effects of different phytoadditives in common carp

Gabor E. et. al./Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 2012, 45 (1)

The effect of phytoadditive combinations on growth and consumption indices and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in

common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles

Gabor Erol-Florian1; A. Şara1; M Benţea1, Călina Creţa2, Anca Baciu3

1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372, Romania2 National Institute of Public Health, Teritorial Center of Public Health Cluj, Pasteur St., No.6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca,

Romania3 SC ProPlanta SRL, Cluj Napoca, Mănăştur 5-7, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, 0264-428800

Abstract

The present trial aimed to determine the effects of some phytoadditive combinations (garlic + ginger – group 1E and oregano + Echinacea – group 2E) on the growth and consumption indices and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles reared in a recirculating system. Dietary administration of phytoadditives led to a higher body weight gain in the experimental groups compared to the control, also leading to a higher specific growth rate and to a lower FCR value. Also the survival rate was improved by the dietary treatment with the phytoadditive combination, the highest survival rate being recorded in the 1E group. A test infection was carried out after 13 weeks of feeding, in order to determine the effect of the phytoadditive combinations on disease resistance. So, the survival rate was improved in all the experimental groups compared to the control. Selenium content of meat was also determined, the highest values being recorded in group 1E, both the experimental groups presenting higher values than the control group. Dietary treatment using phytoadditive combinations had a positive influence on the growth and consumption indices, also improving the survival rate and disease resistance

Keywords: common carp, garlic, ginger, oregano, Echinacea, Aeromonas hydrophila

1. Introduction

Phytoadditives are used for centuries or millennia and only recent their use in animals has been taken into account in order to improve the production performances and/or disease prevention and control. Their use offers an alternative solution to antibiotics and chemically synthesized growth promoters. The main advantage of these phytoadditives is the fact that they are natural substances and don’t pose any threat to human or fish health or to the environment. Researches are still being carried put in order to determine their mode of action, the side effects that can occur as a result of their use and even the possibility of other plants to be used as phytoadditives.

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a plant from the Liliaceae family and it has bee used for millennia to treat head aches, heart diseases, intestinal

worms and even cancer [1]. Garlic has many effects, the most notable are: hypo-lipidemic [2], antimicrobial [3], anti-hypertensive [4], liver-protecting, insecticidal [5] and anti-fungal effects [6].In fish, numerous researches had been carried out on different species regarding the effects of garlic on growth and consumption parameters, health status and even the possibility of a prophylactic use of garlic after induced infections using Aeromonas hydrophila [7,8,9,10,11].Ginger is the rhizome of the Zingiber officinale plant and has been used as a delicacy but also as a medicine. The medicinal form, the Jamaica ginger, has stimulating effects, carminative effects (being used to treat constipation, indigestion and cramps. Ginger also lowers cholesterolemia, and has anti-inflammatory effects and thins the blood being used in heart diseases. Recent research suggest that ginger can be used in diabetes treatment

* Corresponding author: Gabor Erol, 0747040538, [email protected]

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[12,13]. In fish, ginger has been successfully used to control an Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout [14], an improvement of the growth and consumption parameters being recorded.Oregano is a species of the Origanum genus, Liliaceae family. Spontaneously, grows in temperate-warm climates from western and south-western Eurasia and in the Mediterranean region. Oregano has a strong anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity (due to its high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids), a tonic, antiseptic, expectorant antifungal and sedative effect. Zheng et al., (2009) [15] used oregano to control an Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) recording also a higher weight gain, a better feed conversion and an enhancement of the anti-oxidant and immunological parameters (lysozyme, catalase and superoxide dysmutase).Echinacea is a plant genus, belonging to the Asteraceae family, comprised of 9 species, only 3 being used as medicinal plants (E. angustifolia, E. pallida and E. purpurea). Echinacea has immuno-stimulating effects (for the non-specific immune system), anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Salah (2008) [16] studied the effects of Echinacea on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reposting better growth parameters and a better resistance against Pseudomonas fluorescens.

2. Materials and methods

Research has been carried out on a number of 90 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles reared in a recirculating system. The fish (initial body weight of 32.19±0.05g) have been randomly assigned into 3 groups (a control group and 2 experimental groups) each group consisting of 30 fish. The experimental period was 93 days, from 27 July 2011 to 27 November 2011. The administered fodder had a 38% crude protein, 7% crude fat, 4% crude cellulose and 10% humidity content. The phytoadditives (garlic, ginger, oregano and Echinacea) were purchased from the local market, dried and grounded and were incorporated in the fodder as follows: control group – base diet without phytoadditives; group 1E – base fodder supplemented with 2% garlic and 1% ginger and group 3 – base diet supplemented wit 1% oregano and 0.5% Echinacea. Throughout the experiment, the body mass evolution, weight gain, growth rate, feed

conversion ration (FCR) and the survival rate were monitored. At the end of the experiment, a challenge infection with Aeromonas hydrophila was carried out to test the immuno-stimulating effects of the phytoadditives used. The concentration of bacteria was 600x106/ml (2 on McFarland scale). After inoculation, the fish were monitored for 10 days for clinical symptoms of disease and to record the occurring mortalities. Meat samples were also collected in order to determine the Selenium content of meat (by means of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). The collected data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (Tukey test). Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. All statistical analyses were carried out using the GraphPad Software, (v3.05).

3. Results and discussion

The combined use of phytoadditives had a bio-stimulatory effect (table 1), leading to a higher body weight gain, at the end of the experimental period both the experimental groups had higher final body weights, the highest value being recorded in group 1E (62.45±4.39g) followed by group 2E (.9±5.87g), the lowest value being recorded in the control group (48.3±3.96g). The specific growth rate was also enhanced in all the experimental groups, the highest value being recorded in group 1E (0.325 g/day) followed by group 2E (0.233 g/day) and the lowest in the control group (0.173 g/day). FCR recorded in the experimental groups was lower than the FCR recorded in the control group; the lowest value was recorded in group 1E (2.04:1), followed by group 2E (2.16:1); the control group presented the highest FCR value (2.2:1). The results recorded are confirmed by the results reported by Benkeblia (2003) [17], Metwally (2009) [7], Nya and Austin (2009) [9].Analyzing the evolution chart of the body mass throughout the experimental period (fig 1), a constant evolution can be observed throughout the experimental period, without the occurrence of regressions of body weight. The stress due to environment or due to undertaken operations (weighing and treatments) was apparently negligible, being reflected in the constant dynamics of the body mass.

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Table 1. Growth and consumption indices throughout the experimental period

Issue CL1E

Garlic+gingerL2E

Oregano+EchinaceaInitial weight (25.07.2011) 32.19 ± 0.05 32.19 ± 0.05 32.19 ± 0.05

August (25.08.2011) 45 52.4 45.7

September (25.09.2011) 45.93 58.4 51.7

Final weight (27.10.2011) 48.3 ± 3.96 62.45 ± 4.39 53.9 ± 5.87

Body weight gain (g) 16.11 30.26 21.71

Specific growth rate (g/day) 0.173 0.325 0.233

FCR 2.2 2.04 2.16

M

M MM

1E

1E

1E1E

2E

2E

2E2E

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

July August September October

Month

Weig

ht

(g)

M

1E

2E

Figure 1. Body mass evolution throughout the experimental period

Throughout the experimental period there were no mortalities recorded (table 2) so the effects of

the phytoadditives combinations on the survival rates could not be determined.

Table 2. Survival rates recorded throughout the experimental period

Issue CL1E

Garlic+gingerL2E

Oregano+EchinaceaInitial number 30 30 30Final number 30 30 30

Losses 0 0 0Survival (%) 100 100 100

At the end of the experimental period, meat samples were collected to determine the meat Selenium content. The combined use of phytoadditives led to very significant variations of the meat Selenium content, group 1E having the highest value (98.32±0.88 μg/kg) followed

by group 2E (85.91 ± 0.8 μg/kg), the lowest value being recorded in the control group (72.84 ± 0.68 μg/kg). These results are due to the variable content of Selenium of the different phytoadditives used (garlic – 0.4μg/g, ginger – 0.7μg/100g, oregano – 0.1μg/g).

Table 3. Meat Selenium content of fishes from the experimental groupsIssue

CL1E

Garlic+gingerL2E

Oregano+EchinaceaSe (μg/kg) 72.84 ± 0.68 98.32 ± 0.88 85.91 ± 0.8

Statistical significance of the differences recorded in the meat Selenium contentDifference of means q p

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M vs 1E -64.020 32.195 P<0.001 ***M vs 2E -27.400 16.514 P<0.001 ***1E vs 2E 36.620 15.681 P<0.001 ***

At the end of the experimental period a challenge infection was carried out in order to test the immunostimulant potential of the phytoadditives used and the possibility to use them as prophylactic agents. The survival rate after inoculation (table 4) was higher in both experimental groups. Group 1E had no mortalities recorded while group 2E had a survival rate of 93.33%; the lowest survival rate was recorded in the control group (83.33%) after

the challenge infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Lower mortalities after challenge infections were recorded by Nya and Austin (2009) [9], Nya and Austin (2009) [14] in rainbow trout, Aly and Mohamed (2010) [18] in Nile tilapia and by Karthik et al. (2010) [19] in African catfish, after challenge infections using Aeromonas hydrophila or Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Table 4. Survival rate in common caro juveniles after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophilaIssue

CL1E

Garlic+gingerL2E

Oregano+EchinaceaInitial number 30 30 30Final number 25 30 28Survival (%) 83.33 100 93.33

4. Conclusions

The combined use of phytoadditives led to the enhancement of the growth and consumption parameters, body weight gain, specific growth rate and the FCR. The survival rate was not influenced, no losses being recorded throughout the experimental period in any experimental group.The Selenium meat content varied significantly among the experimental groups, due to the variable content of Selenium found in the phytoadditives used, laying the basis of a functional food based only on plant additives.Disease resistance was also influenced by the combined use of phytoadditives, indicating a immuno-stimulating effect of the additives bat also the possibility to use them in as prophylactic agents, to limit the use of antibiotics.Still, more studies are needed to determine the cost/efficiency ratio of a large-scale use of phyto-additives but also their efficiency against other pathogens

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effects of different phytoadditives in common carp