Effect of Integrated nutrient management on Plant growth, Flower yield and Quality of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) c.v “Kenya White

PRE-SUBMISSION THESIS SEMINARON

Effect of Integrated nutrient management on Plant growth, Flower yield and Quality of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) c.v “Kenya White.

Department of HorticultureSam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences

(Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute)Deemed-To-Be-UniversityAllahabad-211007 (U.P.)

Submitted to: Chairman : Prof. P.W.Ramteke.

Advisor : Pro.(Dr.) Dr. S. Saravanan.

Co-Advisor : Prof. Dr. V. M. Prasad

Members :

:

Dr. J.P.Collis.

Prof.(Dr.) V.M.Prasad

Submitted by:Shivkumar M. Wararkar12MSHFCO11M.Sc ( Horti.)Floriculture & Landscaping

INTRODUCTION• Dahlia is one of the most popular bulbous flower grown in many parts of the

world for its beautiful ornamental blooms of varying shades of colours for the beautification of gardens and cut flowers.

• It is a tuberous rooted, half-hardy herbaceous perennial belonging to the family Asteraceae having its origin in Mexico, which received its name by Cavanilles in the year 1791, to commemorate the work of a Swedish Botanist Dr. Andreas Dahl, a pupil of Linneaus.

• Dahlia occupies a place of pride in any garden anywhere. Dahlias are easy to grow both in field and in pot and are extensively used for exhibition, garden display and home decoration.

• For exhibition and garden display all types of dahlias are used. Dwarf growing types are suitable for beds and borders (pure / mixed borders). Large flowering dahlias in pots are popular for terrace garden or varandahdisplay.

• The long stemmed flowers of various forms and colours are used in flower arrangement. Cut flowers of pompon and miniature types stay fresh in flower vases for many days and also better to make moderately good garlands.

• Among the twelve species of dahlia commonly found in the higher parts of Mexico, eight species viz., Dahlia variabilis, D. imperialis, D. exelsa, D. coronata, D. coccinea, D.merkii, D. zuareziiand D.

• roseaare generally important species. Out of these eight species, D. variabilisand D. roseaare of horticultural importance, which include showy, fancy types, anemone flowered, cactus and semi cactus types, peony, decorative, ball types, fimbriated, water lily, star type and also the parents of most of the pompon cultivars.

• There are certain medicinal and nutritional uses of dahlia. Tubers of this plant contain significant amount of insulin and fructose and small quantities of medicinally active compounds such as phytin and benzoic acid.

• An insulin extract from tuber of dahlia is used in diagnosis of renal function. Seeds of dahlia are a good source of fats and proteins. Seeds contain more than 16 per cent oil and 20.9 to 47.0 per cent protein.

• The root exudate is nematotoxic and the mortality of the nematode was increased with increase in the concentration of exudates and exposure period of nematode species such as Hoplolaimusindicus, Tylenchusfiliformis, Helicotylenchusindicus, Meloidogyne incognita and Tylenchorhynchusbrassicae.

• Though there are about 20 species and many cultivars of dahlia with different number, placement, texture, colour and size of florets with different peduncle length, symmetry and vigour available in the world, there is still scope for improving these characters through breeding. The range of variation in dahlia is quite large.

• Considering the importance of the crop and potentiality of cultivating this crop, there is a need for its improvement and to develop accessions suitable for specific agro-ecological conditions and also for specific use.

• Dahlia are used with advantage for making bouquets and wreaths or vase decorations. The long clean and stiff foot stocks are very suitable for both handling and decoration purposes.

• There are certain medicinal and nutritional uses of dahlia. Tubers of this plant contain significant amount of insulin and fructose and small quantities of medicinally active compounds such as phytin and benzoic acid. An insulin extract from tuber of dahlia is used in diagnosis of renal function.

• Seeds of dahlia are a good source of fats and proteins. Seeds contain more than 16 per cent oil and 20.9 to 47.0 per cent protein. The root exudate is nematotoxic and the mortality of the nematode was increased with increase in the concentration of exudates and exposure period of nematode species such as Hoplolaimusindicus, Tylenchusfiliformis, Helicotylenchusindicus, Meloidogyne incognita and Tylenchorhynchusbrassicae.(Vikas, 2009).

• Dahlias prefer rich, fertile, moist and well- drained soil with pH 6.5 in areas with heavy or clay type soil, use well- rotten manure or suitable organic matter and sand in equal quantities to make it ideal for planting.Dahlia grows better in high organic residues.

• Leaf mold, compost or FYM can also be used for good results. Dahlia like other plants needs NPK in large amounts and other elements like Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cl in small quantities.

• Nutrition is an important factor which is directly related to growth and flowering of dahlia. Many experiments regarding fertilizer applications has been conducted in different parts of the world to improve the growth and flowering of dahlia.

• The size of plant, tuber corms weight, number of flowers and growth was increased significantly with increasing rates of N and P2O Present study was therefore, investigated to observe the influence of different combination .e., N, P2O5 SSP and FYM on the growth and flowering of dahlia which ultimately improve the production of cut flower as well as tuber.

• and develop interest of growers to cultivate Dahlia for making high return.( M. Ahmed, et al. 2004).

• The Rosa damascene (Damask rose) is perennial shrub producing fragrant flowers is used for production of rose water, rose 'Attar', gulkand, rose hair oil 'Otto'.

• Poultry manure contributes to the nation annually 0.3, 0.26, and 0.14 million tones of N, P2O5 SSP and K2O MOP, respectively.

• Apart from this, it also contain 60 to 100 ppm Zn and 380 to 1450 ppm Fe (Garg, et al., 1971). Due to its rapid mineralization, poultry manure has been recognized as a valuable source of plant nutrients for crops.

• In this organic manure, 60 percent of the nitrogen is present as uric acid and remaining 40 per cent as stable organic nitrogen (Srivastava, 1988)..

• Considering the importance of dahlia, research on this crop is very much necessary to find out the suitability of different treatments of N P K AND Biofertilizer for a Allahabad region.

• Keeping in view the above facts in mind, an experiment was conducted on. Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Flowering ,Flower Yield and Tuber Yield of Dahlia (dahlia variabilis) cv. Kenya white"

1. To check the response of different concentration of NPK and biofertilizers on growth, flowering, and yield of dahlia plant.

2. To work out the economics of different treatment.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Maheshwari (1977) observed that increased plant height in china aster with

the application of nitrogen up to 180 kg and phosphorus 120 kg per ha attain

maximum height Similarly, Ramachandra (1982) Obtained maximum plant

height with 120:60:60 kg NPK per ha.

• Bhattacharjee and Mukherjee (1983) studied in a field trial applied N@ 20-30

kg or 40 kg/h and P2O5 at 30-40 or 50 kg/ha at planting to dahlia cultivar

blackout but will give good Plant growth, number of flowers, flower size and

flower’s longevity with the highest N and P2O5 rates Renukaradya et al. (2011)

reported that maximum duration of flowering (59.20days) was observed in plots

receiving 50% RDF + vermicompost (5 t ha-1) in carnation.

• Mishra and AvijitSen (1986) found the increase in plant height (101.21 cm) when phosphorus was applied at rate of 90 kg per ha compared to control (97.97 cm) in sunflower.

• Shyam (1986) noticed the delayed flower initiation (42.37 days) in marigold with the application of higher dose of NPK (275 : 140 : 120 kg / ha) and early flower initiation (36 days) With 225 : 120 : 60 kg NPK per hectare.

• Mantur, (1988) recorded maximum plant height with 100:60:60 kg N:P:K per ha. Whereas, significantly maximum plant height was recorded at 250:120:75 kg N:P:K per ha and at 200:100:50 kg NPK per ha byRavindra (1998) in china aster.

• Taiz&Zeiger, (1991) studied that Potassium appears to have no structural role in plant but it serves a number of Catalytic roles. Many enzymes do not act efficiently in absence or abundance of Potassium. The results of present study are similar to the results of JhonEt al.(1991).

• Jana and Pal (1991) reported that nitrogen and phosphorus treatment showed maximum reduction in flowers and seed yield in cosmos and maximum flowers and seed yield obtained with combined application of 20 g N, 10 g P and 10 g K per m2.

• Sigedaret al.(1991) found that in calendula, application of NPK at the rate of 100:50:25 kg per ha increased the height of plant, number of branches and leaves per plant Similarly, Rao Et al. (1992) noticed that increase in number of lateral branches per plant with higher level of Nitrogen (200 kg/ha) in chrysanthemum.

• Henry,(1992) noticed that by the application nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium vegetative

growth of plant increased. The results of this study are in accordance with Jana and Pal (1991). • Belorkaret al.( 1992) studied that although potassium is involved in synthesis of peptide bond,

protein metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism and also participates in rapid cell division and differentiation Hence, The balanced application of these nutrients might have resulted in higher number of leaves.

• Singh and Gupta(1995) studied the effect of N. And P2O5.on tuber production and growth in Dahlia variabiliswild cultivar Powder puff. The size of plant, bulb weight, number of Flowers and growth was increased significantly with increasing rates of N and P2O5.

• Singh et al. (1996) noticed in sunflower maximum plant height (151.4 cm) when nitrogen was applied at 40 kg per hectare compared to control (139.2 cm).

• Ramesh Kumar and KiranjeetKaur(1996) studied in balsam, found increased plant height(35.23 cm) and plant spread (29.85 cm) with the application on nitrogen at 20 g per square.

• RupinderKaur and Ramesh Kumar(1998) recorded maximum plant height (21.26Cm) and plant spread (34.67 cm) with the application of nitrogen at 40 g per square meter Compared to control (18.73 cm and 29.16 cm, respectively) in pansy.

• Khan etAl.(1999) found that the high balanced levels of fertilizers had positive effects on plant height and also high dose of fertilizers has direct relation with lateral buds and number of branches.

• Shivakumar (2000) recorded with the application of 315: 84: 84 kg NPK per hectare took maximum days for initiation of bud (36.60 days) and days to 50 per cent flowering (47.60Days) compared to dose of 225: 60: 60 kg NPK per hectare (32.80 days and 45.20 days, respectively) in marigold.

• Singh and Sangama (2000) noticed more number of flowers (35.22) per plant with the application of nitrogen at 300 kg per hectare compared to application of nitrogen at 100 kg per Hectare (21.27) in China Aster.

Sivamuruganet al., (2000) observed application of 80 : 40 : 40 kg NPK per hectare recorded maximum number of seed(655) per head, hundred seed weight (5.24 g) and seed yield (1540 kg/ha) compared to application of 40 : 20 : 20 kg NPK per hectare (474, 4.27 g and 1227 kg/ha, respectively) in Sunflower.

• Acharya and Dashora (2004) reported that application of 200 kg per ha each of nitrogen and phosphorus produced maximum plant height (95.92 cm), plant spread (49.31Cm) and branches (14.2) when compared to other levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and control In African marigold. Similarly, Saud and Ramachandra (2004) reported that higher dose of fertilizer (150:150:150 kg NPK/ha) resulted in maximum number of primary and secondary branches in French marigold.

Karuppaiah and Krishna (2005) revealed that nitrogen application at 450 kg per hectare had hectare had taken more number of days to 50 per cent flowering (81.30 days) over control (70.86 days) in French marigold.

• pandey and mishra (2005) noticed that application of 20:20:20 gm N:P:K per square meter gave more number of flower (75.84) per plant , flower yield (754gm) per plant compared to control (47.19g, 306g and 11.08g respectively) in African marigold cv. PusaNarangiGainda.

• Jenny Marks et al., (2006) reported that application of 150 : 75 : 75 kg N:P:K per ha in ajowan recorded the highest plant height and number of primary branches per plant compared to application Of 100 : 50 : 50 kg NPK per ha (71.43 cm and 16.08cm, respectively).

MATERIALS AND METHODSEXPERIMENTAL SITE

The experiment was carried out at the Floriculture research farm,

Department of Horticulture, SHIATS, Allahabad

CLIMATE

The area of Allahabad district comes under subtropical belt in the South

east of Uttar Pradesh, which extremely hot summer and fairly cold winter. The

maximum temperature of the location reaches up to 46 0C – 48 0C and seldom falls

as low as 4 0C – 5 0C. The relative humidity ranged between 20 to 94 per cent. The

average rainfall in this area is around 1013.4 mm annually.

MATERIALS:

• Dahlia seedlings

Cultivar Kenya White of Dahlia was used for research work

• Urea

Urea consist of 46% Nitrogen

• DAP (Di Ammonium Phosphate)

DAP consists 18% of Nitrogen and 48% of phosphorous.

• MOP (Murate of Potash)

MOP consists of 60% potassium

• FYM

FYM consists 0.5% N, 0.2%P, 0.5% K

• POULTRY MANURE

Poultry manure consists 3.03% N, 2.63% P, 1.4% K

• VERMICOMPOST

Vermicompost consists N 1.5-2.0 %, P 0.9-1.7 % and K 1.5-2.5 %

• BIO-FERTILIZER

Azotobacter is a non-symbiotic N-fixing bacterium. Azotobacter fixes the

atmospheric nitrogen when inoculated to plants, which help to save the application of N

fertilizers to an extent of 20-25 per cent. Azotobactor applied as soil application, mixing

in FYM.

DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENT

The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three

replications and Thirteen treatments .

DETAILS OF LAYOUT• Crop Name of Crop : Dahlia • Botanical name : Dahliavariabilis L. var.

Kenya White

• Family : compositae

• Design of experiment : Randomised Block Design (R.B.D)

• No. Of treatments : 11 • No. of replication : 03

• Total no. of plot : 33 • Spacing : 0.45m X 0.45m

• Size of each plot : 1m x 1.5m

• Area of single plot : 1.5m2

• Width of main irrigation channel : 0.80m • Width of sub irrigation channel : 0.50m

• Width of bund : 0.30m

• Total length of area : 16.1m • Total width of area : 7m • Net cultivated area : 112.7m2

• Total no of plant/plot : 06 • Total no. of plant in experimental field : 198

TREATMENT DETAILS

S.

No.

Symbols Treatment & Combinations

1 T0Control 00:00:00 kg NPK/ha

2 T19:9:6.75 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirullum

3 T212:10.59:7.5 gm NPK/Plot+PSB

4 T315.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM

5 T418:13.5:9 gm NPK/Plot+VC

6 T521:15:9.75 gmNPK/Plot+Azospirillum+FYM

7 T624:16.5:10.5gmgm NPK/Plot+Azospirilum+VC

8 T727:18:11.25 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB

9 T830:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM

10 T933:21:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+VC

OBSERVATIONS RECORDED

(A).Growth parameters1. Plant height (cm)2. Plant spread (cm)3. Number of branches per plant4. Number of leaves per plant

(B).Floral parameter and yield 1. Days to flower2. Flower diameter (in cm) 3. Flower weight (in gm)4. Total number of flower per plant5. Flower yield per plant (gm)

C(C).Yield parameters1. Average no of tuber per plant2. Average tuber weight (gm)3. Tuber yield per plant (tones/ ha)

ED).Economics of cultivation 1. Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)2. Gross income (Rs/ha)3. Net income (Rs/ha)4. Benefit cost ratio

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Plant height (cm) Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT

T0Control

11.32 22.92 45.93 66.80

T19:9:6.75 gm NPK/Plot + Azospirullum

9.50 23.12 44.43 85.01

T2

12:10.59:7.5 gm NPK/Plot+PSB

6.42 23.16 43.94 84.29

T3

15.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM

8.71 24.65 45.42 80.44

T418:13.5:9 gm NPK/Plot+VC

9.00 23.46 46.55 86.60

T521:15:9.75 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirillum+FYM

9.87 23.51 44.91 79.74

T624:16.5:10.5 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirilum+VC

10.34 24.64 44.76 76.62

T727:18:11.25 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB

10.38 22.81 45.00 75.98

T8

30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM

14.42 27.42 54.19 91.83

T933:21:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+VC

10.07 23.15 41.93 82.37

F- test S S S S

S. Ed. (±) 1.41 1.25 2.22 4.19

C. D. at 5 % 2.97 2.62 4.67 8.80

Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 12 0DAT

T0Control

11.00 11.66 17.22 19.63

T1

9:9:6.75 gm NPK/Plot + Azospirullum

11.58 12.04 19.28 21.01

T212:10.59:7.5 gm NPK/Plot+PSB

12.24 11.96 17.69 20.14

T315.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM

10.28 11.81 18.17 19.75


11.04 11.16 17.61 19.45

T5

21:15:9.75 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirillum+FYM11.27 11.20 17.35 22.54

T6

24:16.5:10.5 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirilum+VC11.25 11.80 17.74 22.11


11.49 8.42 18.07 21.71

T830:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM

13.54 13.91 21.34 25.32


11.22 11.85 17.74 18.91

F- test NS NS S S

S. Ed. (±) 0.89 1.71 0.71 1.23

C. D. at 5 % 1.87 3.59 1.49 2.58

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management onNumber of leaves per plant

Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT

T0 100:100:80 NPK/kg/ha(RDF) 6.60 10.87 13.93

T1 75% RDF + 25% FYM 8.53 13.60 17.27

T2 75%RDF+25% Vermicompost 10.26 15.27 19.40

T3 75% RDF + 25% Poultry manure 9.80 14.73 18.40

T4 75% RDF + Azotobactor@5 kg/ha 8.93 14.40 17.40

T5 50% RDF + 50% FYM 6.80 11.67 14.20



T8 50%RDF + Azotobactor@5 kg/ha 6.93 12.06 14.47

T9 25% RDF + 75% FYM 5.33 9.53 11.33



T12 25% RDF + Azotobactor@5 kg/ha 5.07 8.93 11.07

F- test S S S

S. Ed. (±) 0.62 0.73 0.86

C. D. at 5 % 1.28 1.51 1.78

Effect of Integrated nutrient management on number of primary branches per plant at different growth Stages of African marigold

Treatments Girth of Major Stem (days)

T0Control

12.25


19.34


19.95


20.14


19.56


22.32


18.10


16.31


20.88


20.12

F- test NS

S. Ed. (±) 4.00

C. D. at 5 % 8.41

Effect of Integrated nutrient management on Girth of Major Stem of Dahlia

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on the size of vegetative growth to leaves (cm)

Treatments size of vegetative growth to leaves (cm)

T0Control

29.06

T1

9:9:6.75 gm NPK/Plot + Azospirullum40.56

T2

12:10.59:7.5 gm NPK/Plot+PSB58.89

T3

15.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM48.14

T4

18:13.5:9 gm NPK/Plot+VC65.08

T5

21:15:9.75 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirillum+FYM63.67

T6

24:16.5:10.5 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirilum+VC55.32

T7

27:18:11.25 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB54.56

T8

30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM54.38

T9

33:21:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+VC45.16

F- test S

S. Ed. (±) 6.40

C. D. (P = 0.05) 13.46

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management onLeaf blade (cm)

Treatments Leaf blade (cm)

T0Control

18.04

T1


T2

12:10.59:7.5 gm NPK/Plot+PSB25.39

T3

15.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM30.62

T4

18:13.5:9 gm NPK/Plot+VC23.95

T5

21:15:9.75 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirillum+FYM22.53

T6


T7


T8


T9

33:21:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+VC33.55

F- test S

S. Ed. (±) 2.64

C. D. (P = 0.05) 5.55

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Diameter of flower (cm)

Treatment Diameter of Flowe(cm)

T0Control

17.65


19.50


21.76


28.33


22.55


22.58


20.71


21.05


23.17


22.76

F- test S

S. Ed. (±) 1.80

C. D. (P = 0.05) 3.79

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Weight of the flowers (gm)Treatments Weight of the flowers (gm)

T0Control

53.19

T1


T2

12:10.59:7.5 gm NPK/Plot+PSB64.70

T3

15.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM91.96

T4

18:13.5:9 gm NPK/Plot+VC75.61

T5

21:15:9.75 gm NPK/Plot+Azospirillum+FYM 55.95

T6


T7


T8



73.95

F- test S

S. Ed. (±) 2.89

C. D. (P = 0.05) 6.07

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Flower yield per plant

Treatments Flower yield per plant

T0Control

19.50


21.92


20.78


21.00


21.33


20.92


20.25


33.01


24.17


20.17

f-test NS

S.E. 4.52

C.D. at 5% 9.51

Effect of Integrated Nutrients Management on Weight of tubers (g)Treatments Weight of tubers (g)

T0Control

273.61


198.97


592.79


894.56


317.31


617.52


236.61


957.12


423.13


532.52

f-test S

S.E. 21.63

C.D. at 5% 45.45

Cost of cultivation of Dahlia (fixed cost for all treatments) / ha.

SI.NO. Particulars

A Land Preparation Unit Qty Rate Unit(Rs)

Cost Rs/ha

Total Irigation 5 Rs. 500 2500

Ploughing 3 Rs. 300/hr 600

Labour Harrow 3 Rs. 300/hr 600

B Weed Managment

Levelling Labour 3 Rs.200 600

Hand Weeding Labour 48 Rs.60/lab 2880

Layout Labour 20 Rs.100/lab 2000

C Fertilizer Applied

FYM Tones 10 Rs.500 5000

Labour hr 10 Rs.100/lab 1000

D Transplanting

Plants 6000 Rs. 5/Plant 30,000

Planting by Labour Labour 30 Rs. 60/Lab 1800

E Insect control Unit Qty Rate Unit(Rs) Cost Rs/ha

Chlorophyriphos Lit 1.5 Lit Rs. 300/Lit 450

Bavistin Ppm 2 Spray Rs. 75/Spray 150

Labour Labour 3 100/Labour 300

F Harvesting

Flower 10 Rs.60/Lab 600

Tuber 3 Rs.48/Lab 144

Total Working Cost 31,8624

Depreciation on fix Capital

4000

Rental Value of Land 200

Miscellaneous 1000

Interest on fix capital@10%

400

Fixed cost 5600

Total Cost of Cultivation 3,24,224

Name of the Treatm

ents

Common cost of cultivati

on (Rs./ha)

Cost of Fertilizers @ 19200 plants/ha (Rs.ha)

Total cost of cultivatior (Rs./ha)

Flower yield (q/ha)

Income from

flower (Rs./ ha)

Tuber yield (q/ha)

Income from tuber

(Rs./ha)

Gross return= Income

from flower + tuber (Rs./ha)

Net return(Rs./ ha)

Benefit: Cost ratio

T0 324224 _ 3242246.09

304500 10.17 244080 548580 224356 1.69

T1 324224 3900 3281247.14

357000 10.48 251520 608520 280396 1.85

T2 324224 5550 3997748.93

446500 11.43 272160 718660 388886 2.18

T3 324224 6370 3305949.17

448500 11.98 287520 746020 415426 2.26

T4 324224 7020 3312449.63

481500 12.47 299280 780786 449542 2.36

T5 324224 7350 3315749.98

499000 12.86 308640 807640 476066 2.44

T6 324224 7700 33192410.45

522500 13.40 321600 844100 512196 2.54

T7 324224 7850 33207410.59

529500 13.51 324240 853740 521666 2.57

T8 324224 8000 33222411.84

592000 14.04 335960 928960 596736 2.88

T9 324224 8950 33317411.15

557000 13.86 332620 889620 55644 2.67

Economics of cultivation of Dahlia

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION1. Among the different treatments studied with respect of plant height. Maximum plant height (91.83cm) was recorded in treatment T8

(30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot + Azo + PSB + FYM) and minimum plant height (66.80cm) was recorded in T0 (00:00:00 kg NPK/ha).

2. Maximum number of leaves per plant (25.32) was recorded in treatment T8 (30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot + Azo + PSB+FYM) and minimum number of leaves per plant (18.91) was recorded in T9 (33:21:12 gm NPK/Plot + Azo + PSB + VC).

3. Maximum girth of stem (22.32) was recorded in treatment T8 (30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot + Azo + PSB + FYM) and minimum girth of stem (12.25) was recorded in T0 (00:00:00 kg NPK/ha).

4. Maximum vegetative growth of leaves (65.08) was recorded in treatment T4 (18:13.5:9 gm NPK/Plot +VC) and minimum vegetative growth of leaves (29.06) was recorded in T0 (00:00:00 kg NPK/ha).

5. Maximum leaf bled (33.655) was recorded in treatment T9 (33:21:12 gm NPK/Plot +Azo + PSB+VC.) and minimum leaf bled(17.51) was recorded in T7(27:18:11.25 gm NPK/Plot+ Azo +PSB).

6. Maximum diameter of flower (28.33) was recorded in treatment T3 (15.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot+FYM) and minimum diameter of flower (17.65) was recorded in T0 (00:00:00 kg NPK/ha).

7. Maximum weight of flower (91.96) was recorded in treatment T3 (15.9:12:8.25 gm NPK/Plot + FYM) and minimum weight of flower(47.26) was recorded in T8 (30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot +Azo + PSB + FYM).

8. Maximum number of flowers per plant (33.01) was recorded in treatment T8 (27:18:11.25 gm NPK/Plot +Azo + PSB) and minimum number of flowers per plant (19.50) was recorded in T0 (00:00:00 kg NPK/ha).

9. Maximum weight of tuber (957.12 gm) was recorded in treatment T8 (30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot + Azo + PSB + FYM) and minimum weight of tuber(198.97 gm) was recorded in T1 (9:9:6.75 gm NPK/Plot + Azospirullum).

Economics of different treatments Economics of all treatments were calculated according to expenditure occurred from the

land preparation till harvesting of flower crop viz. Cost of cultivation, gross return, net

return and benefit: cost ratio has been worked out.

Maximum gross return was recorded in treatment T8 with 30:19.5:12 gm

NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM (Rs. 9,28,260/ha) and the minimum (Rs. 5,48,540/ha) was

recorded in treatment To (00:00:00 NPK).

Maximum net return was recorded in treatment T8 with 30:19.5:12 gm

NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM (Rs. 5,96,732 /ha) and the minimum (Rs. 2,24,356 /ha) was

recorded in treatment To (00:00:00 NPK).

Maximum Benefit cost ratio was recorded in T8 with 30:19.5:12 gm

NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM (2.88 :1) and the minimum (1.69: 1) was recorded in

treatment To (00:00:00 NPK).

• Maximum gross return, net return and cost: benefit ratio was observed in the treatment

T8 with 30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM and recorded the best treatment

among all the other treatments.

CONCLUSION

• On the present investigation conducted in Dahlia, it is concluded that with application (T8) 30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM gave maximum plant growth and highest flower yield (11.84 t/ha).. The treatment T8 30:19.5:12 gm NPK/Plot+Azo+PSB+FYM was found to be most economically viable in terms of gross return (Rs. 9,28,260/ha), net return (Rs. 5,96,732 /ha) and benefitcost ratio (2.88 :1).As the study was undertaken only for winter season, it needs further confirmation by conducting more trails.

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Effect of Integrated nutrient management on Plant growth, Flower yield and Quality of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) c.v “Kenya White