturing paper and also the
process uses eco-friendly technology which generate minimum effluent which is
easily treated before discharge into surface water.
2) Production of Chemical Fertilizer from Natural Gas instead of using coal or
Naptha (i.e. Petroleum Fraction). Technology of using coal or Naptha Produce
lot of harmful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and Nitrogen oxides etc.
3) Countries conscious of clean environment are encouraging more and more
eco-friendly process which encourage hydro-electric power, non-conventional
and renewable energy source such as wind generators, solar power stations and
are discouraging thermal power stations which are worst polluters of
environment.
4) Technology for Production of chemicals to replace CFC compounds
presently used in refrigeration and other uses, which are primarily responsible
for ozone layer degradations. MNCs like ICI, Du Pont & others have developed
this type of eco-friendly technology.
5) Eco-friendly Process and Products: As a part of social responsibility of
business, a company is required to maintain clean and health environment
voluntarily. Hence, it must take steps to prevent all types of pollution.
Since 1986, the emphasis had been on sustainable economic development that
meets the needs of present as well as future generations, i.e. development without
environment degradation.
Economic development and sound environment management complement each
other and are two sides of the same coin.
The companies will realize the seriousness of environment concerns and issues.
They will learn to opt for processes and products which are environment friendly.
Using a titled earthen pitcher as its symbol, the Eco mark label is intended to enable
consumers to choose products which are environment friendly. Like the BIS (Bureau
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of Indian Standard) mark of the Agmark, an Eco mark product is a guarantee that its
use will mean environment friendly technologies.
For getting the Eco mark, the products must be produced by the environment friendly
technologies.
The products must be environment friendly also transport, use and disposal. Hence,
it must also have package which is environment friendly.
The Products requiring Eco mark labels in India are textiles, toilet soaps, detergents,
paper, paints, packages, pesticides and drugs.
In many western countries Eco-mark labeling has achieved considerable progress.
The German blue Angel Environment Labelling Scheme by 1994 has 4000 Eco mark
products.
Waste recycling is a global concern to protect our environment from solid / liquid
wastes causing pollution. The planned waster management and its use are duly
encouraged by the government.
The major task for India is to ensure that in all our economic and social processes,
we take full account of the environment costs. Now we are in a situation where land,
air and water degradation already constitutes a serious problem in our country.
Growing air and water pollution is pressure affecting the quality of most of our lives.
As development proceeds, the use of energy and natural resources will also
increase. The challenge ahead is to adopt a pattern and style of development that
will not put unsustainable pressure on our resources, particularly non-renewable
ones.
India has a special legislation to provide environment protection. Under this national
Environment Protection Act, Environment Impact Assessment and Environmental
Impact Statement reports must be made mandatory before launching any new
project. E.I.A. must include the cost of impact on the environment produced by a
manufacturing project into the sale price of products.
Environmental Ethics
(a) Important Parameters
(i) Environmental Threats : Greenhouse Gases, Depletion of Ozone Layer,
Acidification of Water, Soil Urban Pollution & Noise, Metals-effect. Organic
pollutants-effects, Land and water in appropriate use, Land, water pollution & Noise,
Metals-effects. Organic pollutants-effects, Land and water in appropriate use, Land
water exploitation Housing/industries/infrastructure, Pressure on conservation.
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ii) Greenhouse Effect: Ideal global temperature is average 150C, or else the
world will freeze, the emissions of CO2 cause alarming temperature increase and
polar ice-caps to melt and increased ocean water levels which may submerge many
parts of low lying areas, causing hardships for human residents.
iii) Greenhouse Gases: CO2, Nitrogen Oxides, CFCs, HFCs, Halogens convert
hydrocarbons to Cl2, Br2 and I2 and replace H2.
iv) Ozone: It is in atmosphere and protects life against harmful UV radiation, but at
ground level. It is harmful to life and forms breathing disorders. Its depletion is
causing holes at Poles, from where the UV radiation is leaking in.
v) Whistle Blowing: Whistle blowing is an attempt by an employee to disclose,
what is proclaimed to be wrong doing by an organization, reporting misdemeanor to
some one.
vi) Strategy:
a) Reactive Strategy: Resistance of public or government pressures by legal
means.
b) Defensive Strategy: Defensive Strategy A firm defends its position by less
aggressive means. The firm does the minimum requirement and not more unless
completed to do so.
c) Strategy of Accommodation: More progressive of the strategies, include
acceptance of ideas for social changes, firms resistance is to the extent of what is
not in its best interests. Most companies adopt this strategy.
b) Environment Ethics Case Study
Foreign companies operating in Pune since 1960s, installed Eco friendly
process, had concern for water, air and surrounding environment and quality of life
for its employees and neighbours.
TELCO planted more than ten million trees and filled up blasted craters with lakes of
quality water so also Kirloskar group companies followed this process,
Three Areas of Technology
Technology is the know-how, physical equipment and procedures used to produce
services, and products. Know how is the knowledge and Judgment of how, when
and why to employ equipment and procedures.
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Three Primary Areas of Technology
Operation managers are interested in all three aspects of technology, products
technology, process technology and information technology.
Product technology, development primarily by engineers and researchers, translates
ideas into new services and products. Developing new product technologies requires
close co-operation with marketing, to find out what customers really want, and with
operations, to determine how services or goods can be produced effectively.
Process technology gives the methods by which an organization does things.
Information technology helps in making more effective decisions for acquiring,
processing and transmitting information.
Technology and Developing Nations
Technology- Definition
Technology is defined as a systematic application of scientific or other organized
knowledge to practical tasks.
During the last 2 centuries technology has developed substantially. Science and
technology enabled mankind to conquer distance, control birth rates, save lives,
generate, preserve and distribute.
Technology and Society : Perhaps the most striking influence of technology is
found on society. Practically every area of social life of every individual has been, in
some sense or the other, changed by the development in technology.
Technology has contributed to the emergence of affluent nations. These countries
invest heavily on R & D to produce technology which is used by them for heavy
doses of industrialization. Sophistication in plants and machineries, and superior
quality goods and services.
On the contrary, developing countries like China, India and Bangladesh etc. where
the one-third of the worlds total population live are able to consume less than 40%
of the worlds total income for their living and are unable to devote resources for
Research & Development. These developing countries are always importing
technology from the above advance countries.
Technology Assessment Impact Analysis
The impact of technology is discussed below under three heads :
(a) technological and social changes
(b) economic effects of technology
(c) technology and plant level changes
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Technology
Social implications Economic implication Plant level changes
1. Technology reaches
people through business
2. High expectation of
consumers.3. System complexity
4. Social changes
5. Social system
1. Increased Productivity
2. Need to spend on R & D
3. Jobs become
intellectual
4. Problems of techno
structure
5. Bio professional and
multi professional managers
6. Increased regulation
and stiff opposition
7. Demand for capital
8. Rise and decline of
products and organization
9. Boundaries redefined.
1. Organisation structure
2. Resistance to change
3. Fear of risk
4. TQM
5. Business process Re
Engineering
6. Flexible mfg. system
Defining Technology and Technology Transfer
Technology transfer covers developing and marketing of technology, selection of
technology, mechanism and process, economic, political and legal aspects,
government policies, monitoring effectiveness of transfer viz. design capability,
manufacturing process, quality and productivity levels, etc.
Technology transfer, being an expensive and time consuming process, has to be
carefully planned and monitored by agencies like Corporate Planners, Engineers and
Quality Assurance Engineers to improve the effectiveness of transfer.
Mechanisms of Technology Transfer
Technology is transferred from one country to another through a wide variety of
mechanisms.
a) Non-commercial means: These are as follows:
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i) Flow of books, journals, and other published information
ii) Exchange of information through persons attending international seminars and
conferences
iii) Education and training at foreign universities
iv) Exchange of information or personnel through technical co-operational
programmes of international organization.
b) International Commercial Transaction are normally as follows:
i) Direct investment by foreign companies/multinationals
ii) Licensing agreements
iii) Management Contract, Technical services. Consultancy and Collaboration
agreements
iv) Export of parts.
These mechanisms of transfer exist in a great variety of contractual forms and are
frequently used in some combination. Each of these mechanism has its own
advantage and disadvantages. Foreign direct investments may be more effective but
dependence on the foreign company will be unlimited.
Technology Transfer Process
Technology transfer is a difficult process. There are special problems and issues
associated with each aspect of the technology transfer process.
The first stage is selection of technology and transfer. These need basically technical
expertises to evaluate and determine the suitability of technology and consideration
of social and cultural background and present status of technology.
The second phase of transfer process is Absorption when direct investments
mechanism is in operation, all the problem that crop up are solved by the transfer.
But in case of less active mechanisms, greater effort is required from the recipient
organisation.
Quality needs to be built at every stage of technology transfer process and it must
consider by the concerned with planning, engineering, marketing etc, the quality
must be given be proper important right from the easily stages of technology
transfer.
Problem of Technology Transfers
Technology transfer is the process of taking new technology from laboratory to the
market place. This transfer takes larger time as organisations grow in size.
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A company may also decide to make or buy R & D although in house R & D has
been traditionally an important source of technology knowledge for companies, firms
can also tap the R & D from a technology supplier company through contractual
agreements, such as licensing, R & D agreements and joint ventures.
The 2nd factor in technology transfer is time. The time between innovation and
commercialisation is less for larger companies and is more for smaller companies.
The third thing is that as new technology comes in, the old technology needs to be
abandoned. The process of old replaced by new called technology discontinuity.
Human operator in Engineering Projects and industries
If we look at the worker as a resource, comparable to all other resources but for the
fact that it is human, we have to find out how best to utilise him in the same way.
This is an Engineering approach.
The human being has one set of qualities possessed by no other resources i.e., it
has the ability to coordinate to integrate, to judge and to imageine.
Emphasis on human approach focuses on man as a moral and social being. The
qualities of the person are specific and unique. The human being, unlike any other
resources, has absolute control over whether he works at all. The human resources
must always be motivated to work.
It has been studied by several experts and found that attitudes of human operators
are very important for enhancing productivity and that machines and techniques
have little contributions in this aspects. Similarly good morale of the worker greatly
contributes to improve productivity.
A manager must create a positive motivation in engineering projects and industries
for the human operators to contribute their best.
The problem of man machine interaction arise due to.
1. Inadequate training received by the operator
2. Both attitude and moral of the worker are at poor levels.
3. Poor upkeep of the machine
4. Poor industrial relations.
5. Poor supervisory control
6. Absence of incentives for higher productivity etc.
7. Physical and mental fitness of the worker also influence the man-machine
interaction.
8. Attitude and morale greatly influence the man-machine interaction.
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9. Poor working conditions such a improper ventilation and insufficient light also
effect man-machine interaction.
10. Improper Work-load also effect the man-machine interaction.
Impact of Assembly Line and Automations
Assembly lines are generally of two types:
i) Sub-assembly line and (ii) Final Assembly Line
i) Sub Assembly line: A product may have two or more sub assemblies. Each
sub-assembly consists of several components or parts.
Subassembly items are assembled separately in shop and are brought to the
final product.
ii) Final Assembly line: Here all sub-assemblies are joined to give rise to the final
product. Automobile assembly line is a perfect Engineering of human work and
exhibits the proper man machine interaction.
The modern technology does make possible the output of more goods with same
number of people. Automation derives its efficiency and productivity mainly from the
substitution of highly trained, high grade human work for poorly trained or semi-
skilled human work.
The occurrence of redundancy of human operators due to increased automation will
significantly affect the attitudes to workers. In such a situation, the organisation any
provide adequate training and relocate the workers in the other units or arrange the
voluntary retirement with suitable monetary incentives.
Human Centred Technology
The human resources of all economic resources is the one least efficiently used, and
that the greatest opportunity for improved economic performance lies in the
improvement of the effectiveness of people in their work.
The management of workers and work is therefore one of the basic function of
management.
The skilled worker has moved from the workshop into the plant remaining a skilled
worker or becoming a supervisor or a technician.
This situation has created four new group i.e. clerical staff, workers, professional
specialists and managers.
Still the work will always have to be done by people. There may be no people on the
factory floor in a fully automatic plant. Operations requiring repeatative occurrence
will be made automatic more and more, eliminating involvement of human operator.
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Whistle Blowing and Beyond
Whistle blowing is an attempt by a member or former member of an organisation to
disclose wrong doing in or by the organisation.
Whistle blowing can be internal or external. If the wrong doing is reported only to
those higher in the organisation, it is internal whistle blowing. When the wrong doing
is reported to external individuals or bodies such as government agencies, news
papers or public internal groups, the whistle blowing is said to be external.
But blowing the whistle is often a brave act of conscience that can carry heavy
personal costs. It has been seen that normally the whistle blower is a loyal and
conscientious employee of the organisation having strong belief in universal moral
principles.
In most of the cases, the whistle blowers have been harassed by the higher
authorities in the organtsatton and/or have been isolated and subjected to feelings or
depression and powerlessness.
It is sometimes argued that external whistle blowing is always wrong because
employees have a contractual duty to be loyal to their employer and to keep all
aspects of the business confidential.
Thus, external whistle blowing is justified if it is necessary to prevent a wrong that
one has moral right or duty to prevent, or if it will yield a benefit that one has a moral
right or duty to provide.
For example, when a company is involved in activities that can result in substantial
injuries to the working personnel, who have a right to be protected from such injuries,
and no one else in the company is willing to bring these activities to a halt, then a
morally conscientious employee has an obligation to prevent the wrong even if has
means resorting to Whistle blowing.
a) The main factors for Whistle Blowing are:
i) Whistle blower has moral motives or he is ethical.
ii) Whistle blower acts in accordance with his responsibilities for avoiding/exposing
moral violations.
iii) He is loyal to organisation or customers.
PROFESSION & HUMAN VALUE
Value Crisis in Contemporary Society
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A healthy society is built on good values. Indian society is based on democratic
principles and secular belief.
The values of a good society in India, took a strong blow during Babri
Masjid/Ayodhya and Godhra/Ahmedabad episodes in the early nineties and during
the Gujarat incidence, when the secular fabric was torn apart.
The community depends upon a common set of values. It is even enshrined in our
constitution that we are a secular nation and the right include religious freedom and
right to worship, among others.
Similarly, during the emergency enforcement period by late Prime Minister Mrs Indra
Gandhi in the late seventies, the democratic values were ignored.
Further examples of decline in the value system in the individual levels may be given
as follows:
1. The adoption of dubious standards of judgment for the rich and poor by the
ethics class and beurocrats.
2. Not being conscious about ones duty and responsibility the doctors and nurses
are ignoring the interests of patients and teachers are ignoring the students
necessities.
3. The elected members of assemblies and parliament hardly look after the welfare
of the people who have elected them.
Nature of Values
We need values to become ethical. Values can be individual, social and of corporate.
Values governs behavioural choice. Core values can not be dictated and are difficult
to change.
Many reputed companies are against the employment of child labours in their
organisation, thus it is one of their core value.
Many Indian companies have set examples of good corporate governance and have
facilitated the process of transparency and accountability.
Value Spectrum of a Good Life
A good life is lived in a society with existence of peace, harmony, well-being, and
fellow feeling. Material values associated with a good life are comforts, convenience,
relaxation and recreation etc.
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Values related to aesthetic nature of a good life like enjoyment of beauty,
appreciation of art, music culture and literature are terms as aesthetic values.
A person is said to possess ethical value when he or she is able to distinguish
between good or bad, right or wrong and justice versus injustice etc.
Good human values are expressed with humanness, goodness, wisdom, sensitivity
for human suffering and pain and showing respect or love for others.
Spiritual values associated with a good life are practice of religion and faith in God
etc.
Thus, the spectrum of light contains seven distinct colours expressed in VIBGYOR.
In a similar way, the value of good life is the integration of seven core values like
material values, societal values, aesthetic value, psychological value, ethical values,
human values and spiritual values.
Psychological Values, Integrated Personality, Mental Health
Value system is a frame work of personal philosophy which governs and influences
the individual reaction and responses to any situation. Personal values shape
influence and behavior.
The psychological value system indicates the extent to which a manager accepts or
resists organizational pressures and goals. Different people placed in similar
situation react in different styles.
When the mental health is in bad state, the person exhibits restlessness by irregular
movements and behaviours. Psychological reactions such as anger, anxiety,
depression, nervousness, irritability, tension, and boredom are normally exhibited in
ones behaviour.
In his theory of motivation, Abraham Maslow has given a set of human needs
arranged in hierarchical order. A human being after fulfilling the basic physiological
needs desires to obtain psychological needs containing safety and security,
belongingness and love and the self-esteem needs.
Self-esteem are largely fulfilled by acquiring skill, competence and expertise in the
field of knowledge and profession.
The aesthetic needs and self-actualisation needs follows the fulfillment of
psychological needs described above.
Mental Health: A good mental health helps a person to possess positive capacity
for living and enjoying a good life. The various types of mental health are as follows:
1. Efficient perception of reality
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2. Self knowledge
3. Ability to exercise control over ones behaviour
4. Self esteem and acceptance relationships
5. Ability to form affectionate relationships
6. Productivity i.e., utilizing time and energy for useful and productive activities and
this is the criteria of a mentally healthy person.
The modern search for a good society, justice, democracy secularism, rule of law are
societal values in India Constitution.
Indian Constitution & Social Values
Democracy, Secularism, rule of law and justice, equality etc. are the societal values
enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
Democracy, Sovereignty, Secularism and Socialism are the basic principles of our
constitution
i) Sovereignty : This is the main feature of the Indian constitution. Indians are
complete independent and run their own government.
ii) Democracy : Democracy means a government which is run by representatives
who are elected on the basic of adult franchise.
iii) Secularism : The state gives equal treatment to all religions. It does not favour
any particular religion.
iv) Socialism : The achievements of socialism, based on economic and social
equality, is the chief goal of our constitution. It provides equal opportunities in
education, employment, justice etc. to all.
v) Rule of societal values in the Indian Constitution: Indian constitution gives
equal treatment to all citizens. The state can not discriminate on the religion,
caste, creed, sex, language, place of birth et.
a) Indian constitution emphasizes societal values in part IV, which deals with the
Directive principles of state policy.
i) The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people.
ii) The state shall in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, status
etc.
iii) The state shall ensure that the ownership and control of material resources of
the community are so distributed as best to sub serve the common good.
b) Indian constitution advances ideas on societal values in Articles 51A, part IV of
Fundamental Duties.
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It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
i) To abide by the constitution
ii) To cherish and follow the noble ideals
iii) To upload and protect the sovereignty, unity integrity of India
iv) To defend the country
v) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood, etc.
The Modern Search for a Society
As described earlier, a good society is such a society which should provide means
and conditions for the material growth and encourage and inspire all its members to
achieve their full human potential in all dimensions including moral and spiritual.
A good society should accept certain human values of love, kindness and brother-
hood and such a society should be caring, sharing and co-operative to all its
members.
The good search for a good Indian society be meaningful if the society is not merely
law governed; but is governed by higher level ethical, moral and spiritual values.
Work culture is the involvement of a workman with his work or assignment towards
contribution of productivity and quality of final products.
Good work cultural means a workman is fully involved with in work to exhibit good
morale and to contribute highest possible productivity and high cost of production.
The following factors are responsible for poor work cultural in an organisation :
Lack of discipline
Lack of commitment
High absenteeism
Lack of concern
Many holidays and strikes
Poor labour management relations
Poor working conditions
Lot of outside political interference
Large nos of accidents
Multiplicity of trade unions
The role of trade unions has to be re-oriented from confrontation to co-operation and
participation with the triangle of government, business-labour working in the truespirit of partnership.
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An employee is required to exhibit certain attitude, apply certain skills to the desired
levels of excellence. He needs to translate certain desirable habits such as regularly,
punctuality, discipline, promptness, initiative etc which all together constitute an
ethical value system in an organisation.
Work cultural is also concerned with an employees loyalty towards the organization.
View points of workers for poor work cultural
Some times workers when questioned about poor work cultural give the following
answer:
Pressure from trade union.
Poor working conditions.
Poor conditions of machines.
View points of manager for poor work cultural.
Multiplicity of trade union.
Interference from outside political parties.
Decline in general moral standards in the society at large.
VALUES : PROFESSION & HUMAN
Introduction
Values relate to the aims of human life. For the achievement of the aims humanbeing frame certain notions and these notions are called values.
The following principles are propounded for the determination of values:
i) Hedonistic view of life: The value of a thing is due to the fact that the thing has
power to satisfy our wants.
ii) Perfection theory: Any thing has values if it relates to the perfection of life for
which a man endeavors in his life.
iii) Utility theory: Anything which has utility is valuable.
iv) Order theory: Anything which is helpful in organising society is called value.
v) Existence theory: Value is helpful in existence.
vi) Experimental theory: Values are experiments in present and past as well.
(vii) Part and whole theory: Values are felt sometime partly and sometimes wholly
viii) Objective and subjective theory: Values are determined by the notions of
individuals and also by the circumstances in which he lives.
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ix) Emotive theory: Mans emotions are expressed by his nature.
These emotions change according to the circumstances Thus by
virtue of his emotion man determines his values.
Religion, Morality rd Moral Value
The practice of religion I as:ilis in following advantages
1) Moral d Development: Religion is the foundation of moral develoment and
character.
2) Refinement of human values: Religion shows are difference between material
and gives divine touch to human values.
(3) Socialisation: Social service is recommended in every religion. in the (ita peo;lc
are dd\ sed to act with a view, not to personal gain, but to add to the prosperity of
humanity.
(4) Development of democratic values: Religious feeling related men on one side
with God and on the other with human beings, and by showing that the same
God exists in every human being it encourages the development of the
democratic qualities of liberty, fraternity and equality.
(5) Cultural development Religion: is on important part of culture and the cultural
progress of a group is measured by its religious development.
Mans greatest characteristic is character. Swami Vivekananda has defined
character as the sum total of an individuals instincts, the inclination of his mind.
Good thoughts lead a sound determination and this in turn puts the man on the path
to good life.
Moral development is possible through proper conduct, feeling and development of
proper habits of thought and feeling of action.
Cultural and Socialisation
a) Culture
Cultural is composed of integrated customs, traditions and current behaviour
pattern of human group.
The main features of the contribution of cultural in mans life are the following:
1) Adaptation to the natural environment: Every where, man lives in a definite
natural environment to which he must necessarily adapt himself.
2) Adaptation to the social environment: Cultural also includes customs,
traditions and the pattern of current behaviour.
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3) Development of Personality: The personality of an manifested through his
pattern of behaviour. The behaviour is always profoundly influenced by the
cultural of his group.
In childhood, the infant acquires his cultural through imitation. In the second stage,
the child imitates different individuals in society in their play. Play of his kind
introduces many different kinds qualities in the childs personality.
The third stage of acquiring cultural is the stage of games where the individuals
learns to control his behavious.
Cultural influences the physical, mental, social, emotional, moral and aesthetic
aspects of the individuals.
Aesthetic Values, Perception and Enjoyment of Beauty, Simplicity, Clarity
Aesthetic value of a person is indicated when he or she shows admiration for
goodness of any thing e.g. beauty of a garden, beauty of a flower, beauty of a
woman or loveliness of a child.
A marketer utilises the aesthetic value of a product for enhancing its value which in
turn may crate more demands.
Perception, being an intellectual and psychological process, becomes a subjective
process and different people may perceive the same environment differently etc.
perception is determined by both physiological and psychological characteristics of
environment and the sensation exhibits enjoyment of beauty, simplicity and clarity.
To appreciate the nature of aesthetic experience, and the values involved in it
according to Indian cultural tradition, the depiction may be made in the following
manner:
1. A beautiful object attracts.
2. Mind becomes pleasant.
3. The beautiful objects is lovable and likable.
4. It products a feeling of happiness.
5. The beautiful object leads to perfect bliss.
Aesthetic considerations have become important in practical fields like engineering
product development, industrial design, town planning and interior decoration.
While adopting cost reduction and value engineering techniques care is taken to
ensure that aesthetic value of the product in not diminished.
Nature of Moral Judgements
Two theories are pertinent when one talks about the nature of ethics.
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The theory of moral unity essentially advocates the principle that business actions
should be judged by the general ethical standards of society. There exists only one
ethical standard which applies to every one in the society.
Opposed to the theory of moral unity is the theory of morality, which argues that
business can be amoral and the actions of businessmen need not be guided by
general ethical standards. Capitalism provides moral justification for the persuit of
profit through behaviour which is not purposefully ethical.
The ethics of virtue and ethics of duty may be exhibited up by the following activities.
1. To carry out such activities which are beneficial to the national interest of the
country.
2. To be a good citizen and to actively assist in the improvement of the quality of
life in the society.
3. To generally observe the accepted norms of public decency.
4. To be truthful and honest and to show mutual trust and co-operation in all
deeds of publicinterest.
5. One may be religious, but he or she should respect for others religions.
6. A duty-full citizen should
(i) not be cruel to animal
(ii) show kindness to the poor and helpless.
(iii) Voice criticism against unjust, the descent and un-lawful activities of
the others in the society.
Ethics of Responsibility
Managers are members of a leadership group, it occupies a position of visibility, of
prominence and authority and confers duties. Leadership is confined to few
individuals. He has to stand demand of professional ethics and demands of ethics of
responsibility.
The terms right, proper, fair, judgment about behaviour, virtue, value, worth principle,
integrity, praiseworthiness, rightousness all pin down to which is intrinsically moral.
There is very little to distinguish between moral and ethics. Moral is perceived as
personal and ethics as institutional.
Some times ethics is considered as a scientific study of moral behaviour.
However, we can distinguish between morals and manners certain unpleasant
behaviours like dressing shabbily, taking in loud may be treated as bad manners but
certainly do not quality as immoral.
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Ill mannered people can be moral and even the reverse is possible.
The dictators of last century were very polished and well mannered, but by their
immoral acts, they brought immense amounts of destruction in societies.
The world faces plenty of decisions that put our conscience. Almost all of us, at
some point of time, encounter cheating on taxes, jumping traffic signals, lying under
oath, inflating expense accounts, overstating damage to ones vehicle for insurance
claims, all these are widely understood to be unethical.
Aesthetic Values Case Study
Steve Waugh, the former Australian Test captain love for kids have promted the
cricketer to build and support Udayan a home for 300 children of leprosy sufferers
at Barrackpore, near Kolkata. The cricketer find time to visit the home often and
spend his time with the children with full enjoyment.
Competition and Fair Practices
According. P. F. Drucker competition challenges four important premises of the
marketing concept.
i) It is assumed that consumers know their need.
ii) It is assumed that business really cares about those needs and knows exactly
how to find about them.
iii) It is assumed that business does provide useful information that precisely
matches products to needs.
iv) It is presumed that products and services really fulfil customer expectation as
well as business promises.
Consumerism is a protest of consumers against unfair business practices and
business injustices.