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Blood-brain barrier effects

Swedish researchers from Lund University (Salford, Brun, Persson, Eberhardt, and Malmgren)have studied the effects of microwave radiation on the rat brain. They found a leakage ofalbumin into the brain via a permeatedblood-brain barrier.[12][13] This confirms earlier work onthe blood-brain barrier by Allan Frey, Oscar and Hawkins, and Albert and Kerns. [14] Other groups

have not confirmed these findings in in vitro cell studies[15] or whole animal studies.[16]

[edit] Cancer

In 2006 a large Danish study about the connection between mobile phone use and cancerincidence was published. It followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20 years and showed noincreased risk of cancer.[17]The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt frStrahlenschutz) considers this report inconclusive.[18]

The following studies of long time exposure have been published:

The 13 nation INTERPHONE project the largest study of its kind ever undertaken hasnow been published and did not find a solid link between mobile phones and brain tumours.[19]

TheInternational Journal of Epidemiology published[20] a combined data analysis from a multinational population-based case-control study ofgliomaand meningioma, the most common typesof brain tumour.

The authors reported the following conclusion:

Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of mobile phones.There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biasesand error prevent a causal interpretation. The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobilephones require further investigation.

In the press release[21]accompanying the release of the paper, Dr Christopher Wild, Director ofthe International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) said:

An increased risk of brain cancer is not established from the data from Interphone. However,observations at the highest level of cumulative call time and the changing patterns of mobilephone use since the period studied by Interphone, particularly in young people, mean that furtherinvestigation of mobile phone use and brain cancer risk is merited.

A number of independent health and government authorities have commented on this importantstudy including The Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research (ACRBR) whichsaid in a statement that:[22]

Until now there have been concerns that mobile phones were causing increases in brain tumours.Interphone is both large and rigorous enough to address this claim, and it has not provided anyconvincing scientific evidence of an association between mobile phone use and the development

of glioma or meningioma. While the study demonstrates some weak evidence of an associationwith the highest tenth of cumulative call time (but only in those who started mobile phone usemost recently), the authors conclude that biases and errors limit the strength of any conclusionsin this group. It now seems clear that if there was an effect of mobile phone use on brain tumourrisks in adults, this is likely to be too small to be detectable by even a large multinational studyof the size of Interphone.

The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)which said in astatement that:

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On the basis of current understanding of the relationship between brain cancer and use of mobilephones, including the recently published data from the INTERPHONE study, ARPANSA:

concludes that currently available data do not warrant any general recommendation to limit useof mobile phones in the adult population,

continues to inform those concerned about potential health effects that they may limit their

exposure by reducing call time, by making calls where reception is good, by using hands-freedevices or speaker options, or by texting; and

recommends that, due to the lack of any data relating to children and long term use of mobilephones, parents encourage their children to limit their exposure by reducing call time, by makingcalls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by texting.

The Cancer Council Australia said in astatement that it cautiously welcomed the results of thelargest international study to date into mobile phone use, which has found no evidence thatnormal use of mobile phones, for a period up to 12 years, can cause brain cancer.

Chief Executive Officer, Professor Ian Olver, said findings from the Interphone study, conductedacross 13 countries including Australia, were consistent with other research that had failed to

find a link between mobile phones and cancer.This supports previous research showing mobile phones dont damage cell DNA, meaning theycant cause the type of genetic mutations that develop into cancer, Professor Olver said.

However, it has been suggested that electromagnetic fields associated with mobile phones mayplay a role in speeding up the development of an existing cancer. The Interphone study found noevidence to support this theory.

A Danish study (2004) that took place over 10 years found no evidence to support a link.However, this study has been criticized for collecting data from subscriptions and notnecessarily from actual users. It is known that some subscribers do not use the phonesthemselves but provide them for family members to use. That this happens is supported bythe observation that only 61% of a small sample of the subscribers reported use of mobilephones when responding to a questionnaire.[17][23]

A Swedish study (2005) that draws the conclusion that "the data do not support thehypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk ofglioma ormeningioma."[24]

A British study (2005) that draws the conclusion that "The study suggests that there is nosubstantial risk ofacoustic neuroma in the first decade after starting mobile phone use.However, an increase in risk after longer term use or after a longer lag period could not beruled out."[25]

A German study (2006) that states "In conclusion, no overall increased risk of glioma ormeningioma was observed among these cellular phone users; however, for long-term cellularphone users, results need to be confirmed before firm conclusions can be drawn." [26]

A joint study conducted in northern Europe that draws the conclusion that "Although ourresults overall do not indicate an increased risk of glioma in relation to mobile phone use, thepossible risk in the most heavily exposed part of the brain with long-term use needs to beexplored further before firm conclusions can be drawn."[27]

Other studies on cancer and mobile phones are:

A Swedish scientific team at the Karolinska Institute conducted an epidemiological study(2004) that suggested that regular use of a mobile phone over a decade or more was

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associated with an increased risk ofacoustic neuroma, a type of benignbrain tumor. Theincrease was not noted in those who had used phones for fewer than 10 years. [28]

The INTERPHONE study group from Japan published the results of a study of brain tumourrisk and mobile phone use. They used a new approach: determining the SAR inside a tumourby calculating the radio frequency field absorption in the exact tumour location. Cases

examined included glioma,meningioma, andpituitary adenoma. They reported that theoverallodds ratio (OR) was not increased and that there was no significant trend towards anincreasing OR in relation to exposure, as measured by SAR. [29]

In 2007, Dr. Lennart Hardell, from rebro University in Sweden, reviewed publishedepidemiological papers (2 cohort studies and 16 case-control studies) and found that: [30]

Cell phone users had an increased risk of malignant gliomas.

Link between cell phone use and a higher rate of acoustic neuromas.

Tumors are more likely to occur on the side of the head that the cell handset is used.

One hour of cell phone use per day significantly increases tumor risk after ten years or more.

In a February 2008 update on the status of the INTERPHONE study IARC stated that the longterm findings could either be causal or artifactual, related to differential recall between casesand controls.[31]

Wikinews has related news:Media reports exaggerate cell phone cancer risk

A self-published and non-peer reviewed meta-study by Dr. Vini Khurana, an Australianneurosurgeon, presented what it termed "increasing body of evidence ... for a link betweenmobile phone usage and certain brain tumours" and that it "is anticipated that this danger hasfar broader public health ramifications than asbestos and smoking". [32] This was criticised as an unbalanced analysis of the literature, which is also selective in support of the authorsclaims.[33]

A publication titled "Public health implications of wireless technologies" cites that LennartHardell found age is a significant factor. The report repeated the finding that the use of cellphones before age 20 increased the risk of brain tumors by 5.2, compared to 1.4 for all ages. [34] Areview by Hardell et al. concluded that current mobile phones are not safe for long-termexposure.[35]

In a time trends study in Europe, conducted by the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology inCopenhagen, no significant increase in brain tumors among cell phone users was found betweenthe years of 1998 and 2003. "The lack of a trend change in incidence from 1998 to 2003 suggeststhat the induction period relating mobile phone use to brain tumors exceeds 510 years, theincreased risk in this population is too small to be observed, the increased risk is restricted to

subgroups of brain tumors or mobile phone users, or there is no increased risk."[36]

On 31 May 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancerclassified radiofrequencyelectromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). The IARC assessed andevaluated available literature and studies about the carcinogenicity of radiofrequencyelectromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), and found the evidence to be "limited for carcinogenicity ofRF-EMF, based on positive associations between glioma and acoustic neuroma and exposure".The conclusion of the IARC was mainly based on the INTERPHONE study, which found anincreased risk for glioma in the highest category of heavy users (30 minutes per day over a 10

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year period), although no increased risk was found at lower exposure and other studies could notback up the findings. The evidence for other types of cancer was found to be "inadequate". Somemembers of the Working Group opposed the conclusions and considered the current evidence inhumans still as inadequate, citing inconsistencies between the assessed studies.[2][37]

[edit] Cognitive effects

A 2009 study examined the effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted bystandard GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans. The study confirmed longer(slower) response times to a spatial working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standardGSM cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed that longer duration ofexposure to RFR may increase the effects on performance. Right-handed subjects exposed toRFR on the left side of their head on average had significantly longer response times whencompared to exposure to the right side and sham-exposure.[38]

[edit] Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Main article:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptomsduring and

after its use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities,fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention,reaction times and memoryretentiveness, headaches, malaise,tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of thedigestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stressand that current research cannot separate the symptoms from nocebo effects.[39]

[edit] Genotoxic effects

A meta-analysis (2008) of 63 in vitro and in vivo studies from the years 19902005 concludedthat RF radiation was genotoxic only in some conditions and that the studies reporting positiveeffects evidencedpublication bias.[40]

A meta-study (2009) of 101 publications on genotoxicity of RF electromagnetic fields showed

that 49 reported a genotoxic effect and 42 not. The authors found "ample evidence that RF-EMFcan alter the genetic material of exposed cells in vivo and in vitro and in more than one way". [41]

In 1995, in the journalBioelectromagnetics, Henry Lai and Narenda P. Singh reported damagedDNA after two hours of microwave radiation at levels deemed safe according to U.S.government standards.[42]

In December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of PotentialEnvironmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure UsingSensitive in vitro Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in several countries showedsome compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells in in-vitro cultures, when exposed between0.3 to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample average. There were indications, but not rigorous evidence ofother cell changes, including damage tochromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain genes

and a boosted rate ofcell division.[43]

Research published in 2004 by a team at the University of Athens had a reduction inreproductive capacity in fruit fliesexposed to 6 minutes of 900 MHz pulsed radiation for fivedays.[44]

Subsequent research, again conducted on fruit flies, was published in 2007, with the sameexposure pattern but conducted at both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, and had similar changes inreproductive capacity with no significant difference between the two frequencies.[45]

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Following additional tests published in a third article, the authors stated they thought theirresearch suggested the changes were due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambersafter DNA fragmentation of their constituent cells .[46]

Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in vitro samples of human spermatozoa toradio-frequency radiation at 1.8 GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5 W/kg

showed a correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motilityandvitality in sperm,increased oxidative stress and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine markers, stimulatingDNA base adductformation and increased DNA fragmentation.[47]

[edit] Sleep and EEG effects

Sleep, EEG and waking rCBF have been studied in relation to RF exposure for a decade now,and the majority of papers published to date have found some form of effect. While a Finnishstudy failed to find any effect on sleep or other cognitive function from pulsed RF exposure,[48]

most other papers have found significant effects on sleep.[49][50][51][52][53][54] Two of these papersfound the effect was only present when the exposure was pulsed (amplitude modulated), and oneearly paper actually found that sleep quality (measured by the amount of participants' brokensleep) actually improved.

While some papers were inconclusive or inconsistent,[55][56] a number of studies have nowdemonstrated reversible EEG and rCBF alterations from exposure to pulsed RF exposure.[57][58][59][60] German research from 2006 found that statistically significant EEG changes could beconsistently found, but only in a relatively low proportion of study participants (12 - 30%).[61]

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