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EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IN WORD NAMING ARE SUBSTANTIAL AND ROBUST, AT
LEAST IN SERBIAN
Dejan LalovićDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy
University of Belgrade Republic of Serbia
EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IN WORD NAMING ARE SUBSTANTIAL AND ROBUST, AT
LEAST IN SERBIAN
DEFINING TERMS
SEMANTIC PRIMING
PRESENTATION TALK
ASSOCIATIVE PRIMING
BOREDOM TALK
GRAMMATICAL PRIMING
THIS TALK
prime target
!
PRIMED ONLINE WORD NAMING (READING ALOUD) TASK
THROUGH TUNNEL
voice key recorded online RT + errors coded
“Read the first word in each pair silently”
“Read the following word in each pair aloud”
(PRIME)
(TARGET)
EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IN WORD NAMING ARE SUBSTANTIAL AND ROBUST?, AT
LEAST IN SERBIAN
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND, AIMS OF THE STUDY
LITERATURE ON GRAMMATICAL PRIMING EFFECTS ON
VISUAL WORD PROCESSING IS EQUIVOCAL:
GRAMMATICAL PRIMING CONSISTENTLY YIELDS
EFFECTS IN LEXICAL DECISION TASK BOTH IN ENGLISH (E.
G. GOODMAN ET AL. (1981), SEIDENBERG ET AL. (1984), WRIGHT &
GARRET (1984), WEST & STANOVICH (1986)), AND SERBIAN (E. G.
LUKATELA ET AL. (1982), KATZ ET AL. (1994)).
BUT
THESE EFFECTS ARE DIMINISHED WHEN NAMING TASK
IS EMPLOYED
(E. G. SEIDENBERG ET AL., (1984) IN ENGLISH, CARELLO ET AL., (1988) IN
SERBIAN)!PREVAILING VIEW: GRAMMATICAL PRIMING INFLUENCES
STRATEGIC PROCESSES, THAT OCCUR UPON THE WORD
HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED, WITHOUT INFLUENCING WORD
RECOGNITION PER SE.
HOWEVER, ROBUST EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL PRIMING
IN WORD NAMING HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN AT LEAST
TWO STUDIES:
* SUCH SYNTACTICAL PRIMING EFFECT WAS EQUAL TO,
OR OF COMAPRABLE MAGNITUDE IN BOTH WORD
PROCESSING TASKS!
WEST & STANOVICH (1986) EMPLOYED SENTENCE
FRAGMENTS AS SYNTACTICAL PRIMES TO CONSTRAIN THE
GRAMMATICAL CLASS OF THE TARGET WORDS IN BOTH
LEXICAL DECISION AND NAMING TASK.
* GRAMMATICAL PRIMING EQUALLY FACILITATED
ENGLISH INFLECTED AND UNIFLECTED NOUNS AND
VERBS, REGARDLESS OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL
MANIPULATIONS (TO BE EXPLAINED LATER ON).
BOWEY (1996) EMPLOYED SINGLE-WORD PRIMES
(DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND AUXILIARY VERBS) TO
CONSTRAIN THE TARGET WORD CLASS (SUBJECTS
FOURTH-GRADE CHILDREN).
CLAIMS THAT GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IS LIMITED TO
LEXICAL DECISION TASK IN ENGLISH APPARENTLY SEEM
PREMATURE!
THE ARGUMENT: IF GRAMMATICAL CONTEXT PLAYS SOME
ROLE IN ENGLISH WORD RECOGNITION THEN, BY
INTUITION, ITS ROLE IN SERBIAN WORD RECOGNITION
SHOULD BE MUCH MORE PROMINENT.
THE INTUITION RESTS UPON CERTAIN MAJOR PROPERTIES OF SERBIAN GRAMMAR
SERBIAN MORPHOLOGY IS, UNLIKE ENGLISH, HEAVILY
INFLECTED. GRAMMATICAL ATTRIBUTES OF OPEN
CLASS SERBIAN WORDS ARE SPECIFIED BY
INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES.E. G. masculine noun forms and cases
form case(s)
prst nom. s.prsta gen. s, acc. s, g. pl.prstu dat. s, loc. s.prstom inst. s.prsti nom. pl.prste acc. pl.prstima dat. pl, loc. pl, inst. pl.
prst = finger
+ 6 feminine noun forms, + 7 neuter noun forms…
SERBIAN SYNTAX IS A RATHER FREE-ORDER ONE:
Basically:“Is this a way to earn own house,enjoying perch each evening!?”
Zar se tako teče kućasvako veče pored smuđa!?
Zar se tako kuća teče, pored smuđa svako veče!?
Zar se kuća teče takopored smuđa veče svako!?
(Laza Kostić, famous Serbian romantic poet)
Зар се кућа тече тако, поред смуђа вече свако!?
Поред смуђа вече свако, кућа зар се тече тако!?
Zar se kuća teče tako, pored smuđa veče svako!?
Pored smuđa veče svako, kuća zar se teče tako!?
subject, nominativ case
Зар ћеш кућу стећи тако, поред смуђа вече свако!?
Поред смуђа вече свако, кућу зар ћеш стећи тако!?
Zar ćeš kuću steći tako, pored smuđa veče svako!?
Pored smuđa veče svako, kuću zar ćeš steći tako!?
object, accusative case
*******************************
*******************************Kućom zar se diči neko ko je za kafanskim stolom stek’o!?
Zar se kućom diči neko ko je za kafanskim stolom stek’o!?
object, instrumental case
LAZA KOSTIĆ’S VERSES EVOLUTION INTO THE BEĆARAC
A LEXICAL (OPEN-WORD CLASS) MORPHOLOGICAL
AND THUS SYNTACTICAL AMBIGUITY IN SERBIAN IS
EASILY RESOLVED BY MODIFIERS – CLOSE-CLASS
FUNCTION WORDS (E.G. PREPOSITIONS, PRONOUNS)
AND MORPHOLOGICALLY CONGRUENT ADJECTIVES
PRECEEDING THE WORD BEING MODIFIED.
GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT IN SERBIAN THEREFORE
SHOULD BE A POWERFUL TOOL FOR SPECIFYING
WORD’S THEMATIC ROLE IN SENTENCE.
CRITICAL
FEATURES
OF THE
STUDY
PRESENTED
TARGET WORDS OF TWO CLASSES
WERE PRIMED INSTEAD OF PRIMING
GRAMMATICAL FORMS WITHIN A
SINGLE WORD CLASS. SINGLE-WORD PRIMES THAT
UNEQUIVOCALLY CONSTRAINED
TARGET WORD CLASS WERE EMPLOYED
IN THE “CONSTRAINED” EXPERIMENTAL
CONDITION. NEUTRAL LINGUISTIC PRIMES WERE
EMPLOYED IN THE “UNCONSTRAINED”
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION.
1. TO RE-INVESTIGATE EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL
PRIMING (I. E.
GRAMMATICAL CONGRUENCY) ON SERBIAN WORD
NAMING
AIMS OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
TYPICAL PRIME -TARGET PAIRS AS A FUNCTION OF WORD TYPE AND CONSTRAINT
CONSTRAINED UNCONSTRAINED
PRIMES TARGETS PRIMES TARGETS
ZBOG/BEZ
(BECAUSE/WITHOUT)
BLUZE/TARABE
(BLOUSE/FENCE)
I/ILI
(AND/OR)
GREDE/PALICE
(JOIST/BAT)
NOUNS
KROZ/UZ
(THROUGH/UP)
SCENU/TERASU
(SCENE/TERACE)
I/ILI
(AND/OR)
GLINU/KOLIBU
(CLAY/COTTAGE)
ON/ONA
(HE/SHE)
SPASE/RUKUJE
(SAVES/HANDLES)
I/ILI
(AND/OR)
GREBE/ZABODE
(SCRAPES/STICKS)
VERBS
ONI/ONE
(THEY, MASC./FEM.)
SNUJU/DIRAJU
(DREAM/TOUCH)
I/ILI
(AND/OR)
BRINU/DOVEDU
(CARE/BRING)
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS, SIMPLIFIED
TARGETS TARGETStears
night
hill
fog
steals
cries
love
trust
VERBSNOUNS
In grammatically neutral (“unconstrained”) condition, both noun and verb targets were primed by conjectures AND/OR, which did not preclude neither w. class nor form.
PRIMES PRIMES
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
she
he
they m.
they f.
without
because
up
through
PREPOSITIONS
and/or
and/or
and/or
and/or
and/or
and/or
and/or
and/or
AIMS OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
2. TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF SOME MAJOR
EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATIONS ON GRAMMATICAL PRIMING
EFFECTS.
“MAJOR EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION” = STIMULUS ONSET ASYNCHRONY
!THROUGH TUNNEL
PRIME EXPOSITION
ISI ONLINE REACTION TIME
SOA AND,
!
DELAYED NAMING TASK – ONE WAY TO CONTROL FOR THE NON-COGNITIVE FACTORS IN (ONLINE) WORD NAMING:
TUNNEL
voice key recorded delayed RT
“Read the words silently as they appear on the screen,but pronounce them aloud only after the brackets appear!”
( )
EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IN WORD NAMING ARE SUBSTANTIAL AND ROBUST, AT
LEAST IN SERBIAN
RESULTS
RT [m
s]
600 ms 250 ms
Unconstr.
Constr.Constr.
Unconstr.
ONLINE NAMING
Verbs-Nouns p<.001
SOA p<0.05
SOA x V-N n. s.
SOA x Constraint n. s.
Constraint p<.001
24ms
19 msSOA
ERR%
600 ms 250 ms
Constr.Unconstr.
Unconstr.
Constr.
SOA p<0.05
Constraint n. s. (p=0.09)
Verbs-Nouns p<.01
SOA x Constraint n. s.SOA x V-N n. s.
SOA
DELAYED NAMING
Targets in Con.
Targets in Uncon.
NO MAIN EFFECTS,NO INTERACTIONS
Targets in Con.
Targets in Uncon.
RT [m
s]
Constr.Constr.
600 ms 250 ms
Unconstr.
Unconstr.
SOA
ONLINE - DELAYED NAMING
RT
[ms]
600 ms 250 ms
SOA p<0.05
Constraint p<.001
Verbs-Nouns p<.001
SOA x Constraint n. s. (27 vs. 19 ms)
SOA x V-N n. s.
SOA
125 ms
183 ms
BUT!
SOA
EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IN WORD NAMING ARE SUBSTANTIAL AND ROBUST, AT
LEAST IN SERBIAN
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SOME OPEN QUESTIONS
CLAIMS THAT GRAMMATICAL PRIMING IS RESTRICTED
TO LEXICAL DECISION TASK CAN BE REFUTED ON
EMPIRICAL GROUNDS. FURTHER,
GRAMMATICAL PRIMING EFFECTS ARE NOT LIKELY TO
BE INFLUENCED BY SOME MAJOR STRATEGIC
PROCESSES DIRECTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SOA
INTERVAL MANIPULATIONS.
SUBSTANTIAL FACILITATIVE EFFECTS OF GRAMMATICAL
PRIMING ON SERBIAN WORD NAMING (ABOUT TWICE AS
LARGE IN MAGNITUDE AS THOSE OBTAINED IN ENGLISH)
WERE OBSERVED IN ADULT FLUENT READERS:
GRAMMATICAL PRIMING EFFECTS OF AN ROUGHLY
EQUAL MAGNITUDES WERE OBSERVED IN THE LONG SOA
INTERVAL CONDITION (600 MS) AND IN THE SHORT SOA
INTERVAL CONDITION (250 MS):
HOWEVER,
TIME WINDOWS FOR WORD PROCESSING AT 600 MS SOA AND 250 MS SOA (ONLINE – DELAYED RTs) APPEAR TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT: 125 MS VS 183 MS, RESPECTIVELY
SUCH AN OUTCOME REQUIRES CAUTION IN GRAMMATICAL PRIMING EFFECTS LOCI EXPLAINING AND SPECIFYING.