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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp.
Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976
© IAEME Publication
EFFECTS OF DRIFT IN
Ph.D. Scholar,
Professor
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP)
ABSTRACT
This paper emphasizing the importance of seismic safety measures which will be
suitable and useful for the professionals, builders so that ill constructions practices
can be corrected resulting safe, economic and correct design as per the needs
according to the seismic zones and site conditions. Mostly it is seen that soft storey
exhibits higher stresses at the columns of first floor levels and the columns fails as the
formation of plastic hinges are not formed on the predetermined locations causing
crushing of columns. Soft storey also reduces the lateral stiffness of the load resisting
system causing progressive collapse of building in severe earthquakes .This paper
highlights the important parameters affecting the behavior of building during
earthquakes. Here building is being analyzed to know the effects of drifts and drifting
limits under zones- III by ETABS
respect to bare and infilled frames for drifts, displacements’, shear force and bending
moments etc.
Key words: Bare fame, infilled frame, drift, seismic zones, storey shear, Seismic
forces, interstorey drift.
Cite this Article: M.P. Mishra and Dr. S.K. Dubey
RCC Buildings. International Journal of Civil Engineering an
pp. 113–120.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
1. INTRODUCTION
The mass of the building is important parameter i
earthquake induces inertia force
design a building which will behave elastically during earthquakes without damage. Thus
traditional earthquake resistant design philosophy states that normal building should be able
to resist. (a) Minor shaking with no damage to structural and non
Moderate shaking with minor damage to structural elements, and some damage to non
structural elements; and (c) Severe shaking
IJCIET/index.asp 113 [email protected]
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp. 113–120, Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_013
http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
8 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
Scopus Indexed
EFFECTS OF DRIFT IN SOFT STORIED RCC
BUILDINGS
M.P. Mishra
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (MP), India
Dr. S.K. Dubey
Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP)
This paper emphasizing the importance of seismic safety measures which will be
suitable and useful for the professionals, builders so that ill constructions practices
n be corrected resulting safe, economic and correct design as per the needs
according to the seismic zones and site conditions. Mostly it is seen that soft storey
exhibits higher stresses at the columns of first floor levels and the columns fails as the
rmation of plastic hinges are not formed on the predetermined locations causing
crushing of columns. Soft storey also reduces the lateral stiffness of the load resisting
system causing progressive collapse of building in severe earthquakes .This paper
lights the important parameters affecting the behavior of building during
earthquakes. Here building is being analyzed to know the effects of drifts and drifting
III by ETABS-2016 and results obtained has summarized with
and infilled frames for drifts, displacements’, shear force and bending
Bare fame, infilled frame, drift, seismic zones, storey shear, Seismic
M.P. Mishra and Dr. S.K. Dubey, Effects of Drift in Soft Storied
. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017,
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
of the building is important parameter in addition to the building stiffness, because
inertia force that is proportional to the building mass. It is not possible to
design a building which will behave elastically during earthquakes without damage. Thus
esistant design philosophy states that normal building should be able
with no damage to structural and non-structural elements, (b)
with minor damage to structural elements, and some damage to non
Severe shaking with damage to structural elements, but with NO
asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
SOFT STORIED RCC
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India
This paper emphasizing the importance of seismic safety measures which will be
suitable and useful for the professionals, builders so that ill constructions practices
n be corrected resulting safe, economic and correct design as per the needs
according to the seismic zones and site conditions. Mostly it is seen that soft storey
exhibits higher stresses at the columns of first floor levels and the columns fails as the
rmation of plastic hinges are not formed on the predetermined locations causing
crushing of columns. Soft storey also reduces the lateral stiffness of the load resisting
system causing progressive collapse of building in severe earthquakes .This paper
lights the important parameters affecting the behavior of building during
earthquakes. Here building is being analyzed to know the effects of drifts and drifting
2016 and results obtained has summarized with
and infilled frames for drifts, displacements’, shear force and bending
Bare fame, infilled frame, drift, seismic zones, storey shear, Seismic
f Drift in Soft Storied
Technology, 8(8), 2017,
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
n addition to the building stiffness, because
that is proportional to the building mass. It is not possible to
design a building which will behave elastically during earthquakes without damage. Thus
esistant design philosophy states that normal building should be able
structural elements, (b)
with minor damage to structural elements, and some damage to non-
with damage to structural elements, but with NO
M.P. Mishra and Dr. S.K. Dubey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 114 [email protected]
collapse (to save life and property inside/adjoining the building).Generally multi-storeyed
RCC framed buildings with masonry infills are popular form of construction in urban and
semi urban areas around the world. These building are generally designed treating as framed
structures without regard to structure action to masonry infill walls, thus in designing these
walls are considered to be non-structural elements. Normally the RC frame is filled with brick
masonry as social and functional needs but for parking of vehicle, shops and reception etc. we
have to provide open first storey. As we know from the past earthquakes which has illustrated
the potential hazard associated with building having open first storey particularly in higher
seismically active zones. But due to necessity multi-storey building with parking floor are
vulnerable to earthquake. The main objective of this study is to find the real behaviour of a
building treating as bare frame, infilled frame and with a comparison to the soft storey
structure. The presence of a soft-storey in a building also results in a centralized excessive
drift in a building that causes heavy damage or collapse of the storey during a severe
earthquake. The presence of wall in upper storey makes them much stiffer as compare to open
ground storey, thus the upper storey moves almost together as a single block and most of
horizontal displacement of building occurs in ground storey itself, so causing collapse of a
building. It is concluded that drift and strength demands in soft-storey building is very large
thus it is very important to incorporate the stiff column at soft-storey. The classification of
soft-storey/ weak storey as per I.S.-1893-2002 states that in the soft-storey, which has lateral
stiffness less than 70% of that in storey above or less than 80% of average lateral stiffness of
the three storey above, whereas the weak storey is one in which the storey lateral strength is
less than 80% of that in storey above. For a rigid frame structure drift is dependent on total
height of building, number of bays, length and breadth of the girders and beams including its
shear value etc.
As per Indian I.S.-1893-2002 code storey drift limitations states that it should not more
than 0.004 times the storey height as per the clause 7.11.1, 7.11.2 and 7.11.3. Whereas per
ASCE-7.02 also states that structure up to four storey, storey drift can vary 0.015H to 0.025H
{H-Total height of building}. For a moment resistant frame building should have maximum
storey drift of the order of 0.75% of storey height. NBCC-1995 requires that maximum inter-
storey drift be limited to 1% of storey height for post disaster building and 2% for all other
buildings. As per Peru (NCC-1977) code states that for RCC building storey drift can be 0.7%
of storey height. As recommended by many researchers a total collapse mechanism design is
desirable to control drift demand so primary factor governing first storey drift demand is the
first storey strength itself.
2. DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL MODEL
The study is carried out on reinforced concrete moment resisting framed G+6 storey buildings
with soft storey at different levels. The plan of building is same for all models. Height of each
storey is 3.2 m. The building has plan dimensions 45m x 30m. In the analysis special RC
moment-resisting frames (SMRF) is considered. Other relevant data is given as below.
Effects of Drift in Soft Storied RCC Buildings
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
Sr. No. Parameters
1 No. of storey
2 Floor height
3 Span length X- direction
4 Span length Y- direction
5 Height of model taken
6 Single bay length in X
7 Single bay length in Y
8 No. of bay in X- direction
9 No. of bay in Y- direction
10 Area of plan
11 Column
12 Beam
13 Slab
14 Wall
Figure 1 Model Plan
Figure 3 Model elevation in Y
Effects of Drift in Soft Storied RCC Buildings
IJCIET/index.asp 115 [email protected]
Table 1 Structural detail of model
Parameters Value
G+6 (Total 7 floor)
3.5m, Base 1.5m
direction 45m
direction 30m
Height of model taken 26m (including base)
Single bay length in X- direction 5m
Single bay length in Y- direction 6m
direction 9 bay
direction 5 bay
45x30m2
300x300 mm
300x250 mm
150mm thickness
200mm thickness
Model Plan Figure 2 Model elevation in X
Model elevation in Y-Direction Figure 4 Model 3D diagram.
Model elevation in X-Direction.
Model 3D diagram.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
Sr. No. Design parameters
1 Unit weight of concrete
2 Unit weight of Infill walls
3 Characteristic Strength of concrete
4 Compressive strength of strong masonry (E
5 Compressive strength of weak masonry (E
6 Modulus of elasticity of steel
Table 3
Sr. No. Design Parameter
1 Seismic Zone
2 Zone factor
3 Response reduction factor
4 Importance factor
5 Soil type
6 Damping ratio
7 Frame type
Table 4
Models
Model-1 Bare frame model
Model-2 Masonry infilled
Model-3 Ground floor open/ Soft
Model-4 Base + First floor open
Model-5 Base + Second floor open
Model-6 Base + Third floor open
Model-7 Base + Fourth floor open
Figure 5 Model 1
M.P. Mishra and Dr. S.K. Dubey
IJCIET/index.asp 116 editor@iaeme
Table 2 Material properties
Design parameters Value
Unit weight of concrete 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of Infill walls 20 kN/m3
Characteristic Strength of concrete 415 MPa
essive strength of strong masonry (E m) 5000 MPa
Compressive strength of weak masonry (E m) 350 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel 2 ×105 MPa
Table 3 Detail of seismic data considered.
Design Parameter Values
III
0.16
Response reduction factor 5
Importance factor 1
Medium Soil-II
5%
Special Moment Resisting Frame
Table 4 Detail of different type of models.
Type of Model
Bare frame model
Masonry infilled
Ground floor open/ Soft-storey
Base + First floor open
Base + Second floor open
Base + Third floor open
Base + Fourth floor open
Figure 6 Model 2 Figure
Value
Special Moment Resisting Frame
ure 7 Model 3
Effects of Drift in Soft Storied RCC Buildings
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
Figure 8 Model 4
.
3. ANALYSIS AND RESU
On the basis of model constructed for a building marked Model 1 to Model 7 and its analysis
is done considering the bare frame, infilled frame and soft
analysis storey displacement for various models and storey drift which is occurring is
tabulated below and the results obtained in different models has been compared to know the
real drifting effect particularly due to soft
remarkable effects of change in shear force and moments which is increasing abruptly
particularly at soft-storey level due to sudden change in stiffness with respect to other floor
for this certain precautionary m
mainly in severe earthquake.
Table 5 Storey Displacement for various building models for X
Storey Elevation M-1
Base 0 0
Ground 1.5 1.3
Storey 1 5 10.9
Storey 2 8.5 21.9
Storey 3 12 32.5
Storey 4 15.5 42.1
Storey 5 19 50.4
Storey 6 22.5 56.7
Roof 26 60.4
Effects of Drift in Soft Storied RCC Buildings
IJCIET/index.asp 117 [email protected]
Figure 9 Model 5 Figure
Figure 11 Model 7
3. ANALYSIS AND RESULT
On the basis of model constructed for a building marked Model 1 to Model 7 and its analysis
is done considering the bare frame, infilled frame and soft-storey at different level and after
analysis storey displacement for various models and storey drift which is occurring is
tabulated below and the results obtained in different models has been compared to know the
rticularly due to soft-storey. In the analysis we have also seen the
remarkable effects of change in shear force and moments which is increasing abruptly
storey level due to sudden change in stiffness with respect to other floor
for this certain precautionary measures to be adopted so that sudden collapsing can be reduced
Storey Displacement for various building models for X-Direction
M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5
0 0 0 0
3.01 3.5 1.6 1.8
3.2 22.2 1.65 1.8
3.4 22.4 19.3 2.1
3.6 22.2 19.8 21.0
3.8 22.3 19.9 21.1
4.2 22.3 19.9 21.2
4.3 22.5 20.0 21.3
4.4 22.6 20.0 21.5
ure 10 Model 6
On the basis of model constructed for a building marked Model 1 to Model 7 and its analysis
t different level and after
analysis storey displacement for various models and storey drift which is occurring is
tabulated below and the results obtained in different models has been compared to know the
In the analysis we have also seen the
remarkable effects of change in shear force and moments which is increasing abruptly
storey level due to sudden change in stiffness with respect to other floor
easures to be adopted so that sudden collapsing can be reduced
Direction (mm)
M-6 M-7
0 0
2.0 3.0
2.1 3.1
2.2 3.3
2.33 3.35
22.3 3.2
22.4 23.3
22.45 23.44
22.5 23.5
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
Table 6 Storey Displacement for various building models for Y
Storey Elevation M-1
Base 0 0
Ground 1.5 1.3
Storey 1 5 11.6
Storey 2 8.5 22.9
Storey 3 12 40
Storey 4 15.5 44.1
Storey 5 19 53.1
Storey 6 22.5 59.6
Roof 26 63.4
(A)
Figure
Table 7 Storey Drifts for various building models in X and Y direction
SNo. Storey Model 1 Model 2
0 Base 0
1 Ground 0.9 1.95
2 Storey1 6.3 0.19
3 Storey2 7.3 0.19
4 Storey3 7.0 0.2
5 Storey4 6.4 0.2
6 Storey5 5.5 0.1
7 Storey6 4.4 0.11
8 Roof 2.3 0.15
Table 8 Storey Drifts for various b
SNo. Storey Model 1 Model 2
0 Base 0
1 Ground 0.9
2 Storey1 6.7
3 Storey2 7.5
4 Storey3 7.2
5 Storey4 7.0
6 Storey5 5.7
7 Storey6 4.9
8 Roof 2.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 50 100
Sto
rey
No
.
Displacement (mm)
X-Direction
M.P. Mishra and Dr. S.K. Dubey
IJCIET/index.asp 118 editor@iaeme
Storey Displacement for various building models for Y-Direction
M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5
0 0 0 0
3.1 3.5 1.6 1.8
3.3 22.7 1.9 1.9
3.5 22.8 19.6 2.0
3.7 22.8 19.8 21.1
4.1 30.1 19.9 21.2
4.3 23 20.1 21.34
4.4 23.1 20.2 21.5
4.9 23.2 20.3 21.7
(B)
ure 12 Displacement graph in X and Y direction
Storey Drifts for various building models in X and Y direction
Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5
0 0 0 0
1.95 2.4 1.15 1.23
0.19 12.3 0.020 0.0195
0.19 0.0383 12.1 0.0192
0.2 0.0382 0.0445 12.9
0.2 0.03836 0.04422 0.04207
0.1 0.03845 0.04421 0.04189
0.11 0.03847 0.04419 0.04181
0.15 0.03839 0.04416 0.04172
Storey Drifts for various building models in Y direction
Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5
0 0 0 0
1.99 2.4 1.2 1.2
0.2 12.7 0.034 0.0377
0.21 0.1 12 0.0350
0.2 0.1 0.09 12.9
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.11 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.11 0.1 0.1
0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12
100
Displacement (mm)
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7 0
2
4
6
8
10
0 50
Sto
rey
No
.
Displacment (mm)
Y-Direction
Direction (mm)
5 M-6 M-7
0 0
2 2.7
2.1 2.7
2.2 2.9
21.1 2.2 3.0
21.2 22.3 3.1
21.34 22.5 23.1
21.5 22.5 23.2
21.7 22.6 23.5
(B)
Storey Drifts for various building models in X and Y direction
Model 6 Model 7
0 0
1.5 1.7
0.0228 0.0251
0.0227 0.0252
0.0229 0.0253
13.8 0.0254
0.03933 13.6
0.03975 0.037
0.03963 0.038
uilding models in Y direction
Model 6 Model 7
0 0
1.3 1.9
0.0432 0.035
0.0423 0.04
0.0427 0.04
13.9 0.05
0.09 13.2
0.1 0.1
0.13 0.12
100
Displacment (mm)
DirectionM-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
Effects of Drift in Soft Storied RCC Buildings
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
(A)
Figure 13 Graphical representat
4. RESULTS AND CONCL
From the analysis of the above building on the basis of different models for a soft
building at different level it is concluded that in bare frame there is no sudden displacement
take place this means displacement is progressive and increasing level till top level which
comes out to be 60.47mm at roof level
the total displacement is also progressive but it is very much less comparative
which is 4.4mm. It is nearly 13.2 times lesser than bare fr
severe earthquake also there is no drifting problem which can cause sudden collapse of
building because there is no sudden change in displacement a
prescribed by the different codes.
When a building is modelled treating a soft
then the displacement comes 22.6mm which is more than the infilled frame but less than bare
frame but when we see the displacement for first storey level in soft
22.6mm and in infilled frame (M
infilled frame. This sudden change can be controlled by different measure adopted
particularly at this level by putting stiffed column, core shear wall or bracing if needed to
control drift prescribed by different codes of India and abroad.
When we see the total displacement for the models M
different levels than the total displacement is below to M
put soft-storey at upper level the sudden displacement come done with respect to M
but it is beyond the limit of safety, so such type of building also need safety measures
mentioned above. Similar displacement results are also seen in Y
When we see the results tabulated for the drift in above table it is seen the sudden drift
increases particularly at the level of soft
floor level where as 0.19 for M
drift in infilled frame similarly in other models drift is changing many times with respect to
infill model at soft-storey levels.
Results which have obtained for the models M
to height also resembling as tabulated in the above tables. Thus it is concluded that drift is a
common phenomenon for high
the structure and causes serious loss of life and properties in case of major earthquake, so
above safety measures to be adopted without bothering the cost factor.
0
2
4
6
8
10
-10 0 10 20
Sto
rey
No
.
Drift (mm)
Storey Drift X-Direction
Effects of Drift in Soft Storied RCC Buildings
IJCIET/index.asp 119 [email protected]
(B)
Graphical representation of Drift in X and Y Direction
4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
From the analysis of the above building on the basis of different models for a soft
building at different level it is concluded that in bare frame there is no sudden displacement
e this means displacement is progressive and increasing level till top level which
comes out to be 60.47mm at roof level, but as we analysed a framed building as a infilled one
the total displacement is also progressive but it is very much less comparative
is nearly 13.2 times lesser than bare frame it means it indicate even in
earthquake also there is no drifting problem which can cause sudden collapse of
building because there is no sudden change in displacement and drift is within the limit
prescribed by the different codes.
When a building is modelled treating a soft-storey at ground floor or no infills at this level
then the displacement comes 22.6mm which is more than the infilled frame but less than bare
but when we see the displacement for first storey level in soft
22.6mm and in infilled frame (M-3) it is 3.2mm only which is 7.06 times more than the
infilled frame. This sudden change can be controlled by different measure adopted
icularly at this level by putting stiffed column, core shear wall or bracing if needed to
control drift prescribed by different codes of India and abroad.
When we see the total displacement for the models M-4 to M-7 it means soft
than the total displacement is below to M-3 model which shows that when we
storey at upper level the sudden displacement come done with respect to M
but it is beyond the limit of safety, so such type of building also need safety measures
mentioned above. Similar displacement results are also seen in Y-direction.
When we see the results tabulated for the drift in above table it is seen the sudden drift
increases particularly at the level of soft-storey. From the table drift is 12.3mm fo
floor level where as 0.19 for M-2 model. This shows that there is no sudden change in the
drift in infilled frame similarly in other models drift is changing many times with respect to
storey levels.
btained for the models M-1 to M-7 plotted graphically with respect
to height also resembling as tabulated in the above tables. Thus it is concluded that drift is a
common phenomenon for high-rise and multi-storey building this may hamper the integrity of
he structure and causes serious loss of life and properties in case of major earthquake, so
above safety measures to be adopted without bothering the cost factor.
20
Direction
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
0
2
4
6
8
10
-10 0 10
Sto
rey
No
.
Drift (mm)
Storey Drift Y
(B)
ion of Drift in X and Y Direction
From the analysis of the above building on the basis of different models for a soft-storey
building at different level it is concluded that in bare frame there is no sudden displacement
e this means displacement is progressive and increasing level till top level which
but as we analysed a framed building as a infilled one
the total displacement is also progressive but it is very much less comparatively to bare frame
ame it means it indicate even in
earthquake also there is no drifting problem which can cause sudden collapse of
nd drift is within the limit
storey at ground floor or no infills at this level
then the displacement comes 22.6mm which is more than the infilled frame but less than bare
-storey (M-3) it is
3) it is 3.2mm only which is 7.06 times more than the
infilled frame. This sudden change can be controlled by different measure adopted
icularly at this level by putting stiffed column, core shear wall or bracing if needed to
7 it means soft-storey at
3 model which shows that when we
storey at upper level the sudden displacement come done with respect to M-3 model
but it is beyond the limit of safety, so such type of building also need safety measures as
direction.
When we see the results tabulated for the drift in above table it is seen the sudden drift
storey. From the table drift is 12.3mm for M-3 at first
2 model. This shows that there is no sudden change in the
drift in infilled frame similarly in other models drift is changing many times with respect to
7 plotted graphically with respect
to height also resembling as tabulated in the above tables. Thus it is concluded that drift is a
storey building this may hamper the integrity of
he structure and causes serious loss of life and properties in case of major earthquake, so
20
Storey Drift Y-Direction
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M.P. Mishra and Dr. S.K. Dubey
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 120 [email protected]
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