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EFFECTS OF FRESHWATER RIVER DISCHARGE ONTERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS IN ATLANTIC AND
MEDITERRANEAN SANDY SHORES
byColombini I., Chaouti A., Fallaci M., Gagnarli E., Scapini F.,
Bayed A. and Chelazzi L.
Medcore Project International Conference
Florence 10th – 14th November 2005
MEDCORE PROJECT
(ICA3-CT2002-10003, 5° FP, INCO-MED Programme)
“FROM RIVER CATCHMENT AREAS TO THE SEA: A COMPARATIVE AND INTEGRATEDAPPROACH TO THE ECOLOGY OF MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL ZONES FOR
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT”
BILATERAL PROJECTITALY – MOROCCO
CNR - CNRST AGREEMENT2002-2005
“SMALL-SCALE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MACROFAUNA ALONG ATLANTIC ANDMEDITERRANEAN SANDY SHORES”
Université Mohammed V –Agdal
Institut Scientifique
MAIN QUESTIONSMAIN QUESTIONSADDRESSED IN THE STUDYADDRESSED IN THE STUDY
• How do freshwater runoffs influence the communitystructure of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of sandybeaches?
• Are biologicaI descriptors, such as species richness,diversity and abundance, influenced by increasingdistances from freshwater discharges?
• Do gradients of physical factors change at increasingdistances from the river mouth?
Both beaches were:
• exposed• intermediate (sensu Short, 1996)• low quantities of beach-cast material• similar climatic regimes• similar fluvial outputs• small latitudinal differences• high human impact around river mouths
Main differences were:
• beach stability• tidal regimes: microtidal vs mesotidal excursions (Italiansite tidal range ≤ 40 cm; Moroccan site tidal range up to3.7 m during spring tide).• sea influence
Criteria for choice of sites
Station 1
Station 2
Station 4
Station 5
ITALY: STATIONS FROM THE RIVER MOUTHITALY: STATIONS FROM THE RIVER MOUTH
Station 3
Sebou river mouthStation 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
MOROCCO: STATIONS FROM THE RIVER MOUTH MOROCCO: STATIONS FROM THE RIVER MOUTH
SAMPLING METHODSSAMPLING METHODS
Arthropod sampling (Transects with pitfall traps)
Environmental samples
beach slope and width
beach penetrability
sand samples(sand moisture, salinity, pH, total
organic matter, grain size)
RESULTS RESULTS
Beach slope and width
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
0 m2468101214161820222426283032343638
2 m0.5 m
2.7 %
10.2 %
2.4 %
2.2 %
0.6 %
dune scarp
sea land4042
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Sept 2002
9.7 %
9.8 %
3.8 %
1.8 %
1.6 %
May 2003
RESULTS RESULTS
12.9 %
17.5 %
16.8 %
21.2 %
13.5 %
June 2003
0 m2468101214161820222426283032343638sea land4042444648
dune scarp
11.1 %
11.9 %
17.3 %
10.0 %
13.0 %
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 50.5 m2 m
Beach slope and widthOct 2002
MehdiaMehdia beach beach
RESULTSRESULTS
Sand parameters
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
May 2003
Sand size (ϕ)
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3 4 5stations
Penetrability (mm)
304050607080
1 2 3 4 5stations
Salinity (µScm-1)
200300400500600700800900
1 2 3 4 5stations
pH
88.28.48.68.8
99.29.49.69.810
1 2 3 4 5stations
Sand moisture (%)
0123456
1 2 3 4 5stations
Organic matter (%)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3 4 5stations
Organic matter (%)
1
1.5
2
1 2 3 4 5stations
September 2002
Sand moisture (%)
0123456
1 2 3 4 5stations
pH
8.48.68.8
99.29.49.6
1 2 3 4 5stations
Salinity (µScm-1)
0100200300400
1 2 3 4 5stations
Penetrability (mm)
304050607080
1 2 3 4 5stations
Sand size (ϕ)
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 2 3 4 5stations
RESULTSRESULTS
Sand parameters
MehdiaMehdia beach beach
October 2002
Organic matter (%)
1
1,5
2
2,5
1 2 3 4 5stations
Sand moisture (%)
01234567
1 2 3 4 5stations
pH
8,68,89
9,29,49,69,810
1 2 3 4 5stations
Salinity (µScm-1)
0100200300400500
1 2 3 4 5stations
Sand size(ϕ)
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
1 2 3 4 5stations
Penetrability (mm)
354045505560
1 2 3 4 5stations
June 2003
Sand size (ϕ)
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
1 2 3 4 5stations
Penetrability (mm)
45
55
65
75
85
1 2 3 4 5stations
pH
8,68,8
99,29,49,69,810
1 2 3 4 5stations
Salinity (µScm-1)
0100200300400500
1 2 3 4 5stations
Organic matter (%)
1
1,5
2
2,5
1 2 3 4 5stations
Sand moisture (%)
01234567
1 2 3 4 5stations
RESULTSRESULTS
TOTAL CAPTURESn
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1 2 3 4 5 stations
September 2002 n=11354May 2003 n= 6430
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1 2 3 4 5
n
stations
October 2002 n= 3909June 2003 n=14337
MehdiaMehdia beach beach
Talitrus saltator
Phaleria provincialis
Tylos europaeus
September May
9.27 % 25.19 %
14.75 % 7.10 %
72.92 % 49.63 %
97.89% 87.32 %
Other Coleoptera 0.95 % 5.42 %
Talorchestia spinifera
Phaleria cadaverina
Talorchestia sp
October June
3.40 % 2.23 %
2.48 % 0.17 %
1.18 % 0.50 %
93.37 % 93.18 %
Other Coleoptera 1.59 % 3.69 %
Talitrus saltator
Talorchestia deshayesii
Tylos europaeus
0.08 % 0 %
56.89 % 24.13 %
22.05 % 58.85%
Talorchestia brito 5.70 % 3.61 %
RESULTSRESULTS
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park MehdiaMehdia beach beach
MAIN CAPTURED SPECIES
Maremma Regional Park Mehdia beach
0100
200300400
500600
700800
station 1 station 2 station 3 station 4 station 5
n
Sept n=1160May n=2235
Abundance n=3395
n
0100
200300400
500600
700800
station 1 station 2 station 3 station 4 station 5
Oct n=195June n=844
Abundance=1039
Species Richness n=94
05
1015202530354045
station 1 station 2 station 3 station 4 station 5
n
Oct n=24June n=77
Species Richness n=55
05
1015202530354045
station 1 station 2 station 3 station 4 station 5
n
Sept n=15May n=49
Abundance and species richness of Coleoptera atincreasing distance from the river delta
RESULTS RESULTS
>
<
Diversity indices (Coleoptera)
September 2002 May 2003 TotalStations 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Sept May α sup. l. 1.18 1.31 0.93 1.19 2.68 0.73 3.44 6.02 6.37 5.84 2.72 9.41α diversity 0.93 1.07 0.8 1.02 2.27 0.58 3.03 5.67 5.51 5.25 2.43 8.85α inf. l. 0.68 0.83 0.66 0.84 1.86 0.43 2.62 5.15 4.65 4.65 2.15 8.03β diversity 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.03Brillouin 0.45 0.41 0.29 0.25 0.83 0.13 0.61 0.96 1.55 1.59 0.44 1.28Pielou 0.35 0.27 0.18 0.14 0.38 0.12 0.23 0.03 0.05 0.53 0.17 0.34Simpson 0.76 0.08 0.88 0.09 0.62 0.94 0.74 0.64 0.39 0.32 0.83 0.53
RESULTSRESULTS
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
October 2002 June 2003 TotalStations 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Oct Juneα sup. l. 1.59 2.47 18.19 2.69 8.23 4.65 14.45 10.99 16.62 13.64 8.15 21.97α diversity 1.19 1.92 13.93 2.13 6.45 4.09 12.40 9.52 14.96 12.00 7.19 20.61α inf. l. 0.79 1.36 9.67 1.57 4.67 3.52 10.35 8.04 13.30 10.35 6.24 19.25β diversity 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.002 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.003 0.06Brillouin 0.40 0.65 1.81 0.60 1.66 1.01 2.18 2.30 2.01 2.20 1.38 2.31Pielou 0.32 0.41 0.84 0.34 0.81 0.37 0.76 0.81 0.59 0.71 0.47 0.56Simpson 0.77 0.66 0.14 0.70 0.17 0.55 0.14 0.10 0.24 0.16 0.47 0.20
MehdiaMehdia beach beach
RESULTSRESULTS
Simple linear regression analysis
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
September 2002
2230 5990
September 2002
2230 5990
Sand moisture (%)
Salinity (µS/cm)
pH
Organic matter (%)
Penetrability (mm)
Beach slope (% )
Beach width (m)
Mz (φ)
σI (φ)
SkI
KG
m from delta
Total arthropods (n)
Tylos europaeus ad. (n)
Tylos europaeus juv. (n)
Talitrus saltator ad. (n)
Talitrus saltator juv. (n)
Coleoptera (n)
Coleoptera spp (n)
α div. (Coleoptera)
β div. (Coleoptera)
m from delta
Phaleria provincialis ad. (n)Phaleria provincialis l. (n)
Arctosa perita
May 2003
2230 5990
May 2003
2230 5990
RESULTS RESULTS
Simple linear regression analysis
MehdiaMehdia beach beach
October 2002
50 5720
October 2002
50 5720
Sand moisture (%)
Salinity (µS/cm)
pH
Organic matter (%)
Penetrability (mm)
Beach slope (% )
Beach width (m)
Mz (φ)
σI (φ)
SkI
KG
m from delta
Total arthropods (n)Tylos europaeus ad. (n)
Tylos europaeus juv. (n)Talitrus saltator ad. (n)
Talitrus saltator juv. (n)
Coleoptera (n)
Coleoptera spp (n)
α div. (Coleoptera)β div. (Coleoptera)m from delta
Phaleria cadaverina ad. (n)
Talorchestia brito juv. (n)
Talorchestia brito ad. (n)
Talorchestia spinifera juv. (n)Talorchestia spinifera ad. (n)
Phaleria cadaverina lar (n)
Labidura riparia
June 2003
50 5720
June 2003
50 5720
May
RESULTS RESULTS
Long-shore distribution of most abundant species
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000
m from the river mouth
P. provincialis ad
T. europaeus j T. europaeus ad.
T. saltator ad.
T. saltator j.
P. provincialis larvae
A. perita
3.000
Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
Sept
RESULTSRESULTS MehdiaMehdia beach beach
Long-shore distribution of most abundant species
June
0 6000
P. cadaverina ad
T. europaeus j T. europaeus ad.
T. saltator adT. saltator j
0
m from the river mouth
6000
P. cadaverina larvae
T. brito ad
T. brito jT. spinifera ad
T. spinifera jT. sp ad
T. sp j
L. riparia
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Oct
RESULTSRESULTS
Multiple regression analysis
ß div. (Cole.) +
moist.(%)
Sal.(µS/cm)
pH O. mat.(%)
Pen.(mm)
slope (%)
width(m)
Mz (φ)
S M S M S M S M S M S M S M S M
Total arthropods + + + +
T. europaeus ad. – – + – + +
T. europaeus j. + +
T. saltator ad. + + + +
T. saltator j. + + + +
Coleoptera + + –
Coleoptera spp –
P. provincialis ad + + –
α div. (Cole.) – – +
R2
S M
0.992
0.989
0.769
0.989
0.993
0.969
0.767
0.958
P. provincialis l. + + + 0.952
0.874
0.890
MaremmaMaremma Regional Park Regional Park
+ – + –+ – + + – –+ – + – –
+
+ – + –– – –
– + – + –
– – –
– + + – ––
0.965
0.816
0.992
0.956
0.958
0.873
0.987
0.878
–– – – + + – 0.997
0.974
0.444
0.603
0.939
0.333
0.750
0.834
0.729
0.992
0.536
0.597
0.389
0.580
0.942
0.628
0.533
0.804
O
R2
-+ß diversity (Cole.)
-++--α diversity (Cole.)
+Phaleria cadaverina lar.
-+Phaleria cadaverina ad.
+Coleoptera spp
--++Coleoptera
-+++-+Labidura riparia
Talorchestia sp ad.
Talorchestia spinifera juv.
+Talorchestia spinifera ad.
--+Talorchestia brito juv.
+-Talorchestia brito ad.
++Talitrus saltator juv.
+--Talitrus saltator ad.
-+Tylos europaeus juv.
-Tylos europaeus ad.
-+Total arthropods
JJOJOJOJOJOJOJOJO
Mz (φ)width(m)
Slope (% )
Pen.(mm)
O. mat (%)
pHSal.(µS/cm)
Moist(%)
MehdiaMehdia beach beachRESULTS RESULTS Multiple regression analysis
0.428--0.976---+++-0.770++++0.915++-++0.861-+0.918--+-++0.958+---+0.769--+0.987-++-++
0.326-
0.494---0.813
0.693-+0.704+--+0.553-
Forcing factors in ecosystem functioning
Maremma Regional Park(closed system)
OMBRONEriver
low sedimentinput
INSTABILITYerosion and progradation
processes
Mediterranean coast
Higher sand moisturesand salinities, lowerpenetrability withincreasing distance
Arthropods increased with distance from river(isopods & amphipods)
Amelioration ofbeach-dune features
Lowerhuman impact
Changes in beach slope andwidth according to theseason & distance
Finer sand transportedby dominant NS marinewater currents
Seasonal changes of pH under direct influence of river
Station 3Dynamic
equilibrium
Highest species richness
α diversity
Increased habitatdiversity
Species long-shore distribution seasonal shifts
Human disturbance
Species preference for certain beach
features
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Forcing factors in ecosystem functioning
Mehdia beach(open system)
Oceanheavy wave action
&high tidal excursions
Atlantic coast
Octoberno linear trends with distance (except for pH and sand size)
Finer sand, higher pH,greater organic matter atstation 2
Differences in sand parametersdue to season and heavy rain
Weak long-shore drift thatdeposited fluvial sedimentsnear river mouth
Amphipods and Coleoptera species:significant linear trends with distance in June
Higher number of Amphipod species(Talorchestia species)
Preferences to specific beach features
June higherspecies richness
α diversity of Coleoptera
Allocthonous flying species fromdune blown by eastern winds
Higher α diversitycompared to Maremma
Shifts in species long-shore distributionbetween seasons
Well developed beach dune system &high environmental complexity with
diverse vegetation cover
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Sidi Bou Ghabaretro-dune water basin
Oued Sebou
Junelinear trends with distance
Human disturbance