Effect of maternal time use on food intake of young …...INTRO TUSWOMU5 EmpRes Conclusion Effect of maternal time use on food intake of young children in Bangladesh Monica Jain and

INTRO TUSWOMU5 EmpRes Conclusion

Effect of maternal time use on food intake ofyoung children in Bangladesh

Monica Jain and Manfred ZellerHarvestPlus

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)Washington DC

June 3, 2015


MOTIVATION & AIM

I In Bangladesh there is widespread prevalence of poorinfant and young child feeding practices

I Only 21% children 6-23 months fed appropriately based onrecommended infant and young child feeding practices -DHS 2011

I Every 3 out of 4 children 6-23 months in 2006-7 have adietary diversity score below 4 - the minimumrecommended by WHO

I This study tests if the poor feeding practices are partiallydue to the lack of time the mothers’ have to prepare andfeed the children

I Scant literature on impact of time use on food intake ofchildren and mixed evidence

I We exploit the change in time use of mothers acrossagricultural seasons to identify its effect on food intake ofchildren using fixed effect model


MOTIVATION & AIM








MOTIVATION & AIM








MOTIVATION & AIM








MOTIVATION & AIM








MOTIVATION & AIM








DATA

I There are four rounds of Bangladesh AgriculturalTechnology Panel Survey in 1996-97 across threeagricultural seasons

I In 1996-97 altogether 956 households were surveyed

I Time allocation from household head and the spouse by 24hour recall, prompted using five prayer times, and verydetailed. Also food intake of all household members by 24hour recall.

Period Agr season intensity Local name and cropRound 1: June-Sept. 1996 LowRound 2: Oct-Dec. 1996 High Aman PaddyRound 3: Feb-May 1997 Medium Boro PaddyRound 4: June-Sept. 1997 Low


DATA


I In 1996-97 altogether 956 households were surveyedI Time allocation from household head and the spouse by 24

hour recall, prompted using five prayer times, and verydetailed. Also food intake of all household members by 24hour recall.



DATA


I In 1996-97 altogether 956 households were surveyedI Time allocation from household head and the spouse by 24

hour recall, prompted using five prayer times, and verydetailed. Also food intake of all household members by 24hour recall.



PANEL DATA SURVEY SITES


LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE OF MARRIED WOMEN15-49 YRS WITH CHILD 0-5 YRS


TIME SPENT ON WORK BY WOMEN 15-49 YRS WITH CHILD0-5 YRS - BY EDUCATION


DIFFERENCE IN COOKING TIME OF MARRIED WOMAN 15-49YEARS WITH CHILDREN 0-5 YRSHIGH - LOW SEASON (AVG DECREASE 23 MINUTES)


EXCLUSIVE CHILD CARE TIME MARRIED WOMAN 15-49 YRS

WITH CHILD 0-5 YRS

By Education By Income


CHILD CARE TIME BY NUMBER, AGE AND GENDER COMPOSITION OF

CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS (HOURS)

No of children 0-5 years All ages 0-23 mo 24-59 mo Girl(s) 1 Girl/1 Boy Boy(s)1 1.8 2.5 1.3 1.8 1.82 2.7 2.4 2.7 3.2


EMPIRICAL MODEL: POOLED OLS

FIit = βcookit + ηworkit + φchcareit + λXit + γDistricti + θRoundi + uit

I FIit is food intake indicator for ith woman/hh head/childin the t time period

I cookit, workit and chcareit are the variables of interestI β, η and φ are the parameters of interestI Xit is a vector of control variables composed of woman’s

(hh head) age, edu (yrs) and height; number of coresidentchildren, pc hh expenditure and prices (rice, lentil, egghen, fish Rui, fish Puti) in women (hh head) regressions

I Xit is a vector of control variables composed of child’s age;mother’s edu, age and height; hh head’s age and edu; pchh expenditure and prices (rice, lentil, egg hen, fish Rui,fish Puti) in child related regressions

I uit is an error term


EMP MODEL: WOMAN/CHILD FIXED EFFECTS

FIit = βcookit + ηworkit + φchcareit + pcxit + pricesit + Di + uit

I FIit is food intake indicator for ith woman or householdhead in t time period

I cookit, workit and chcareit are the variables of interestI β, η and φ are the parameters of interestI pcxit is the pc hh expenditureI pricesit is a vector of prices of rice, lentil, egg hen, fish Rui,

fish PutiI Di is the dummy for woman/child iI uit is an error term


EFFECT OF WOMEN’S TIME ON ADULT FOOD INTAKE

Women 15-49 yrs Total calories Cal fr staples Cal fr nonstaple DDSOLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE

Cooking time 1.29 1.21 1.15 0.99 0.14 0.22 0.0006 0.0002(0.38)*** (0.26)*** (0.28)*** (0.24)*** (0.14) (0.15) (0.0004) (0.0005)

Working time 0.38 0.50 0.41 0.45 -0.03 0.05 0.0000 -0.0003(0.19)* (0.25)* (0.17)** (0.23)* (0.04) (0.05) (0.0002) (0.0003)

Child care time 0.37 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.06 -0.0002 0.0007(0.26) (0.25)* (0.22) (0.19)* (0.08) (0.10) (0.0004) (0.0005)

Observations 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770

Household head Total calories Cal fr staples Cal fr nonstaple DDSOLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE

Cooking time 0.55 0.76 0.52 0.81 0.02 -0.05 0.0002 -0.0003(0.34) (0.39)* (0.28)* (0.26)*** (0.17) (0.23) -0.0004 -0.0005

Working time 0.32 0.45 0.31 0.41 0.01 0.04 0.0001 0.0000(0.23) (0.31) (0.21) (0.23)* (0.10) (0.12) -0.0002 -0.0003

Child care time 0.35 0.24 -0.06 0.16 0.42 0.09 0.0003 0.0004(0.49) (0.61) (0.37) (0.37) (0.26) (0.31) -0.0004 -0.0007

Observations 728 728 728 728 728 728 727 727

* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%; OLS controls: woman’s edu, age & height (or hh head’sage and edu); no. of coresident children; pc hh expr; drinking water dist; toilet; 3 district dummies; two rounddummies. FE controls: pc hh expr. Both OLS & FE include prices of rice, lentil, egg hen, fish Rui, and fish Puti.


EFFECT OF WOMEN’S TIME ON CHILDREN’S FOOD INTAKE

Children 6-23 mo Total calories Cal fr staples Cal fr nonstaple Diet diversity scoreOLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE

Cooking time -0.06 -0.18 0.18 0.02 -0.24 -0.21 -0.0012 0.0014(0.25) (0.26) (0.16) (0.28) (0.20) (0.19) (0.00) (0.00)

Working time -0.05 0.09 0.03 -0.01 -0.08 0.10 0.0005 0.0007(0.11) (0.16) (0.08) (0.11) (0.07) (0.12) (0.00) (0.00)

Child care time -0.02 -0.36 0.03 -0.06 -0.05 -0.31 -0.0019 -0.0038(0.22) (0.43) (0.20) (0.27) (0.15) (0.23) (0.0006)*** (0.0010)***

Observations 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204

Children 24-59 mo Total calories Cal fr staples Cal fr nonstaple Diet diversity scoreOLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE

Cooking time 0.14 0.76 0.16 0.77 -0.02 -0.01 -0.0005 -0.0007(0.31) (0.50) (0.23) (0.31)** (0.13) (0.29) (0.00) (0.00)

Working time 0.15 0.01 0.11 0.08 0.05 -0.07 0.0003 0.0005(0.16) (0.28) (0.13) (0.23) (0.06) (0.08) (0.00) (0.00)

Child care time -0.13 -0.90 -0.17 -0.58 0.03 -0.32 -0.0012 -0.0008(0.28) (0.34)** (0.23) (0.33)* (0.09) (0.13)** (0.0006)* (0.00)

Observations 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380

* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%; OLS controls: child’s age; mother’s edu, age & height;hh head’s age and edu; pc hh expr; drinking water dist; toilet; 3 district dummies; one round dummy. FE controls:pc hh expr. Both OLS & FE include prices of rice, lentil, egg hen, fish Rui, and fish Puti.


EFFECT OF WOMEN’S TIME ON FOOD INTAKE OF BOYS/GIRLS

Boys 6-59 months Total calories Cal fr staples Cal fr nonstaple Diet diversity scoreOLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE

Cooking time 0.62 0.94 0.42 0.87 0.21 0.07 0.0000 -0.0005(0.29)** (0.46)** (0.24)* (0.36)** (0.14) (0.25) (0.00) (0.00)

Working time 0.14 0.52 0.07 0.50 0.07 0.01 0.0003 0.0010(0.19) (0.29)* (0.16) (0.23)** (0.10) (0.16) (0.00) (0.00)

Child care time -0.07 -0.21 -0.01 -0.01 -0.06 -0.21 -0.0017 -0.0027(0.27) (0.45) (0.22) (0.35) (0.14) (0.24) (0.0007)** (0.0012)**

Observations 294 294 294 294 294 294 294 294

Girls 6-59 months Total calories Cal fr staples Cal fr nonstaple Diet diversity scoreOLS FE OLS FE OLS FE OLS FE

Cooking time -0.52 -0.23 -0.24 -0.03 -0.28 -0.20 -0.0013 -0.0001(0.35) (0.29) (0.28) (0.18) (0.17)* (0.20) (0.00) (0.00)

Working time -0.06 -0.14 0.02 -0.13 -0.08 -0.01 0.0004 -0.0002(0.15) (0.21) (0.11) (0.15) (0.06) (0.11) (0.00) (0.00)

Child care time -0.32 -1.07 -0.37 -0.81 0.05 -0.27 -0.0019 -0.0003(0.34) (0.34)*** (0.25) (0.33)** (0.13) (0.26) (0.0008)** (0.00)

Observations 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290

* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%; OLS controls: child’s age; mother’s edu, age & height;hh head’s age and edu; pc hh expr; drinking water dist; toilet; 3 district dummies; one round dummy. FE controls:pc hh expr. Both OLS & FE include prices of rice, lentil, egg hen, fish Rui, and fish Puti.


CONCLUSIONSI Substantial percentage of women workI Women do not cut down on child care time in high

agricultural season. Even the poor or illiterate do notcompromise on child care time. However, women spendmore time caring for boys than girls

I Less literate women reduce cooking time in high intensityagricultural seasons

I Reduction in cooking time reduces the food intake ofwomen themselves and to a lesser extent of householdhead. But do not let it affect the food intake of children

I Gender discrimination works in various ways. Boys eatmore when mothers spend more time preparing food orworking. More child care time means less food for girls,but not for boys

I More child care time also means less food for olderpreschool children




































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Effect of maternal time use on food intake of young …...INTRO TUSWOMU5 EmpRes Conclusion Effect of maternal time use on food intake of young children in Bangladesh Monica Jain and