Upload
others
View
23
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 7 (2019) 85-95 doi: 10.17265/2328-2142/2019.02.004
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
Md. Shariful Islam
Department of Civil Engineering, RUET, Bangladesh
Abstract: Now-a-days a lot of modifications are taking place throughout the world to develop the existing highway materials to fulfill the demand of increased vehicles. People are at trend to innovate something new that can do better than it was. Some materials produce good effect and enhance the strength as well as qualities of bitumen. On the other hand, some materials are responsible for adverse effect on the bitumen. In saline areas like coastal regions, the salts play a significant role on the bituminous pavements. Sea water nearly contains 3% sodium chloride and evaporation of intake bodies of water has produced large and extensive deposits of it. We can be economically benefited if salt is used as an admixture to bitumen. But we do not even know the impact, good or bad of the mixing of salt with bitumen. The main objective of this paper to find out whether it is desirable or not taking various proportion salt with bitumen and doing specified test of bitumen. It is observed from the laboratory test that the penetration and ductility values are gradually increased with increased of salt content. The flash point, fire point and softening point value are stepwise reduced as percentage of salt content increased. Moreover it reduces the stability of roads. Mixing of salt to bitumen upgrades workability and it is beneficial in the economical point of view. Finally moisture effect test on the bituminous mix with the inclusion of salts show the degradation of strength due to moisture movement. Key words: Sodium chloride, bitumen, bituminous mix, flash fire point, stability.
1. Introduction
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over
the world in pavement construction. Under normal
circumstances, conventional bituminous materials if
designed and executed properly perform quite
satisfactory. But for special applications like
roundabouts or where the traffic is extremely heavy,
stiffer mixes are required which can have large fatigue
life and more resistance permanent deformation. Most
publications ascribe moisture damage to variables like
bitumen properties, aggregate characteristics, hot mix
processing, bituminous mixture characteristics, quality
control during construction, nature of water at the
interface, dynamic effect of traffic loading, type and
properties of anti stripping additives, and others. The
great diversity of variables and differences in earlier
research results reported make prediction of moisture
sensitivity difficult. Most mechanistic design methods
for bituminous pavements mainly base on fatigue and
Corresponding author: Md. Shariful Islam, B.Sc., research field: civil engineering.
rutting as the primary design criteria. However,
SHRP’s mechanistic/analytical approach to pavement
design proposed the need to consider resistance to
moisture damage as a key factor in selection and
proportioning of binders and aggregates [1-3].
In coastal area, pavement often comes across with
saline water. In this area, the salts particularly sodium
chloride plays an important role in the stability as well
as durability of roads. In this situation, the effect of
salts on properties of bitumen is important for proper
design and maintenance of the pavements. The present
status of literature, indicates that a little work has been
conducted to determine the behavioral changes in the
bituminous pavements in the present of salts. In this
paper, an attempt has been undertaken to study the
effect of salts on varies properties of bitumen.
2. Objective of Study
In recent years, a significant achievement has been
made in different fields of engineering. Also various
causes have been effectively determined to take
appropriate measures against the determination and
D DAVID PUBLISHING
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
86
detrimental effect. In general, the presence alkalis and
salts produce harmful effect on the behavioral aspects
of binding materials. In this study, an attempt has
been made to quantify the adverse effects in term of
some specific standard tests. The objectives of this
study are:
To find the effect of salts on the properties of
bitumen;
To determine the variation of strength with the
inclusion of salts;
To observe the effect of water on the strength of
bituminous mixes with inclusion of salts in bitumen;
To carefully examine the use of salts in the
bitumen in terms of various properties such as
penetration, solubility, ductility etc.
3. Tested on Bitumen
To determine its behavior and its suitability a variety
of tests have been specified by institutions like ASTM,
I.S.I, Asphalt Institute, and B.S.I. The various tests of
bitumen are as follows:
(1) Penetration Test
Penetration value test on bitumen is a measure of
hardness or consistency of bituminous material.
Penetration value is the vertical distance traversed or
penetrated by the point of a standard needle into the
bituminous material under specific conditions of load,
time and temperature. This distance is measured in one
tenth of a millimeter.
(2) Softening Point Test
The softening point of bitumen or tar is the
temperature at which the substance attains particular
degree of softening. As per IS: 334-1982, ASTM
E28-67 or ASTM D36 or ASTM D6493-11, it is the
temperature in ºC at which a standard ball passes
through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls
through a height of 2.5 cm, when heated under water or
glycerin at specified conditions of test.
(3) Flash and Fire Point Test
Flash and Fire point test is conducted on bitumen to
know the safe mixing and application temperature
values of particular bitumen grade.
The flash point of a material is the lowest
temperature in which vapor of substance quickly
catches fire in the form of flash under definite
conditions of the test. So, at this point fire will not last
longer, just a flash will appear for a fraction of second.
The fire point of a material is the lowest temperature
at which material catches fire and burns under definite
conditions of test. The presence of combustible
materials in a bituminous material can be indicated by
the fire point.
(4) Ductility Test
The flexible pavement construction where the
bitumen binders are used, is of significant importance
that binders from ductile thin film around the
aggregates. This serves as a satisfactory binder in
improving physical interlocking of the aggregates. The
binder material which does not possess sufficient
ductility would crack and thus provide previous
pavement surface. It has been started by some agencies
that the penetration and ductility properties go together,
but depending upon the chemical composition and the
type of crude source of the bitumen, sometimes it has
been observed that the above statement is incorrect. It
may hence be mentioned that the bitumen may satisfy
the penetration value, but may fail to satisfy the
ductility requirements. Bitumen paving engineer
would however want that both test requirements be
satisfied in field jobs. Penetration or ductility can not
in any case replace each other. The ductility is
expressed as the distance in centimeters to which a
standard briquette of bitumen can be stretched before
the thread cracks. The test is conducted at 27 ± 0.5 °C
and a rate of pull of 50 ± 2.5 mm per minute. The test
has been standardized by the ISI.
(5) Specific Gravity Test
The density of a bituminous binder is a fundamental
property frequently used as an aid in classifying the
binders used in paving jobs. In most applications, the
Fig. 1 Penet
Fig. 2 Soften
Fig. 3 Flash
tration test app
ning point test
h and fire point
Effect
paratus.
t apparatus.
t test.
of Sodium Chhloride on Prroperties of BBitumen
877
88
Fig. 4 Ducti
bitumen is
aggregate sy
volume bas
required for
specific grav
composition
aromatic typ
specific gr
standardized
4. Materia
(1) Bitum
(2) Sodium
4.1 Effect of
One of the
engineering,
came into ex
employed
occurrence
cohesive bon
is considere
failure in ter
Majidzade
adhesion fai
include the
techniques a
ility test.
weighted,
ystem, the bit
sis. Thus an
r conversion
vity is greatl
n of the bin
pe compound
ravity. The
d by the ISI.
als Used for
men
m chloride.
f Water on Bit
e complex pro
, existing sinc
xistence is str
by highwa
of adhesion
nds within th
d as great ec
rms of proper
eh stated th
ilure phenom
e material
and diversifi
Effect
but finally
tumen conten
n accurate d
n of weight
y influenced
nder. Increas
ds caused an
test proce
r Specimen
tuminous Mix
oblems in the
ce bitumen pa
ripping. The t
ay engineers
failure or w
he asphalt agg
conomic loss
r mixture desi
hat the facto
menon are inn
characteristic
ed environm
of Sodium Ch
y in use w
nt is converte
density value
to volume.
by the chem
sed amounts
n increase in
dure has b
n
xes
e field of high
aving technol
term stripping
s, denotes
weakening of
gregate system
and enginee
ign.
ors affecting
numerable. T
cs, construc
mental conditi
hloride on Pr
with
ed in
e is
The
mical
s of
n the
been
hway
logy
g, as
the
f the
m. It
ering
the
They
ction
ions.
The
por
owi
dive
mec
phe
the
(
A
fun
ther
pos
disp
bind
the
exh
of a
(
T
ther
film
from
coa
inte
deta
bec
min
roperties of B
ey are displac
e pressure th
ing to the com
ersity of en
chanism may
enomenon in
theories are b
1) Displacem
According to
ction in t
rmodynamica
sition [4-8]. It
place phenom
der aggregate
water phase.
hibit any bind
aggregate coa
2) Detachme
The theory
rmodynamic
m of water th
m within the
ating remains
erface are be
achment proc
comes intimat
neral surface.
Bitumen
cement, film
heories. Of c
mplexities of
nvironmental
y be adequate
bituminous m
briefly summ
ment Concept
o this theor
the presenc
ally unstable
t is generally
mena to be in
e interface sh
That is well,
der displacem
ating is destro
nt Concept
attributes
replacement
hat may com
e aggregate
intact [9-12].
elieved to b
cess. The wa
tely associate
m rupture, det
course it is
f material com
l conditions
e to explain
mixtures. The
marized as foll
ry the binde
ce of wate
and reacts to
y believed tha
nitiated in a
hould becom
coated aggre
ment unless th
oyed.
the adhe
of the bitum
me from eithe
while from
. The characte
be very impo
ater reaching
ed with the l
tachment and
obvious that
mposition and
, no single
the stripping
e concepts of
lows:
er aggregate
er becomes
o more stable
at, in order to
mixture, the
me exposed to
egate may not
he continuity
sion to a
men by a thin
er outside or
the bitumen
eristics of the
ortant in the
the interface
lattice of the
d
t
d
e
g
f
e
s
e
o
e
o
t
y
a
n
r
n
e
e
e
e
(3) Pore P
It has be
pressure in t
in stripping
of bituminou
also act and
forces. In a
water is pre
moving loa
contributing
four concep
theories can
stripping an
fact only con
4.2 Effect of
There ar
occurrence
mixtures: pr
application
bituminous
reduce the c
least one of th
of view, the w
by decreasing
In fact, this a
preventive m
paving us
bituminous a
Fig. 5 Exper
Pressure Conc
een postulate
the mixture o
phenomena [
us pavement a
d these greatl
saturated pa
essed into th
ad and suck
g to the stripp
pts, the dis
n be classifie
nd pore press
ntributing to t
f Mixture Den
re primarily
of stripping
resence of wa
and the ph
aggregate sy
chances of str
hese factors. F
water present
g the void con
approach cou
measures in th
sing the p
aggregate sys
rimental setup
Effect
cept
ed that the
f high void co
[13]. That is,
additional for
ly exceed the
avement unde
he pavement
ked out beh
ing phenome
splacement
ed as the pr
sure, film rup
the phenome
nsity on Stripp
three perq
g phenomena
ater in paveme
hysiochemica
stem. In orde
ripping, one s
From the pave
in the paveme
ntent of the bit
uld be conside
he constructio
physio-chem
stem.
p of compressiv
of Sodium Ch
buildup of p
ontent may re
on a wet sur
rces due to tra
e thermodyna
er dynamic l
t in front of
hind the w
ena. Among th
and detachm
rimary cause
pture concept
na.
ping
quisites for
a in bitumin
ent, repeated
al nature of
er to eliminat
should attemp
ement design p
ent can be redu
tuminous mixt
ered as one of
on of bitumin
mically unst
ve strength.
hloride on Pr
pore
esult
rface
affic
amic
load,
f the
wheel
hese
ment
es of
ts in
the
nous
load
the
te or
pt at
point
uced
tures.
f the
nous
table
4.3
Spe
T
coa
0.50
cub
C39
type
is u
test
surf
smo
test
curi
give
4.4
T
sho
of
IRG
and
170
ram
100
grad
grad
may
roperties of B
Preparatio
ecimen
The mix prop
arse aggregate
0. Test for c
be. American
9/C39M prov
es of specime
used. After 24
t specimens
face of these
ooth. These
ting machine
ing. Load at t
es the compre
Marshall Tes
The coarse ag
ould be propo
mineral agg
G.29-1968. A
d filler are ta
0 °C to 190
mmer, cleaned
0 °C to 145 °
de bitumen m
de bitumen 1
y be suitably
Bitumen
on of Com
portion of ce
e is 1:2:4. T
ompressive s
Society for
vides Standar
en each cube
4 hours these
are put in w
specimens s
specimens ar
after 3 days
the failure div
essive strengt
st Specimen
ggregates, fin
ortioned and m
gregates and
Approximately
aken and hea
°C. The com
d and kept pre
C. The mixin
may be aroun
60 °C. The w
alerted a thic
mpressive St
ement fine ag
The water cem
strength is ca
Testing Mate
rd Test. For
e 10 cm × 10
e moulds are
water for cur
should be ma
re tested by
7 days curin
vided by area
th of concrete
ne aggregates
mixed specifi
bitumen bi
y 1,200 g o
ated to a tem
mpaction mou
e-heated to te
ng temperatur
nd 154 °C th
weight of agg
ckness of 63.5
89
trength Test
ggregate and
ment ratio is
arried out on
erials ASTM
cube test the
cm × 10 cm
removed and
ing. The top
ade even and
compression
ng or 28 days
a of specimen
e.
s and mineral
fied gradation
inder as per
of aggregates
mperature of
uld assembly,
emperature of
re for 80/100
hat for 60/70
gregate taken
5 ± 3.0 mm.
9
t
d
s
n
M
e
m
d
p
d
n
s
n
l
n
r
s
f
,
f
0
0
n
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
90
5. Results and Discussions
5.1 Effect of Salt on Properties of Bitumen
(a) (b)
Fig. 6 (a) variation of penetration value and (b) specific gravity with respect to salt content.
(c) (d)
Fig. 7 (c) variation of ductility and (d) softening value with respect to salt content.
(e) (f)
Fig. 8 (e) variation of flash point value and (f) fire point value with respect to salt content.
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
0 2 4 6
PEN
ETRATION VALU
E
SALT CONTENT %
1.01
1.015
1.02
1.025
1.03
1.035
0 2 4 6
specific gravity
salt content %
95
100
105
110
115
120
0 2 4 6
Ductility (cm
)
salt content %
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
0 2 4 6
soften
ing value 0c
salt content %
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
0 2 4 6
Flash point
salt content
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
0 2 4 6
Fire point
salt content %
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
91
(g)
Fig. 9 (g) variation of solubility with respect to salt content.
6. Conclusion
Sodium chloride has played a crucial role in
improvement of the different properties of the bitumen.
But sometimes it has adverse effects as reducing the
strength of the bituminous mixes. From the test results,
we conclude that the stability value of the bituminous
mixes decreases gradually with increase in salt content
in bitumen. On the basis of the test results and
subsequent discussions, it was concluded that the
penetration value and specific gravity increases and
softening point, flush & fire point, solubility and
ductility of bitumen decreases with increasing salt in
pure bitumen which indicated that the adhesion and
cohesion properties of bitumen were reduced with
increasing the percentage of salt in bitumen .From the
Marshall test regarding the consideration, the salt
tolerable limit varying from 0% to 5%.
Acknowledgments
Utmost gratitude to the Almighty ALLAH, without
his mercy and blessing, this work would not been
possible. I am grateful and would like to express
sincere gratitude to my respective teachers,
Department of Civil Engineering, Rashahi University
of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, for sharing
their vision and experience that enabled me to
successfully complete the work. I am also grateful to
my parents and my friends, without their
encouragement it is totally unable to complete this
work.
References
[1] Alocoke, W. H. 1954. “An Investigation of Asphalt Paving Mixtures Containing Rubber Additives.” Masters diss., University of Kentucky.
[2] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 2726, D 1074 D1075, C29 and C128. 1979.
[3] Afroz, S. S. K., and Prasad, K. S. B. 2012. “Utilization of Waste Plastic as a Strength Modifier in Surface Course of Flexible and Rigid Pavements.” Int J Eng Res Appl 2 (4): 1185-91.
[4] Button, J. W., and Little, D. N. 1988. “Additives Have Potential to Improve Pavement Life.” Scranton Gillette Communications, Roads and Bridges 26 (1): 76-80.
[5] Denning, J. H., and Carswell, J. 1981. Improvements in Rolled Asphalt Surfacing by Addition of Organic Polymers. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, United Kingdom.
[6] De Carteret, R. S., Buzzi, O., and Fityus, S. 2011. “A Review of the Effects of Salinity on Road Pavements and Bituminous Surfacings.” Unsaturated Soils: Theory and Practice: 803-8.
[7] Prusty, B., and Panda, M. 2012. “Use of Waste Polythene in Bituminous Concrete Mixes.” 108Ce036.
[8] Fromm, H. J., and Kennepohl, G. J. A. 1979. “Sulphur Asphaltic Concrete on Three Ontario Test Road.” In Proc. of 48th Int. Conference on Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 135-62.
[9] Martin, J. R., and Wallace, H. A. 1958. Design and Construction of Asphalt Pavements. New York: McGraw Hill Book co.
[10] Soni, K., and Punjabi, K. K. 2014. “Improving the Performance of Bituminous Concrete Mix by Waste Plastic.” Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 3 (5): 863-8.
[11] Khanna, K. 1991. Highway Engineering (7th ed.). Delhi,
99.1
99.15
99.2
99.25
99.3
99.35
99.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Solubility %
salt content %
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
92
India: Standard Publishers Distributors. [12] Sangita, Tabrez Alam Khan, Sabin, R., and Sharma, D. K.
2010. “Effect of Waste Polymer Modifier on the Properties of Bituminous Concrete Mixes.” Construction and Building Materials 25 (10): 3841-8.
[13] Yamin, A., and Aschuri, I. 2017. “The Durability Study of The Use of Modified Waste Plastic-Bitumen in Asphalt Concrete Mix Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement.” The Centre for Research and Development of Road and Bridge, Indonesia.
Fig. 10 R
Fig. 11 Vi
esult of saybol
iscosity of mix
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
Saybolt viscocities (sec)
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
0
Temperature (0c)
Effect
lt viscosities tes
xing and compa
1
1
of Sodium Ch
st of Bitumen.
action tempera
00
Temperatu
2 3
salt conte
viscosit
hloride on Pr
Appendi
ature with salt
200
ure (degree ce
4
ent %
ty vs salt c
roperties of B
ix
content in bin
300
el)
5 6
content
Bitumen
nder bituminou
400
)% s
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
mixing tempe
compaction T
us mix.
salt content
salt content
salt content
salt content
salt content
salt content
erature
Temperature
93
3
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
94
Fig. 12 Variation of stability value with respect to bitumen content.
Fig. 13 Variation of flow value with respect to bitumen content percentage.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
stability (kg)
bitumen content %
pure bitumen
1% salt content
2% salt content
3% salt content
4% salt content
5% salt content
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Flow value (m
m)
Bitumen content %
pure bitumen
1% salt content
2% salt content
3% salt content
4% salt content
5% salt content
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Properties of Bitumen
95
Fig. 14 Variation of percentage of total mix (Vv) with respect to bitumen content percentage.
Fig. 15 Variation of percentage void of mineral aggregate with respect to bitumen content.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
air void in
toatl m
ix (%Vv)
bitumen content %
pure bitumen
1% salt content
2% salt content
3% salt content
4% salt content
5% salt content
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 2 4 6 8
VMA (%)
bitumrn content %
pure bitumen
1% salt content
2% salt content
3% salt content
4% salt content
5% salt content