Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out Emissions for … · Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out Emissions for Short Term Endurance . DEER 2011 Conference . Volvo

Volvo Powertrain Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 1 6 October 2011

Kevin Barnum Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out

Emissions for Short Term Endurance

DEER 2011 Conference


Collaborators

Kevin Barnum & Samuel McLaughlin & Chun Tai Volvo Powertrain

Marcus Johansson & Magnus Christensen Volvo Technology

Andre Boehman & Steve Kirby Pennsylvania State University

Earth & Mineral Sciences & Energy Institute

Suresh Iyer & David Klinkowski Pennsylvania State University

Larson Transportation Institute

October 6, 2011

Volvo Powertrain

Motivation & Objectives

Motivation:

• To investigate effects of biomass fuels on fuel injection, combustion, emission and the aftertreatment system

• To validate Volvo 2010 Exhaust Aftertreatment System being tolerant of biomass fuels for the Bilateral Project

– Diesel Particulate Filter model for passive soot regeneration sufficient for biomass soot

– Selective Catalyst Reduction system avoids degradation throughout testing

• Gain insight into potential obstacles that biomass fuels present

Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 3 6 October 2011


Test Set Up Single Cylinder

Representative of 13L 475HP US07 Engine

Data Gathered - 8 fuels tested - EGR requirements at constant Nox - NOx emissions at constant EGR - Soot Analysis

- Particle Size

- Particle Number

- Particle Mass

- Oxidation Rate

Data Gathered - 65,000 miles on B20 - B20 - soy methyl ester (SME) - 3 emissions tests - Soot Accumulation - Urea consumption - EGR Valve Position

Chassis Testing

Emissions Year 2007Displacement (L) - 1 cyl 2.13HP Max (6 cyl) 475

Engine SpecificationsEmissions Year 2010Displacement (L) 11HP Max 355

Engine Specifications


Fuel Characteristics Single Cylinder Engine Study Reference Fuels

• Volvo Standard Diesel (VSD10 <10ppm S)

(EC1 or MK1)

• US-Diesel (ULSD <20ppm S)

Biofuels

• NExBTL (a hydro treated biofuel)

• RME (Rapeseed Methyl Ester RME, B100)

• Agro-diesel 15 (10% heavy bio alcohols 5% RME in 85% EC1)

• B30 (30% RME in 70% EC1)

• B15 (15% RME in 85% EC1) VS

D10

EC1

USD

NEx

BTL

RM

E Ag

ro15

B30

B

15

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Hea

ting

Valu

e [M

J/kg

]

Heating Value - Heat of Combustion


Fuel Energy Kept Constant Single Cylinder Engine Study Fuel injection setting was re calibrated for each fuel

Injection duration was compensated for the difference in fuel heating value

Torque & Fueling Torque & Fuel Energy


Soot and Fuel Consumption Trends Single Cylinder Engine Study RME

Soot emission 60-80% compared to baseline

BSFC 13% than baseline

NExBTL

Soot 20-50% compared to baseline

BSFC 2-3 % due to higher heating value

B15 & B30

Increasing the amount of RME lowers soot

BSFC increases as blend increased compared to baseline

VSD

10

US-

Die

sel

NEx

BTL

R

ME

Agro

15

EC1

B15

B

30

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Nor

mal

ized

Soo

t

Soot at constant NOx B50 2400bar 1.5gNOx/kWh


Single Cylinder Engine Study Results 1500rpm/1200Nm (6cyl)

Higher blend biomass fuels have higher EGR requirements to maintain constant NOx emissions

Higher blend biomass fuels have higher NOx emissions at constant EGR

VSD

10

US-

Die

sel

NEx

BTL

RM

E Ag

ro15

EC

1 B

15

B30

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EGR

[%]

EGR requirement at constant NOx B50 2400bar 1.5gNOx/kWh

VSD

10

US-

Die

sel

NEx

BTL

RM

E Ag

ro15

EC1

B15

B

30

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

NO

x [g

/kW

h]

NOx at constant EGR B50 2400bar SOI=3°BTDC


Biomass Soot Particle Size Nucleation mode: Primarily volatile hydrocarbon and hydrated sulphuric acid condensates. small amount of solid material, such as carbon or metallic ash from lube oil additives.

Accumulation Mode: Mainly solid carbon

mixed with condensed heavy hydrocarbons but may also include

sulphur compounds, metallic ash, cylinder

wear metals Particle Number (Y-axis) vs Particle Diameter (x-axis)


Biomass Soot Oxidation Rates

O2-stepO2/NO2 - step

350 O2/NO2

400 O2/NO2

RME 1 1 1 2

B30 3 1 3 3

VSD 2 1 2 1

Conversion Percent

Synthetic gas bench testing of diesel soot loaded onto Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)

Oxidation Rate Trends

B30>B15>VSD10>Printex

Temperature (460-600oC) PM

Res

idua

l (%

)

Thermogravimetric Analysis

Soot ranked 1 to 3 based on fastest conversion from solid to gas


System Out Emissions Chassis Testing


Soot Loading Soot loading cycle was run for 4 weeks to see if the soot loading calibration holds up while on biodiesel.

This demonstrates the calibration for the soot model holds up for biodiesel at early phases.

Soot loading on biodiesel showed no variation to the soot loading trends demonstrated on diesel.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Wei

ght

Hours

Soot Loading

Biodiesel Diesel


Emissions Test An academic preferred partnership between Volvo Group and The Pennsylvania State University allowed for emissions test to be conducted at The Larson Transportation Institute (LTI)

Baseline Diesel

Baseline Biodiesel

Final Biodiesel

Three Emissions Test Conducted at LTI

Data Recorded by Penn State

Fuel consumption

Gaseous Emissions & Particulate emissions measured using full scale heavy duty dilution tunnel and analyzers


Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Cycle

Parameter HHDDT Creep

HHDDT Transient

HHDDT Cruise

UDDS

Duration, s 253 668 2083 1063 Distance, mi 0.124 2.85 23.1 5.55

Average Speed, mph

1.77 15.4 39.9 18.8

Stops/Mile 24.17 1.8 0.26 2.52 Max. Speed, mph

8.24 47.5 59.3 58

Max. Acceleration, mph/s

2.3 3 2.3 4.4

Max. Deceleration, mph/s

-2.53 -2.8 -2.5 -4.6

Total KE, mph2

3.66 207.6 1036 373.4

Percent Idle 42.29 16.3 8 33.4

Creep – low speed low load

Transient – high speed high load

Cruise – high speed high load


System Out - Emissions Results Summarized

Phase Diesel to BiodieselBiodiesel Baseline to Biodiesel Final

Fuel (mpg)

CO2 (g/mi)

CO (g/mi)

THC(g/mi)

NOX (g/mi)

PM (g/mi)

Cruise slight reduction no change

Cruise slight increase no change

Cruise no change no change


Cruise Reduced Reduced



System Out Closed Loops for NOx Emissions

Two closed loops used to control system out NOx emissions

- EGR demand

- Urea Consumption

Biodiesel to Diesel

34.6 35.9

Engine Out NOx Increase (%)

Urea Consumptin Increase (%)

Diesel 98 84.3Biodiesel 99 84.9

NOx Reduction (%)

EGR Valve Position (%)

An increase in engine out NOx is compensated by the system by an increase in urea consumption

EGR remains constant, the higher level of urea consumption keeps NOx reduction consistent

*tables based on mean values of the cruise phase


Conclusions US 2010 EATS that will be equipped on bilateral demonstration truck displayed biomass fuel tolerance

• Soot loading strategy for diesel successfully manages soot generated from biodiesel

• SCR showed no signs of degradation throughout testing from biomass fuels

• System out NOx does not increase operating on biomass fuel despite higher engine out NOx Urea consumption

As biofuel blend increases

• Fuel economy is reduced by operation on lower calorific value fuels

• Soot accumulation decreases

• Soot oxidation rates increase

Volvo Powertrain

Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported by

– Department of Energy National Energy Technology Lab under Award Number DE-FC26-07NT43222

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

Kevin Barnum, Exhaust & Aftertreatment Systems -- DEER Conference 18 6 October 2011

Documents

Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out Emissions for … · Effects of Biomass Fuels on Engine & System Out Emissions for Short Term Endurance . DEER 2011 Conference . Volvo