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CHINESE GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE Volume 11, Number 3, pp. 283 -288, 2001 Science Press, Beijing, China EFFECTS OF SOIL FAUNA ON LITTER DECOMPOSITION ZHANG Xue-ping, Zhang Si-cong, HUANG Chu-long (Department of Geography of Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China) ABSTRACT : Forest litter is the physical makeup part of forest ecosystem. The rate of decomposition of forest litter is low in temperate and cool temperate zones. There is important significance to search and utilize the function of soil animals, in order to probe the material circulation and energy flow in forest ecosystem. We selected three kinds of mesh bag with different mesh size, in which, large pore mesh bag is large enough to permit the activities of all kinds of soil animals, medium mesh bag is designed to exclude the function of soil macrofauna, while small mesh bag is small enough to exclude the effects of any kind of soil animals as far as possible. The decomposition time is three years. The studying results show that: the decomposing speed of the bags with big meshes, under functions of all kinds of soft animals, faster than the bags with medium meshes, under functions of medium and small soil animals, as well as the bags with small meshes that excluding all possibility of functions of soil animals; in the process of decomposition of litter, relationship of the litter lost weight with number of soil animals is not obvious clearly; the degree of functions of soil animals to soft litter higher than hard litter; according to the analysis of diversity index, no regular changes will happen to the diversity of soil animals as the time of decomposing samples lengthen. KEY WORD: soil animal; forest litter; litter decomposition CLC number: P154. 4 Document code: A Article ID: 1002-0063 (2001)03-0283-06 1 INTRODUCTION Forest litter, which is the physical makeup part of forest ecosystem, presents many important actions upon ecosystem. However, if forest litter is accumulated to excess, it will produce some nonnegligible negative in- fluence, which could be the cause of a forest fire or the important harbor for diseases and pests in a forest. Therefore, there are important theoretical and practical significances in studying the decomposition of litter in temperate and cool temperate zone where the rate of decomposition of forest litter is low. The important effects of soil animals on decompo- sition of litter have been studied abroad relatively early, (HAGVAR et al., 1981; HOUSE et al., 1987) and a few reports on it can also be found domestically(CHEN et al., 1984; LIAO et al., 1990; ZHANG et al., 1996; YANG et al., 1995; GUO et al., 1992). These studies were conducted to probe into the impacts of soil an- imals on decomposition process of temperate coniferous litter and the contribution of soil fauna to decomposition course of substance, so that it can provide some theo- retical references for the development of forest e- cosystem 2 SAMPLE PLOT The sample plot is located at Liangshui natural protection area, lying in Dailing District of Yichun City of Heilongjiang Province, and also in the southern part Received date: 2001-04-10 Biography: ZHANG Xue-ping(1962 - ), female, a native of Harbin City, associate professor, Master. Her research interests include soil animal ecology and environment ecology.

Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

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Page 1: Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

CHINESE GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE Volume 11, Number 3, pp. 283 -288, 2001 Science Press, Beijing, China

EFFECTS OF SOIL FAUNA ON LITTER DECOMPOSITION

ZHANG Xue-ping, Zhang Si-cong, HUANG Chu-long

(Department of Geography of Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China)

ABSTRACT : Forest litter is the physical makeup part of forest ecosystem. The rate of decomposition of forest litter

is low in temperate and cool temperate zones. There is important significance to search and utilize the function of soil

animals, in order to probe the material circulation and energy flow in forest ecosystem. We selected three kinds of

mesh bag with different mesh size, in which, large pore mesh bag is large enough to permit the activities of all kinds

of soil animals, medium mesh bag is designed to exclude the function of soil macrofauna, while small mesh bag is

small enough to exclude the effects of any kind of soil animals as far as possible. The decomposition time is three

years. The studying results show that: the decomposing speed of the bags with big meshes, under functions of all kinds

of soft animals, faster than the bags with medium meshes, under functions of medium and small soil animals, as well

as the bags with small meshes that excluding all possibility of functions of soil animals; in the process of decomposition

of litter, relationship of the litter lost weight with number of soil animals is not obvious clearly; the degree of functions

of soil animals to soft litter higher than hard litter; according to the analysis of diversity index, no regular changes will

happen to the diversity of soil animals as the time of decomposing samples lengthen.

KEY WORD: soil animal; forest litter; litter decomposition

CLC number: P154. 4 Document code: A Article ID: 1002-0063 (2001)03-0283-06

1 INTRODUCTION

Forest litter, which is the physical makeup part of

forest ecosystem, presents many important actions upon

ecosystem. However, if forest litter is accumulated to

excess, it will produce some nonnegligible negative in-

fluence, which could be the cause of a forest fire or the

important harbor for diseases and pests in a forest.

Therefore, there are important theoretical and practical

significances in studying the decomposition of litter in

temperate and cool temperate zone where the rate of

decomposition of forest litter is low.

The important effects of soil animals on decompo-

sition of litter have been studied abroad relatively early,

(HAGVAR et al., 1981; HOUSE et al., 1987) and a few

reports on it can also be found domest ical ly(CHEN et

al., 1984; LIAO et al., 1990; ZHANG et al., 1996;

YANG et al., 1995; GUO et al., 1992). These studies

were conducted to probe into the impacts of soil an-

imals on decomposition process of temperate coniferous

litter and the contribution of soil fauna to decomposition

course of substance, so that it can provide some theo-

retical references for the development of forest e-

cosystem

2 SAMPLE PLOT

The sample plot is located at Liangshui natural

protection area, lying in Dailing District of Yichun City

of Heilongjiang Province, and also in the southern part

Received date: 2001-04-10 Biography: ZHANG Xue-ping(1962 - ), female, a native of Harbin City, associate professor, Master. Her research interests include soil

animal ecology and environment ecology.

Page 2: Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

284 ZHANG Xue-ping,

of Xiao Hinggan Mountains, where its natural vegetation

is a mixed broad-leaved trees and korean pines forest,

and at present, after the natural vegetation of Xiao

Hinggan Mountains has almost been destroyed, it is one

of the major indigenous korean pine forest preserved

under the protection of the Chinese government, with

quite high ecological value as well as scientific research

value. The topography of plot area is low mountain, and

its zonal soil type is dark-brown forest soil. The area

presents the properties of temperate continental monsoon

climate, for its relatively high latitude. The mean an-

nual temperature is - 0. 3°C, the average annual pre-

cipitation is 676mm, the general climatic characteristics

take on long-lasting winters in which it is badly cold and

dry and short-lasting summers in which it is cool and

rainy.

The three study species of coniferous litter used by

this experiment are koyama spruce( Picea koraiensis),

fetor fir ( Able nephrolepis) and dahurian larch ( Larix

gmelini). The samples are buried in artificial spruee and

fir forst which has the similar habitat of the three

species and is dominated by koyama spruce, with fetor

fir, maple birch( Betula costata) as well as fish scale

spruce ( Picea jezoensis), while its arbor canopy density

is 0. 8, the interior of the woods is dim.

3 METHOD

In order to learn the effects of soil animals on litter

decomposition, we selected three kinds of mesh bag

with different mesh size, in which, large mesh bag is

large enough to permit the activities of all kinds of soil

animals, medium mesh bag is designed to exclude the

function of soil macrofauna, while small mesh bag is

small enough to exclude the effects of any kind of soil

animals as far as possible. Mesh bag size is 15cm ×

20cm.

The decomposition time is three years, every year

the litter bags is retrieved from study site in June, Au-

gust, October for three times. Every time each type of

leaf litter bags is respectively retrieved for 6 bags (2

large mesh bags, 2 medium mesh bags, 2 small mesh

bags), in total, there are 18 bags for the three kinds of

leaves. Then, with Tullgren funnel extractions, the soil

HUANG Chu-long

animals are collected from litter bags and the net mass

of dried litter samples are measured (144 bags of sam-

ples are firstly buried, after weighing its dry mass).

The method of sampling soil animals in the litter

layer of the plot where the samples are buried, is that it

continus for 3 years, 3 times for each year, 3 series of

samples for each time, 3 ways of sampling for each se-

ries, namely the soil macro fauna with sampling area

50cm x 50cm, are sorted out by hand, while the soil

mesofauna and soil microfauna with sampling area 10cm

× 10cm, are extracted from samples using Tullgren

funnel extractions, and the humidogene soil animals with

sampling area 5cm × 5cm, are separated from soil in

Baermann funnel , and sampled 81 altogether in three

years.

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

d. 1 Soil Animals in Sample Plot and Decomposition

Specimen

4. 1. 1 Soil animals of sample plot During sampling of 9 times in the 3 years for soil

animals of the litter layer in study site, we collected 41

kinds of both soil meso fauna and soil micro fauna

soil animals which summed to 12 373 ind. (Table 1),

while their dominant species were Isotomidae totaling up

to 12 515 i n d . / m 2 , Tomoceridae summing to 4 452

i n d . / m 2, Oribatida adding up 17 104 i n d . / m 2 and

Actinedida getting up to 2 315 ind /m 2. There were 20

kinds of soil macro fauna, totaling up to 1 834 ind. The

statistical result of biomass of soil macrofauna indicates

that the biomass of Enchytraeidae is dominant, occu-

pying 47.2% of the total biomass, and Lumbricidae is

in the next place, occupying 17.0%, then, being fol-

lowed by Lithobiidae 11.2% , Geophilidae 4 .6% ,

Gastropoda 3 .6%, Guliformia 3 .1%. 12 kinds of hu-

midogene soil animals were captured, and summed up

to 6 866 ind. in which, Nematode held all the trumps,

altogether 6 722 ind. , corresponding to 99 585 i nd /m 2.

4. 1.2 The quantity and kinds of soil animals in de-

composition samples The soil animals of sample bags came from its

surroundings. The summation outcome of soil animals of

Page 3: Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

Effects of Soil Fauna

sample bags with different mesh sizes for the three kinds

of leaves (spruce, fir, larch) is showed in table 1.

Table 1 demonstrates that, firstly, the quantity of soil

animals affecting the three kinds of leaves (spruce, fir,

larch) is different, appearing as larch> fir> spruce,

and the A / C ratio(namely individual numeral ratio of

Acarina to Collembola) of the three samples being

spruce > fir > larch . The outcome of analysis shows

that the texture of three types of leaves differs signifi-

cantly, larch relatively soft, fir transitional, spruce rela-

tively hard. The majority of soil animals are more easily

contributed to the decomposition of soft blades rather

than hard ones, and Collembola is especially sensitive

to the variation of texture of litter, the number of indi-

viduals of Collembola in relatively hard spruce litter is

only equivalent to one-third of that in larch litter. The

determination of the contents of protein, fat and total

sugar of three types of coniferous leaves demonstrates

that the contents of different kinds of energy substance

and total energy value of three types of litter are similar,

thus, the selective contribution of soil animals to litter

can mostly be considered as a result of influence of

texture of blades (ZHANG et al., 2001). Secondly, the

quantity of soil animals differs in sample bags with dif-

ferent mesh sizes, appearing as large mesh > medium

mesh> small mesh. The quantity of soil animals in both

fir and larch litter bags is similar in spite of different

mesh sizes, approximately in the order of 60% : 35% :

5%. The quantitative proportion of soil animals in

spruce litter bags differs in three types of mesh dis-

tinctly, appearing as 70% :25% : 5 % . Thirdly, the

species of soil animals acting in litter bags with different

mesh are not always uniform. The species and quantity

of soil animals acting in both fir and larch litter bags are

near, that of Diptera animals as well as Coleoptera in

spruce litter are distinctly less than that of litter bags of

the former two leaf species.

4. 1 .3 Comparison between soil animals in sample plot

and soil animals in litter bags

The number of soil animals in sample bags is

distinctly less than that in surroundings(Table 1),

shortly after the decomposition samples was buried in

sample plot, different kinds of soil animals came into

play and the intensity of activity(individual number,

on Litter Decomposition 285

variety number) increased with time. The characteris-

tics of distribution on quantity of soil animals in mesh

bags varied with time, differing from each other in

June, August and October annually. However, the

changing law of quantity of soil animals in all the three

meshes' sample bags of each leaf species substantially

agrees with time.

4. 2 The Diversity of Soil Animals in Decomposition

Samples

4. 2. 1 The analytic result of diversity of soil animals

The analytic result of diversity of soil animals in

three kinds (spruce, fir, larch) of decomposition sam-

ples by sampling of 9 times during the 3 years is

showed. The regularity change of diversity of soil ani-

mals of spruce, fir litter sampling in June, August and

October annually is not obvious. Among different years,

the variances in diversity index and degree of homo-

geneity of soil animals are not evident either. By di-

versity comparison among three types of meshes, we can

find that the diversity index of soil animals in samples of

large mesh and medium mesh bags is relatively higher,

and that of small mesh bags rather lower. By diversity

index Comparison of soil animals in larch samples a-

mong three times sampling in a same year, we can see

that the diversity index of it sampling in June is always

highest in the three years.

4. 2. 2 The result of comparative study of diversity

The result of comparative study of diversity indices

of soil animals in samples of three kinds(total value of

findings of a survey of nine times in three years)

demonstrate(Table 2): The variety and quantity of soil

animals in fir, larch litter bags is more than that in

spruce litter bags. However, the diversity and homo-

geneity index of soil animals are for spruce > fir >

larch. The analysis of cause: Shannon diversity index

H = -EP~lnPi , Simpson diversity index D = N( N -

1 ) / £ n i ( m - 1), in which, n, denotes of the indi-

vidual number of the species of i, iN denotes the total

individual number for all species, P~ denotes ratio of ni

to N, namely Pi = n J N. Shannon homogeneity index

is formulated as Js = H/ ln s, Simpson homogeneity in-

dex as E = d / s , i n formula, s denotes the total number

Page 4: Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

286 ZHANG Xue-ping, HUANG Chu-long

Table 1 The Number of soil animals in sampling habitat and decomposition samples

Soil animal Environment Spruce Fir Larch

litter L M S L M S L M S

Isotomidae 3379 285 117 34 703 453 97 835 806 128

Onychiuridae 484 17 14 6 38 36 1 31 25 28

Entomobryidae 211 58 31 2 57 42 2 91 29 2

Hypogastruridae 466 13 4 4 35 69 11 35 25 0

Tomoceridae 1202 250 86 9 479 280 3 509 158 3

Pseudaehorutidae 62 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 0

Neanuridae 47 4 0 0 12 2 0 10 9 0

Sminthuride 200 48 21 0 85 67 0 146 16 2

Oneopoduridae 42 5 1 0 9 3 0 14 5 0

Oribatida 4618 364 97 19 583 257 17 579 194 15

Gamasida 625 155 57 2 224 182 12 271 145 33

Aetinedida 299 95 36 13 144 69 50 91 96 26

Enehytraeidae 555 131 35 1 88 55 5 137 97 18

Lithobiidae 29 2 2 0 13 12 0 3 4 1

Geophilidae 33 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 7 0

Guliformia 25 5 1 0 10 2 0 8 12 0

Araneae 28 3 0 0 5 1 0 3 0 0

Formicidae 9 1 2 1 16 0 0 1 0 0

Staphylinidae 131 1 0 0 8 12 0 14 7 1

Carabidae 9 1 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0

Elateridae 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Chirpnomidae 28 0 0 0 4 1 0 6 1 1

Tabanidae 11 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Cecidpmyiidae 62 5 3 0 5 7 0 23 5 0

Aphididae 8 0 4 0 0 3 1 1 2 1

Campodeidae 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0

Museidae 11 4 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 0

Protura 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stratiomyiidae 14 3 2 0 6 9 0 0 0 0

Asilidae 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Iehneumonidae 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Nitidulidae 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

Thereuidae 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Searabaeidae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Gastropoda 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Tenebrionidae 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Histeridae 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Noetuidae 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Symphyla 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Curculionidae 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thripidae 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total number 12373 1450 515 91 2540 1569 200 2816 1657 259

L: Larger mesh M: Medium mesh S: Small mesh

of all species. By formulae, we can infer the diversity

and homogeneity largely depend on the degree of u-

niformity of individuals among species. As a result,

although the species and number of individuals of soil

animals in spruce sample bags are fewer, its diversity

index are greater than that of fir as well as larch. For

the distinctness of dominant species in composition of

soil fauna, and the apparent difference in number of

individuals among species, the general levels of the

diversity and homogeneity of soil animals are low. And

the function level of soil animals on litter can't be re-

flected perfectly.

Page 5: Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

Effects of Soil Fauna on Litter Decomposition

Table 2 The total number and diversity index of soil animals in three kinds of decomposition samples

287

Spruce Fir Larch Kinds 25 34 31 Number 2056 4309 4732 Shonnon Index 2. 1271 2. 0617 1. 999 Homogeneity 0. 6608 0. 5846 0. 5821 Shimpson 6. 5279 5. 5388 4, 9052 Homogeneity 0. 2611 0. 1629 0. 1582

4. 3 The Decomposition of Three Kinds of Specimens

4. 3. 1 The mass loss of three kinds of blades

After decomposing for three years, the mass of

three kinds of blades in sample bags with different mesh

have all reduced significantly. The experimental results

demonstrate that the rates of mass loss of different kinds

of blades during different phase are different. And ma-

terial decomposition is an uneven dynamic procedure in

a year, mass loss of leaves during eight months of Oc-

tober to June of the next year is near to that during the

two months in summer, that is to say, substantial de-

composition process principally concentrates in warm

seasons. The substantial decomposition among years can

be considered to be a relative even successive change

process. Among three years of decomposition experi-

ment, mass loss process of the first year was relatively

fast, later on, slowing gently relatively.

4. 3. 2 The impact analysis of soil animals to mass loss

during decomposition process of litter

The decomposition effect of soil animal on litter is

showed in common result of a number of processes.

Comparing mass loss processes of three kinds of blades,

each of them shows: larger mesh> medium mesh>

small mesh. Namely, soil animals accelerate the pro-

cess of decomposition. Comparing mass loss processes

of three kinds of blades, especially, that of small mesh

samples(there are still a few soil animals' functions, on

the premise of excluding soil animals' functions as far as

possible), we can know that soil animals certainly play

a part in decomposition of samples, however, such in-

fluence is with natural leaching loss of different sub-

stance of litter, microbial activity, other environment

factors functions. For the differences in material

components and law of decomposition of different types

of leaves, degree as well as level of soil animals' effect

on litter are different too, therefore, the correlation be-

tween soil animal individual number and quantity of

mass loss of litter is not obvious. The correlation anal-

ysis between soil animals' individual number and

quantity of mass loss of litter( sampling 9 times in 3

years) demonstrates it hasn't obvious correlativity a-

mong that 4 kinds of decomposition samples, and the

other two kinds present definite relativity. One of them

is medium mesh larch litter bags which soil animals'

individual number and quantity of mass loss of litter are

indicative of relatively visible relativity, r = 0 . 7 419

greater than f = 9, correlation coefficient threshold of oL

= 0. 01 is r = 0. 7 348. The other of them is medium

mesh fir litter bags which they are indicative of inverse

correlation, r = - 0 .5 661 greater than f = 9, correla-

tion coefficient threshold of r = 0 . 10 is r = 0 . 5

214. The analysis of cause: the function level of soil

animals in larch litter bags keeps supreme at all times,

and the texture of leaf blade of larch is relatively soft, so

the influence of soil animals on larch leaves is distinct.

However, the inverse correlation between quantity of

soil animals in fir sample bags and mass loss of samples

is still necessary to be studied.

4. 3. 3 The influence of soil animals' action at the num-

ber of years of decomposition of litter

Along with process of decomposition of sample bags

with three kinds of mesh sizes, mass of litter drops off,

and for the sake of difference in constructional compo-

nents of different kinds of leaf species and degree of

biological action, its rates of decomposition are also

different, even if the litter is taken from the same tree

species, the rates of decomposition are different too for

the variation of hydrothermal condition in different

months during the same year. The dynamic procedure of

weight loss in decomposition process of dead leaves can

dynamically be modeled by exponential decay model

created by Olson(ZHOU, 1991), model formula for

Xt/Xo - e TM

Page 6: Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition

288 ZHANG Xue-ping,

In formula, Xo denotes initial weightiness of dead

leaves at the beginning of decomposition, X denotes

weightiness of dead leaves at the time of t, k denotes

average decomposition velocity constant (the larger k

value is, the faster rate of decomposition of dead

leaves) .

Under different degrees of action of soil animals on

three kinds of coniferous litter, after decomposition of

50% of coniferous litter has finished, the required time

to 5 can be calculated by application of the model, and

the to 95 can be calculated, too, when decomposition of

95% of litter has finished. The result is shown in Table

3.

By Ttable 3, the rates of decomposition of three

HUANG Chu-long

kinds of samples with three types of mesh relate with

degree of action of soil animals. The rate of decompo-

sition of samples in large mesh bags (under the function

of all types of soil animals) is at the soonest, decom-

position time is the shortest, and the rate of decompo-

sition of samples in medium mesh bags ( without the

function of large-scale soil animal, only the function of

micro and humidogene soil animals) is lower than that

in large mesh bags. The rate of decomposition of litter

in small mesh bags is even slower. The number of years

of decomposition is longer, for instance, the decompo-

sition of samples including spruce, fir, larch requires

more time in small mesh bag than that in large mesh

bags, and when 95% of litter has been decomposed,

Table 3 The affection of litter in decomposition time under different function intensity of soil animals

Large mesh Medium mesh Small mesh t o s t o,95 t o s t o q s t o.s t 0.95

Spruce 1.47 6.38 1.52 6.57 1.96 8.49 Fir 1.41 6. 12 1.41 6. 12 1.66 7.18 Larch 1.85 8 1.85 8 2.21 9.56

their required time rises by 2 .11 year, 1 .06 year and

1 .56 year respectively. In similar manner, when 50%

of samples has been decomposed, decomposition time is

longer in small mesh bags than that in large and medium

mesh bags.

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